Effects of ingestion of yogurts containing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus on spleen and Peyer's patch lymphocyte populations in the mouse

Certain probiotic lactic acid bacteria have been reported to improve immune system function. Here, the effects of ingesting yogurts on lymphocyte populations in the spleens and Peyer's patches were determined in mice. Three probiotic-supplemented yogurts containing Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus acidophilus and one conventional yogurt containing only S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus were prepared from commercial starter cultures and used in the study. B6C3F1 female mice were fed the four different types of yogurts mixed with an AIN-93G diet in a 50:50 (wt/wt) ratio. Nonfat dry milk mixed at a 50:50 (wt/wt) ratio with AIN-93G diet was used as the control. After a 14-day feeding period, spleen and Peyer's patches were removed and lymphocytes subjected to phenotype analysis by flow cytometry. Ingestion of the four yogurts had no effect on percentages of CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells), B220+ (B cells), IgA+, or IgM+ cells in spleen or Peyer's patches. The percentage of CD4+ (T helper) cells was significantly increased in the spleens from one group of mice fed a yogurt containing Bifidobacterium and L. acidophilus, and a similar trend was found in the remaining two probiotic-supplemented yogurts. Effects on CD4+ populations were not observed in spleens of mice fed conventional yogurt or in the Peyer's patches of any of the four yogurt groups. In total, the results suggested that ingestion of conventional or probiotic-supplemented yogurts for 2 weeks had very little effect on lymphocyte distribution in the systemic or mucosal immune compartments.     

Growth of Probiotic and Traditional Yogurt Cultures in Milk Supplemented with Whey Protein Hydrolysate

ABSTRACT: Growth of some probiotic bacteria was significantly improved in milk supplemented with whey protein hydrolysate (WPH). However, WPH had no effect on the growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 18, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 10442, and Streptococcus thermophilus 1. When the probiotic bacteria were grown in combination with different yogurt cultures in milk, WPH caused significant increases in growth of Bifidobacterium longum S9, L. acidophilus O16, and L. acidophilus L-1. However, by day 28 of refrigerated storage, the populations of the probiotic cultures that had been grown in samples supplemented with WPH were similar or below those in the control samples.     

不同发酵剂对黑枣酸奶品质的影响

使用不同益生菌组合制备黑枣酸奶,并探究不同益生菌组合对发酵和质构特性的影响。结果表明,不同益生菌组合会显著影响黑枣酸奶的理化指标和质构特性（P＜0.05）;相比传统酸奶发酵剂,强化植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和乳双歧杆菌（1∶1∶1）发酵可显著提高黑枣酸奶的可滴定酸度（46.48%）、持水力（4.75%）、可溶性固形物含量（3.85%）和胞外多糖含量（12.63%）。此外,益生菌强化发酵可使黑枣酸奶中乳酸菌活菌数达到9.63 lg CFU/mL,且有效改善黑枣酸奶的质构特性,其硬度值、弹性、内聚性和回复性分别为151.24 g、1.04 mm、0.96 g·s和0.28。     

新型酸奶发酵剂的研究

研究了具有不同粘度,风味和保健功能的新型酸奶发酵剂,首先通过对专用酸奶菌种嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌不同菌株的组合筛选,优选出具有不同粘度和风味的３种组合;其次,酸奶的疗效保健作用来源于嗜酸乳杆菌,通过研究缓冲盐,生长促进物质对该菌生长的影响,确定了适宜的培养基成分和发酵剂中菌种的配比。     

Effect of refrigerated storage temperature on the viability of probiotic micro-organisms in yogurt

The effect of refrigerated storage temperature was studied at 2, 5 and 8°C on the viability of probiotics in ABY ( Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 and yogurt bacteria. Bulgaricus , i.e. Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus ) probiotic yogurt. The study was carried out during a 20-day refrigerated storage period to identify the best storage temperature(s). Also, the viability change of the probiotic micro-organisms was analysed at 5-day intervals throughout the refrigerated storage period. After 20 days, storage at 2°C resulted in the highest viability of L. acidophilus , whereas for Bifidobacterium lactis the highest viability was obtained when yogurt was stored at 8°C.     

An Influence of Fructan Containing Concentrate from Jerusalem Artichoke Tubers on the Development of Probiotic Dairy Starters on Milk and Oat-based Substrates

Supplementation of milk and oat hydrolysate containing medium with Jerusalem artichoke concentrate (JAC) and subsequent fermentation with probiotic dairy starters resulted in substantial stimulation of probiotics Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus acidophilus as well as yogurt starter culture Lactobacillus bulgaricus development and acidification rate. The strain-specific responses of the general yogurt cultures, as well as probiotics to the addition of JAC, should be considered to achieve optimal composition of probiotic strains and conformable fermentation conditions. JAC is suggested to be perspective prebiotic additive for fermented synbiotic milks or oat-hydrolysate-based products.     

