合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织与性能的影响

采用金相、扫描、X射线衍射和电化学等方法研究了合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织性能的影响.结果表明:钢中加氮细化组织与碳化物,析出相尺寸随着氮含量的增加而降低.高氮不锈轴承钢1030、1050℃淬火后残余奥氏体体积分数达到20％～35％,而且碳氮含量越高,残余奥氏体越多.经冷处理及回火后残余奥氏体体积分数降至7％～10.3...     

The microstructure of an Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni stainless steel shape memory alloy

The microstructure and phase stability of the Fe-15Mn-7Si-9Cr-5Ni stainless steel shape memory alloy in the temperature range of 600 °C to 1200 °C was investigated using optical and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and chemical analysis techniques. The microstructural studies show that an austenite single-phase field exists in the temperature range of 1000 °C to 1100 °C, above 1100 °C, there exists a three-phase field consisting of austenite, δ-ferrite, and the (Fe,Mn)₃Si intermetallic phase; within the temperature range of 700 °C to 1000 °C, a two-phase field consisting of austenite and the Fe₅Ni₃Si₂ type intermetallic phase exists; and below 700 °C, there exists a single austenite phase field. Apart from these equilibrium phases, the austenite grains show the presence of athermal ɛ martensite. The athermal α′ martensite has also been observed for the first time in these stainless steel shape memory alloys and is produced through the γ-ɛ-α′ transformation sequence.     

含氮不锈钢凝固模式及显微组织研究

研究了四种不同N含量的18Mn18Cr N不锈钢的凝固模式、显微组织和元素分布.结果表明：N含量影响18Mn18Cr N合金系的凝固模式和显微组织.氮的质量分数由0.07%增加至0.72%时,实验钢的凝固模式由F模式转变为A模式,显微组织由铁素体和奥氏体魏氏两相组织转变为铁素体和奥氏体两相组织以及单相奥氏体组织.N含量影响奥氏体相形貌,随N含量增加,奥氏体由板条状、针状转变为枝晶间和等轴状.枝晶间和等轴状奥氏体晶粒中存在褶皱形貌,且随着氮含量增加,褶皱数量增多.褶皱的产生与凝固过程中奥氏体相内部Fe、Mn、Cr元素的偏析有关,且该凝固偏析被保留至室温组织中.     

Solidification mechanism of martensitic stainless steel

Abstract

In an unidirectional solidification experiment, an 8 kg stainless steel ingot with the composition 0·25%C, 17%Cr, and 1%Mn was solidified under continuous casting conditions. The dwell time of primary cooling was varied, followed by secondary spray cooling. Metallographic investigation, heat transfer, and segregation were carried out to study the solidification mechanism. The partition ratio of the elements present in ferrite and in austenite (martensite) was determined. It was indicated that the solidification follows: L → L + δ → L + δ + γ → δ + γ + carbides. Under high cooling rates γ austenite solidifies as a leading phase. The beginning of spray cooling has the main effect in controlling the obtained microstructures. Carbide thickening is observed in the rapidly cooled zone between the ferrite and the martensitic matrix. Tempered martensite increases by lowering the cooling rate, which gives more time for carbide dissolution and for carbon to diffuse into the ferrite, eventually increasing the austenite (martensite) fraction in the final matrix at the expense of ferrite.     

低合金型高强度不锈钢材料的实验室研究

为提高不锈钢的机械性能,促进其作为结构材料使用,通过控制适当的合金元素配比和相应的加工工艺,实验室开发了一种低合金型的高强度不锈钢材料.介绍了不同工艺下其组织、硬度和力学性能的变化规律,并确定了能得到较好强塑性结合的热处理制度;利用金相显微镜、EBSD、TEM对其微观组织结构进行研究,分析了其强度提高的原因;根据相关国家标准评价了其耐腐蚀性和焊接性.结果表明,在铁素体基体上引入适当的第二相,可以在保持良好塑性的基础上大幅度提高材料的强度,同时具有良好的耐腐蚀性和焊接性.     

