TiOSO_4热水解法制备超细TiO_2粉末光催化剂

采用TiOSO4 热水解法制备超细TiO2 粉末光催化剂 ,探讨了不同制备条件对光催化性能的影响 ,采用XRD、TEM、BET、TG -DTG -DTA对催化剂进行表征 ,初步说明TiO2 光催化活性与其晶型、粒径大小、比表面等微结构的关系。实验结果表明 ,在 16 0℃热处理下制备的TiO2 粉末是球形和多孔型结构 ,比表面积约为 170m2 / g ,只有锐钛型单一晶相和无定型组成 ,颗粒平均粒径为 2 0nm ,其光催化活性与商业化DegussaP2 5TiO2 超细粉末相近。     

直流电弧等离子体法制备TiO2纳米超细粉

采用直流电弧等离子体法直接制备了晶态的TiO2纳米超细粉,粉体中的晶粒既有锐钛矿结构,也有金红石结构;既有单晶结构的TiO2,也有多晶结构的TiO2.当热处理温度低于600℃时,粉体颗粒的长大较为缓慢,粒径在20nm以下;温度高于700℃时,颗粒迅速长大,锐钛矿向金红石结构的转变明显;当温度达到800℃时,样品转变为单晶结构的金红石型TiO2,颗粒大小在40-120nm之间.     

TiOSO4热水解法制备超细TiO2粉末光催化剂

采用TiOSO4热水解法制备超细TiO2粉末光催化剂,探讨了不同制备条件对光催化性能的影响,采用XRD、TEM、BET、TG－DTG－DTA对催化剂进行表征,初步说明TiO2光催化活性与其晶型、粒径大小、比表面等微结构的关系。实验结果表明,在160℃热处理下制备的TiO2粉末是球形和多孔型结构,比表面积约为170m^2/g,只有锐钛型单一晶相和无定型组成,颗粒平均粒径为20nm,其光催化活性与商业化Degussa P25 TiO2超细粉末相近。     

TiO2纳米管阵列的表征及光催化性能的研究

采用电化学刻蚀技术在纯钛板表面构筑有序结构的纳米TiO2管膜层.用Raman、SEM对表面产物进行分析和表征.结果表明当热处理温度为450℃时,TiO2纳米管膜的晶相结构绝大部分为锐钛型,当热处理温度为600℃时,TiO2的晶相结构转变为金红石型.20V电压下阳极氧化得到管径约为80～90nm,长度约400nm的高密度排列的有序TiO2纳米管.以亚甲基蓝为研究对象,紫外石英杀菌灯为光源,研究阳极氧化法制备的TiO2光催化剂的光催化性能.     

介孔TiO2的制备及其组织结构表征

以钛酸四丁酯为原料，柠檬酸为抑制剂，在室温下采用水解沉淀法制备出纳米介孔TiO2粉体。采用X射线衍射（XRD），透射电子显微镜（TEM），N2吸附，脱附等技术对其组织结构进行表征并研究了不同热处理温度对TiO2相变的影响。结果表明：纳米介孔TiO2粉体晶粒尺寸在30nm左右，比表面积为85．452m^2／g，孔容0．05cm^3/g，孔径在4-10nm左右。500℃热处理样品具有完整的四方相锐钛矿型TiO2结构。经TEM分析结果表明，介孔TiO2样品经500℃热处理1h后呈类球型颗粒，尺寸均匀，而且孔隙已经连成网络状结构。     

纳米TiO2粉体的制备及其表征

采用溶胶-凝胶技术制备了纳米TiO2粉体,并对其热性能、相结构、颗粒大小和分布进行了表征,结果表明,TiO2干凝胶粉经300℃煅烧后已有锐钛矿相出现,经550℃煅烧后有金红石相出现,完全相转变的温度约为600℃,纳米TiO2粉体的颗粒尺寸随煅烧温度的升高而增大,采用溶胶,凝胶技术制备的干凝胶粉经400℃煅烧后可获得团聚轻、颗粒大小分布比较均匀、颗粒尺寸约为15nm的球状TiO2粉体,     

微乳液法制备掺杂铁的纳米二氧化钛及其表征

为了研究掺杂铁的纳米二氧化钛的性质,以TiCl4为原料,在CTAB/正丁醇/环己烷/水组成的微乳液体系中制备了掺杂铁的TiO2纳米粉末。采用热分析仪(TG-DTA)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和比表面分析仪(BET)等对粉体的结构、粒径大小、物相、形貌和比表面积等进行了表征。经600℃焙烧2h后,0.04%Fe3+-TiO2粉末为单一的锐钛型结构,其平均晶粒度约为16nm,比表面积达120.4m2.g-1,D101为16.1nm。由于在XRD图谱上未发现有新相的生成,因此,Fe3+经过焙烧渗入到了二氧化钛的晶格中,掺杂所引起的变化主要是由于Fe3+渗入TiO2晶格所引起的。     

碱热处理对钛表面生物活性的影响

利用碱热法处理钛表面,部分样品加热到450和700℃进行热处理,获得不同形貌和不同晶型的TiO2薄膜。实验得出,未经热处理的样品表面以非晶态钛凝胶层为主,450℃热处理样品主要以锐钛矿相TiO2存在,700℃热处理样品主要以金红石相TiO2出现。700℃热处理后的样品表面分布有大量50nm左右的纳米颗粒,这些纳米粒子的尺寸效应能较好地诱导HA在样品表面沉积形成,提高细胞的黏附和增殖,因此表现出较高的生物活性。450℃热处理后的样品表面相对于未处理样品有更多的HA沉积,是因为表面层的晶型起了主要作用,即锐钛矿TiO2晶体比无定型凝胶态TiO2更利于诱导HA沉积。但相对于未经任何处理的空白样品,仅用NaOH处理后的样品表面较利于HA沉积,可能是碱处理后钛表面羟基增加,进而提高了其诱导HA沉积的能力。     

纳米TiO2/SiO2复合涂层修饰玻璃的抗菌功能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法在室温下制备了均匀的纳米二氧化硅和二氧化钛复合薄膜,研究了经不同温度处理、不同TiO2/SiO2 配比的薄膜修饰后的玻璃表面的抗菌性能。用SEM表征了复合薄膜的表面形貌及不同温度处理对颗粒大小的影响, 并利用XRD检测此复合粉体的晶型。研究结果表明,薄膜中的二氧化钛主要以锐钛矿晶型存在,颗粒大小在15~40nm范围内,二氧化硅是非晶的无定型体。实验表明,此薄膜能高效快速地杀死细菌。其抑菌能力与薄膜的热处理温度、纳米SiO2 和TiO 的比率等因素有关。100~500℃热处理后的薄膜经1h自然光照的抑菌率都在90%以上。     

镧铈混合掺杂氧化钛纳米粉体晶型转变的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,在不同的热处理温度下制备了稀土镧铈掺杂的不同晶型的TiO2纳米粉体。用X射线衍射仪,透射电子显微镜对所制备的TiO2纳米粉体进行表征,分析在不同热处理温度下制备的TiO2纳米粉体的晶粒尺寸及晶相组成,研究热处理温度对晶型转变的影响。研究表明:与未掺杂的TiO2晶型转变温度650℃相比较,稀土镧铈混合掺杂大大的抑制了TiO2锐钛矿向金红石晶相的转变,且在800℃煅烧温度以下,平均晶粒在15nm之内;当达到晶相转变温度时,晶粒突增到49nm。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...