Comparison of functional assay and microarray analysis for determination of Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10 induced gut immune responses in mice

Probiotics are emerging as functional food supplements that are known to promote specific health benefits beyond basic nutritional functions. The current study evaluated the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10 in modulating gut immune responses in mice. Mice were orally fed with L. acidophilus for 14 days, during which they were immunized twice with 10 μg of cholera toxin (CT). The immunoglobulin (Ig)-A response to CT in intestinal fluid and serum were significantly enhanced by L. acidophilus. Mice fed with L. acidophilus increased the number of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 producing cells in the small intestine. Microarray analysis is known to be more sensitive and predictive than functional assays. For this reason, gene expression analysis was chosen as an alternative approach in determining the immunomodulatory effects of L. acidophilus. Gene expression profiles in small intestine of mice fed with L. acidophilus did not uncover the effects related to immune functions that were detected through functional assays. Therefore, functional assays are superior in predicting the immunomodulatory responses of probiotic bacteria.     

Survival of Yersinia enterocolitica During Fermentation and Storage of Yogurt

The fate of Yersinia enterocolitica was investigated during the manufacture and storage of yogurt produced using commercial starter cultures YC470 (rapid acid-producer), YC180 (slow acid-producer), both containing Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus , and a "home-use" culture that contained these bacteria as well as Lactobacillus acidophilus. Preparations were fermented at 44°C and stored at 4°C. During the first few hours of fermentation, Y. enterocolitica populations increased in all preparations. Y. enterocolitica populations were reduced to undetectable levels after 72 and 96h in YC470 and YC180 yogurt, respectively, but survived up to 144h in "home-use" yogurt. The home-use starter produced lactic acid in greater amounts and more rapidly (p<0.05) than YC470 or YC180 starters, but enabled longer survival. Y. enterocolitica survival was least (p<0.05) in yogurt produced using the YC470 starter culture.     

益生菌豆酸乳发酵条件的优化

豆酸乳是将大豆磨浆后与牛乳混合经乳酸菌发酵而赋予特殊风味的产品,但尚未有仅用嗜酸乳杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌2株菌来发酵益生菌豆酸乳的报道。对碳源、生长促进因子、稳定剂和温度等发酵条件进行优化,实验结果表明:在豆水比为1:8、牛乳含量为30%的豆浆牛乳混合物中添加4.0%的蔗糖、0.3%的葡萄糖、0.6%的低聚果糖、0.8%的BY-H-260,在无菌条件下添加0.005%的嗜酸乳杆菌菌粉和0.015%的两歧双歧杆菌菌粉,在42℃条件下发酵5～5.5 h,酸度可达70～75°T(pH为4.0左右),活菌数可达108cfu/mL级,组织状态良好。     

Effect of probiotic strains Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10 and Lactobacillus paracasei LAFTI L26 on systemic immune functions and bacterial translocation in mice

The immunostimulatory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10 and Lactobacillus paracasei LAFTI L26 were evaluated to determine their probiotic properties for functional food applications. Mice were given oral doses of either L. acidophilus L10 or L. paracasei L26 (108 CFU/50 microl/day), and the effects on immune responses and bacterial translocation were assessed after the 14-day feeding trial. The proliferative responses of splenocytes to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide were significantly higher in mice fed L. acidophilus. Concanavalin A-induced splenocyte proliferative responses increased significantly in mice fed L. paracasei. Interleukin 10 and interferon gamma production from the splenocytes stimulated with concanavalin A were enhanced in mice fed L. acidophilus or L. paracasei. The phagocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages was significantly higher in mice fed either L. acidophilus or L. paracasei compared with control mice. In mice fed L. acidophilus or L. paracasei, the bacterial translocation of Lactobacillus spp. and total anaerobes to Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes was modulated compared with that in the control mice. Furthermore, there was no indication of disruption of intestinal mucosal integrity and thus no bacterial translocation to spleen, liver, or blood in mice fed either L. acidophilus or L. paracasei. The results of this study indicate that L. acidophilus and L. paracasei are potential enhancers of systemic immunity and are nonpathogenic, as suggested by their bacterial translocation profiles in healthy mice.     