405不锈钢高温组织转变研究

通过热膨胀法以及Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件对SA240-405不锈钢铁素体向奥氏体转变的温度进行了测量和计算。进一步结合淬火与回火热处理,分析了405不锈钢在高温下组织随温度与时间的变化关系。研究结果表明,405不锈钢铁素体向奥氏体开始转变的温度为795~832℃,转变终了温度为910~925℃。温度高于1 050℃,随温度升高,奥氏体逐渐向铁素体转变,淬火后的马氏体含量降低。在950及980℃淬火,得到的组织为马氏体与铁素体的双相组织,淬火时间为30~60 min得到的硬度较高;进一步延长淬火时间,硬度逐渐降低。在730℃回火后得到的组织为铁素体与回火马氏体,无明显残余奥氏体,回火后组织的硬度随时间延长逐渐降低。     

高温时效对铁素体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

通过金相、SEM和EDS等技术,研究了900 ℃下不同时效时间对超纯铁素体不锈钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,439钢种高温时效对Ti(C,N)析出作用较小,晶界析出相TiN较少,晶粒粗化严重,塑性较低;441钢种高温时效会沿着晶界析出Fe2Nb(Laves)相,析出数量较多,晶粒较细小,但由于Fe2Nb(Laves)相沿晶界呈网状分布,对材料塑性影响较大;444钢种高温时效会在晶界和晶内析出Fe3(Nb,Mo)3C,析出数量较少,第二相钉扎作用较弱,部分晶粒出现异常长大,由于Fe3(Nb,Mo)3C析出相未呈网状分布,断后伸长率高于441钢种。     

锰对高氮超级马氏体不锈钢组织与性能的影响

为了进一步提高超级马氏体不锈钢的强塑性能和优良耐腐蚀能力,在实验室条件下研发制备了氮质量分数为0.35％、锰质量分数分别为0.4％和2.0％的2种新型超级马氏体不锈钢试料,并采用淬火-配分的工艺对其进行处理;借助万能试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和电子背散射衍射等方法对试验钢的微观组织和力学性能进行表征测试.研...     

Solidification microstructure and M2C carbide decomposition in a spray-formed high-speed steel

The solidified carbide morphology, the decomposition behavior of the M₂C carbide, and the carbide distribution after forging of an Fe-1.28C-6.4W-5.0Mo-3.1V-4.1Cr-7.9Co (wt pct) high-speed steel prepared by spray forming have been investigated. The spray-formed microstructure has been characterized as a discontinuous network of plate-shaped M₂C carbides and a uniform distribution of fine, spherical MC carbides. The metastable M₂C carbides formed during solidification have been fully decomposed into MC and M₆C carbides after sufficient annealing at high temperatures. Initially, the M₆C carbides nucleate at M₂C/austenite interfaces and proceed to grow. In the second stage, the MC carbides form either inside the M₆C carbides or at the interfaces between M₆C carbides. With this increasing degree of decomposition of the M₂C carbide, the carbides become more uniformly distributed through hot forging, which produces a significant increase in ultimate bend strength. The decomposition treatment of M₂C carbide has been found to be most important for obtaining a fine homogeneous carbide distribution after hot forging.     

Processing and characterization of a high strength austenite-martensite stainless steel

An austenite-martensite class of stainless steel having 6Ni-16Cr (wt%) has been developed with a view to have fully austenite structure at the austenitizing temperature and a transformation structure containing austenite and martensite upon quenching. The steel has been processed through two different melting routes, vacuum melting route and air melting route. Results of both the routes were found to be similar. Nearly 50% metastable austenite is retained after quenching, which transforms further during cold deformation and sub-zero treatment. Tensile strength of 1370 MPa with 18% elongation and 1015 MPa with 11% elongation were achieved at room temperature and at 773 K respectively. Excellent tensile strength of the order of 1800 MPa and 21% elongation at 77K have been attributed to transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) occurring during processing and testing.     

Solidification modeling and solid-state transformations in high-energy density stainless steel welds

The solidification and solid-state transformations which occur during the high-energy density (HED) welding of austenitic stainless steel were studied. Comparisons were made between structures observed in gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds and those of electron beam (EB) and laser welds using Fe-Ni-Cr ternary alloys with Cr/Ni ratios ranging from 1.5 to 1.85. Weld solidification and microsegregation was modeled using a finite difference analysis and compared with experimental results. These calculations were also used to help interpret the origin of the observed microstructures. Calculations showed that little solid-state diffusion occurs during the solidification and cooling of primary austenite solidified welds, whereas structures which solidify as ferrite may become almost completely homogenized as a result of diffusion. A change in solidification mode from primary austenite to primary ferrite was found to occur at higher Cr/Ni ratios with the HED welds than with GTA welds and is attributed to dendrite tip undercooling. A nearly segregation-free, single-phase austenite structure which appears to be unique to the rapid solidification velocities and cooling rates of HED welds was also observed. It is suggested that this structure is a product of ferrite solidification which transforms to austenitevia a massive transformation.     

Solidification of M2 high speed steel

The freezing process in AISI type M2 high speed tool steel (6 pct W, 5 pct Mo, 4 pct Cr, 2 pct V, 0.8 pct C) was studied by metallographic and thermal analysis techniques. Unidirectional solidification of small laboratory melts in a modified crystal growing apparatus was employed to provide metallographic sections of known macroscopic growth direction. Also cooling curves were obtained on 40 g specimens solidified in thimble crucibles. X-ray microradiography, electron probe scanning techniques, and quantitative microanalysis of dendrites and interdendritic carbides were extensively used to supplement conventional metallography. Carbon and vanadium contents of M2 were varied in order to observe the effect of an austenite and ferrite stabilizer on the thermal analysis curves and microstructure. The nonequilibrium freezing process in M2 includes three major liquid-solid reactions: 1) Liquid → Ferrite, 1435°C; 2) Liquid + Ferrite → Austenite, 1330°C; 3) Liquid → Austenite + M₆C + MC, 1240°C. These reactions account for the as-cast structure of the commercial alloy. The addition of carbon depresses the liquidus (1) and solidus temperatures (3) and narrows the gap between the liquidus (1) and peritectic transformation (2). This gap is eliminated at > 1.39 wt pct C, where the initial freezing reaction is the crystallization of austenite. The accompanying microstructural change is the elimination of σ eutectoid dendrite cores. The addition of vanadium promotes ferrite formation by strongly depressing the peritectic reaction and thus widening the gap between the liquidus and the peritectic.     

高温回火对USS122G超高强度不锈钢显微组织的影响

 为了研究高温回火工艺对USS122G超高强度不锈钢显微组织和硬度的影响,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、物理化学相分析等方法进行分析测试及表征。结果表明,随着回火温度升高,钢中的奥氏体体积分数及第二相数量呈减少趋势,680~700 ℃时第二相的平均尺寸约为65 nm,第二相强化效果减弱,此时硬度为36HRC~37HRC;700 ℃时第二相开始在晶界聚集,而温度高于720 ℃后,细小的第二相数量增加,第二相在晶界上形成了网状分布,硬度有增加趋势。钢的硬度变化主要受到第二相强化影响,综合高温回火对钢中奥氏体体积分数、第二相及硬度的影响,最终确定该钢的最佳高温回火温度为660~680 ℃。     

Solidification modelling of microstructure in twin-roller thin strip casting of stainless steels

The influence of process parameters on the dendritic microstructure of thin strips cast by the twin-roll method is analyzed in the framework of a one-dimensional solidification model and compared with experimental results. As a relevant characteristic the secondary dendrite arm spacing Λ₂ as a function of the distance x from the roll surface is investigated. The difference between the local dendrite arm spacing near the strip surface and the strip centre, respectively, increases with the strip thickness and only depends on the casting temperature to a small extent. An increase in the strip/roller heat transfer coefficient due to a rising casting velocity or possibly enhanced roll-separating forces leads to a decrease in the dendrite arm spacing. The effect of a sudden decrease in heat transfer during the solidification process, on the Λ₂(x) characteristics, e.g. by a local separation of the solidified shell from the roller surface, is discussed.     