Preliminary investigation of the combined effect of heat treatment and incubation temperature on the viability of the probiotic micro-organisms in freshly made yogurt

The combined effects of heat treatment and incubation temperature were studied on the viability and fermentation time of probiotics in ABY 1 probiotic yogurt ( Lactobacillus acidophilus , Bifidobacterium spp. and yogurt bacteria). Three levels of heat treatment (85°C for 30 min, 95°C for 5 min and 95°C for 15 min) and three levels of incubation temperature (37, 40 and 44°C) were selected. At the end of fermentation, the maximum viability of probiotics (for both L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp . ) was observed when the milk was heated at 95°C for 15 min and incubated at 37°C. Incubation time was only affected by the incubation temperature and, at 37°C, the longest incubation time of about 6 h was needed to achieve the highest viable counts of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.     

Effects of fructooligosaccharide and whey protein concentrate on the viability of starter culture in reduced-fat probiotic yogurt during storage

ABSTRACT:  Viability of yogurt starter cultures and Bifidobacterium animalis was assessed during 28 d storage in reduced-fat yogurts containing 1.5% milk fat supplemented with 1.5% fructooligosaccharide or whey protein concentrate. These properties were examined in comparison with control yogurts containing 1.5% and 3% milk fat and no supplement. Although fructooligosaccharide improved the viability of Streptococcus thermophilus , Lactobacillus delbrueckii subs. bulgaricus, and Bifidobacterium animalis , the highest growth was obtained when milk was supplemented with whey protein concentrate in reduced-fat yogurt ( P < 0.05). Supplementation with 1.5% whey protein concentrate in reduced-fat yogurt increased the viable counts of S. thermophilus , L. delbrueckii subs. bulgaricus, and B. animalis by 1 log cycle in the 1st week of storage when compared to control sample. Similar improvement in the growth of both yogurt bacteria and B. animalis was also obtained in the full-fat yogurt containing 3% milk fat and no supplement. Addition of whey protein concentrate also resulted in the highest content of lactic and acetic acids ( P < 0.05). A gradual increase was obtained in organic acid contents during the storage.     

含金属硫蛋白鸡蛋水解物对两种乳酸菌体外生长的影响

以乳酸菌生长过程中的pH、OD值和菌落总数为评价指标,研究了普通鸡蛋、含金属硫蛋白鸡蛋、普通鸡蛋水解物以及含金属硫蛋白的鸡蛋水解物对动物双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌以及两种混合菌的影响。结果表明,鸡蛋水解物作为氮源能够促进乳酸菌的增殖,经比较,最佳氮源为含金属硫蛋白鸡蛋水解物,其动物双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和混合菌发酵液OD值为普通鸡蛋水解物的1.05倍、1.08倍和1.09倍。含金属硫蛋白的鸡蛋水解物在动物双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌以及两种混合菌发酵液的最佳添加量分别为2.0%、1.5%和2.0%,活菌数分别可达7.5×109、3.21×109和2.33×1010 CFU/mL。本研究为开发乳酸菌发酵金属硫蛋白鸡蛋肽产品提供指导。     

Survival of micro‐organisms and organic acid profile of probiotic Cheddar cheese from buffalo milk during accelerated ripening

The study aimed to assess the impact of ripening at elevated temperatures on the survival of probiotic micro‐organisms and production of organic acids in Cheddar cheese. Cheese was manufactured from buffalo milk using lactococci starters along with different probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5, Bifidobacterium bifidum Bb‐11 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536) as adjunct cultures. The cheeses were ripened at 4–6 °C or 12–14 °C for 180 days and examined for composition, organic acids and microbial survival. The production of organic acids was accelerated at 12–14 °C when compared to normal ripening temperatures. The probiotic bacteria increased production of lactic and acetic acids, compared to cheese made with lactococci alone. The survival of the mesophilic starters was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in all the cheese samples ripened at the higher temperature. However, the probiotic bacteria remained viable (>7.0 log₁₀ cfu/g) throughout the 180 days of ripening, irrespective of temperature. It was concluded that Cheddar containing additional probiotic cultures can effectively be ripened at elevated temperatures without any adverse effects.     

Immune enhancing effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10 and Lactobacillus paracasei LAFTI L26 in mice

The immune enhancing properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10 and Lactobacillus paracasei LAFTI L26 in mice were investigated. Each mouse (BALB/c) was orally fed with cultures of either L. acidophilus or L. paracasei at 10(8) CFU/50 mul per day for 14 days. The effect of these strains on immunoglobulin A, interleukin-10 and interferon gamma producing cells in the gut immune system was determined by immunofluorescence assays. Systemic immune responses were analysed in mice serum upon euthanising after a 14-day feeding trial to estimate cytokines such as IL-10 and IFN-gamma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. L. acidophilus and L. paracasei strains demonstrated an increase in the number of IgA producing cells, IL-10 and IFN-gamma cytokine producing cells in the small intestine. In the systemic immune response, mice fed with L. acidophilus or L. paracasei also enhanced the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-gamma). The results of this study suggest that L. acidophilus and L. paracasei were able to enhance specific gut and systemic immune responses in mice.     