The effect of microstructure on pitting of stainless steel

Abstract

Using temperature as a pitting criterion, a critical pitting temperature has been defined for molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steels containing nominally 18% Cr which provides a quantitative measure of their pitting resistance. Single phase alloys had increasing resistance to pit initiation with increasing Mo content while the performance of duplex alloys was limited by the presence of Mo-rich second phase. The effects of heat-treatment and alloy additions on microstructure and pitting resistance are discussed

Résumé

Une température critique de piqûre a été définie pour des aciers austénitiques au molybdène contenant 18% de chrome. Ceci fournit une mesure quantitative de leur résistance à la piqûre.

La teneur en molybdène augmente la résistance au début de piqûre alors que la performance des alliages duplex est limitée par la présence d'une deuxième phase riche en molybdène.     

低合金高强钢激光—电弧复合焊焊缝组织及性能研究

激光—电弧复合焊兼具表面成形较好、熔深较大的特点,在中厚板焊接中获得广泛应用,但激光复合焊时,焊缝冷却速率较快,焊缝淬硬倾向较强,在中厚板低合金高强钢焊接时应用受限.针对宝钢生产的BG890QL低合金高强钢进行激光—电弧复合焊接,研究焊缝组织的淬硬倾向,结果表明:激光—电弧复合焊接接头柱状晶组织特定生长方向明显,但焊缝中心和顶部存在等轴晶.室温和-40℃时,焊缝处的冲击功分别为58 J和40 J,热影响区的分别为147 J和66.5 J,冲击性能均能满足要求.激光—电弧复合焊低合金高强钢可以获得强韧性较好的焊缝及热影响区组织,满足工程应用需求.     

热处理制度对新型高强度不锈钢组织与性能的影响

新型高强度不锈钢属于马氏体时效硬化不锈钢,该钢采用二次硬化机理设计成分,添加多种强碳化物形成元素,添加高量Co细化M2X相,在合适的温度回火下,不仅具有高强度、高硬度,而且还有高的塑性与韧性,在航天航空领域有着广泛的应用前景。主要研究了热处理制度对新型高强度不锈钢组织与性能的影响,摸索出适合的热处理制度,保证钢获得强度与韧性的良好配合,为今后进一步研究和使用该钢提供试验依据。     

MIM Fe-Ni-Cr低合金钢的性能和组织

研究了以Fe-2Ni为基体，向其中分别加入0．5％、1％和3％的Cr时，合金烧结态和热处理态的力学性能和微观组织变化。结果表明，随着Cr含量的增加，合金密度降低，孔隙增多且变大；烧结态强度和硬度增加，伸长率和冲击吸收功下降。Fe-2Ni-3Cr合金的强度和硬度最高分别为975MPa和73．3HRB；Fe-2Ni合金的伸长率和冲击吸收功最高分别为12％和7．6J；热处理态合金强度相差不大，Fe-2Ni-0．5Cr的强度最高达到1240MPa；伸长率和冲击功下降；硬度增加。烧结态合金的微观组织为珠光体＋很少量的铁素体，Fe-2Ni-3Cr合金中出现Ni的富集区；热处理态合金的微观组织加入Cr后变为回火马氏体，且在Fe-2Ni-3Cr合金中出现网状的二次渗碳体。     

Intercrystalline structure distribution in alloy 304 stainless steel

The intercrystalline structure distribution function (ISDF) describes the probability density for the occurrence of grain boundaries in the polycrystalline medium with five specified geometrical parameters: three describing intercrystalline lattice misorientation and two describing the orientation of the grain boundary plane. This paper extends the ISDF analysis to Bunge’s formalism which represents the distribution in terms of a series expansion of symmetric generalized spherical harmonics. An exemplary calculation of the ISDF is illustrated for alloy 304 stainless steel tubing. The results confirm the observation that gS3 and gS9 boundaries, arising from twinning, are prevalent in the structure. The distribution of twinning boundaries and other special boundaries is represented by Euler plots in the five geometrical parameters defining boundary structure. One remarkable feature of this material is a nearly isotropic distribution of boundary misorientation in the two parameters defining the boundary plane orientation. These results are compared with other published experimental data and theoretical calculations for the distribution of special boundaries.