Fermented milk supplemented with probiotics and prebiotics can effectively alter the intestinal microbiota and immunity of host animals

Fermented milk supplemented with 2 probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, and a prebiotic, isomaltooligosaccharide, was orally administered to 100 healthy adults at 480g/d for 2 wk in a randomized controlled trial. The fecal bacterial compositions of these subjects were examined by culture before and after the intervention. The same fermented milk was also orally fed to BALB/c mice, and immune as well as fecal bacteria analyses were conducted using the same culturing methods. After the intervention, increases in fecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were observed among the subjects compared with the subjects in the control group. In contrast, after the intervention, fecal enterobacilli were significantly decreased in the test group compared with the control group. The same effects on the composition of the intestinal microbiota were observed in mice. Furthermore, the tested mice were found to have significantly increased delayed-type hypersensitivity, plaque-forming cells, and half-hemolysis values after the intervention with the fermented milk. In summary, the synbiotic fermented milk containing probiotics and a prebiotic may contribute to improve intestinal health and may have a positive effect on the humoral and cell-mediated immunity of host animals.     

Interaction of probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains with human intestinal epithelial cells: adhesion properties, competition against enteropathogens and modulation of IL-8 production

The human intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in human nutrition and health by promoting the supply of nutrients, preventing pathogen colonization and shaping and maintaining normal mucosal immunity. The depletion of the individual microbiota can result in a higher susceptibility to enteropathogenic bacteria infection. In order to reduce this risk, the use of food supplements containing probiotic bacteria has been recently addressed. In this paper, we investigate the protective role toward enteropathogen infection of probiotic strains belonging to Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. According to our experimental data, Lactobacillus acidophilus Bar13, L. plantarum Bar10, Bifidobacterium longum Bar33 and B. lactis Bar30 were effective in displacing the enteropathogens Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli H10407 from a Caco-2 cell layer. Moreover, L. acidophilus Bar13 and B. longum Bar33 have been assessed for their immunomodulatory activity on IL-8 production by HT29 cells. Both strains showed the potential to protect enterocytes from an acute inflammatory response. These probiotic strains are potential candidates for the development of new functional foods helpful in counteracting enteropathogen infections.     

枸杞对乳酸杆菌体外保存活力及体内定植的影响

研究了枸杞对乳酸杆菌保存和体内定植的影响。采用MRS液体培养基中添加不同浓度的枸杞水解产物,观察一个月内常温下培养基中乳酸杆菌活菌数的变化。实验小鼠用抗生素脱污染,导致菌群失调后,分别用单一乳酸杆菌治疗、乳酸杆菌与枸杞联合治疗5 d后,统计不同治疗组中指示菌的变化,确定枸杞对乳酸杆菌在体内定植的影响。结果表明,添加不同体积分数的枸杞水解产物后,MRS液体培养基中乳酸杆菌的存活数高于对照组;实验小鼠用不同方式治疗后,联合治疗组乳酸杆菌的数量高于单一乳酸杆菌治疗组。枸杞对乳酸杆菌的保存及体内定植具有促进作用。     

Effects of milk products fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on blood lipids in rats and healthy adult male volunteers

The effects of milk products fermented by Bifidobacterium longum strain BL1, a probiotic strain, on blood lipids in rats and humans were studied. Rats were fed a cholesterol-enriched experimental diet, supplemented with lyophilized powders of 1) acid milk (control), 2) milk fermented with a mixed culture of ordinary yogurt starters composed of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (SL), and 3) bifidobacterium milk fermented with the probiotic B. longum strain BL1, respectively. The bifidobacterium milk feeding brought about significant lowering of the serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, in comparison with the control, while no change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was observed. On the other hand, supplementation with SL milk resulted in only slight, nonsignificant decreases in serum lipid concentrations in comparison with the control. In the human study, 32 subjects with serum total cholesterol ranging from 220 to 280 mg/dl were randomly assigned to two treatments: 1) intake of a low-fat drinking yogurt prepared with ordinary yogurt starters composed of S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (P-group) and 2) intake of a low-fat drinking yogurt prepared with the two ordinary yogurt starters plus B. longum strain BL1 (B-group). After intake for 4 wk at 3 x 100 ml/day, reduction of serum total cholesterol was observed in approximately half of the B-group subjects; a particularly significant decrease in serum total cholesterol was found among subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia (serum total cholesterol > 240 mg/dl). However, the serum lipid concentrations in the P-group subjects were almost stable during the experimental periods. The present results indicate the potential of the probiotic B. longum strain BL1 in serum lipid improvement.