Downscaling Monsoon Rainfall over River Godavari Basin under Different Climate-Change Scenarios

Evaluating the impact of climate change at river basin level has become essential for proper management of the water resources. In the present study, Godavari River basin in India is taken as study area to project the monthly monsoon precipitation using statistical downscaling. The downscaling method used is a regression based downscaling termed as fuzzy clustering with multiple regression. Among the atmospheric variables simulated by global circulation/climate model (GCM) mean sea level pressure, specific humidity and 500 hPa geopotential height are used as predictors. 1^o × 1^o gridded rainfall data over Godavari river basin are collected from India Meteorological Department (IMD). A statistical relationship is established between the predictors and predictand (monsoon rainfall) to project the monsoon rainfall for the future using the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) over IMD grid points under the Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 (RCP 2.6, 4.5, 8.5) scenarios of Fifth Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project (CMIP 5). Downscaling procedure is applied to all 25 IMD grid points over the basin to find out the spatial distribution of monsoon rainfall for the future scenarios. For 2.6 and 4.5 scenarios results show an increasing trend. For scenario 8.5 rainfall showed a mixed trend with rainfall decreasing in the first thirty years of prediction and then increasing gradually over the next sixty years.     

基于SWAT模型的秦淮河流域气候变化水文响应研究

为了解气候变化对水文水资源的影响机理,以秦淮河流域为研究区构建SWAT模型,使用SWAT-CUP对模型进行参数敏感性分析、率定及验证,并采用任意假设法设计未来气候情景,分析温度及降雨变化对流域径流及实际蒸散发量的影响。结果表明:模型在月径流模拟中具有较高的精度,适用于秦淮河流域气候变化下的水文响应研究;气温降低或降雨量上升都会引起流域径流量增加,反之则减少;实际蒸散发量与降雨量正相关,而实际蒸散发量对气温变化的响应不明显;平水年径流量对降雨量变化的响应较强,枯水年径流量对温度变化的响应较强;枯水年实际蒸散发量对降雨量变化的响应较强。     

Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on River High Flows through Comparative Use of GR4J, HBV and Xinanjiang Models

This study analyses the extreme high flows in Jinhua River basin under the impact of climate change for the near future 2011–2040. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of using the bias corrected RCM outputs as input on the extreme flows by hydrological models. The future projections are obtained through the PRECIS model with resolution of 50 km?×?50 km under climate scenario A1B. The daily precipitation from the PRECIS is bias corrected by distribution based scaling method. Afterwards, three hydrological models (GR4J, HBV and Xinanjiang) are calibrated and applied to simulate the daily discharge in the future. The hydrological models are driven with both bias corrected precipitation and raw precipitation from the PRECIS model for 2011–2040. It is found that after bias correction, the amount, frequency, intensity and variance of the precipitation from the regional climate model resemble the observation better. For the three hydrological models, the simulated annual maximum discharges are higher by using the raw precipitation from PRECIS than by bias corrected precipitation at any return period. Meanwhile, the uncertainties from different models cannot be neglected. The largest difference between three models is about 2,100 m³/s.     

Future Hydrological Drought Analysis Considering Agricultural Water Withdrawal Under SSP Scenarios

Hydrological drought is assessed through river flow, which depends on river runoff and water withdrawal. This study proposed a framework to project future hydrological droughts considering agricultural water withdrawal (AWW) for shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. The relationship between AWW and potential evapotranspiration (PET) was determined using a deep belief network (DBN) model and then applied to estimate future AWW using projections of the twelve global climate models (GCMs). 12 GCMs were bias-corrected using the quantile mapping method, climate variables were generated, and river flow was estimated using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model. The standardized runoff index (SRI) was used to project the changes in hydrological drought characteristics. The results revealed a higher occurrence of severe droughts in the future. Droughts would be more frequent in the near future (2021–2060) than in the far future (2061–2100) and more severe when AWW is considered. Droughts would also be more severe for SSP5-8.5 than for SSP2-4.5. The study revealed that the increased PET due to rising temperatures is the primary cause of the increased drought frequency and severity. The AWW will accelerate the drought severities in the future in the Yeongsan River basin.

     

统计降尺度方法及其评价指标比较研究

针对目前气候变化对水资源影响研究中关注的问题,以汉江白河上游为研究对象,比较研究统计降尺度方法及其评价指标。以美国环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心全球再分析资料、CGCM3和HadCM3的A2情景为大尺度气候背景资料,应用SSVM和SDSM统计降尺度方法对大尺度气候因子进行尺度降解,得到降水情景序列后作为水文模型的输入,通过模拟径流比较分析统计降尺度方法的优劣。研究结果表明,由不同统计降尺度方法得到的降水作为水文模型输入,模拟径流的结果相差很大;对广泛应用于统计降尺度方法的降水模拟评价指标和径流模拟结果进行比较,发现所采用的降水评价指标侧重于考虑降水的统计分布特征,不能完整地描述降水过程特性。分析认为,径流模拟结果应该作为气候变化对径流影响研究中统计降尺度方法评价的重要参考。     

金沙江中上游流域未来径流模拟研究

为了探究金沙江中上游流域未来径流变化趋势,为流域防洪规划提供依据,基于SWAT水文模型,选用CMIP5数据集建立未来时段的全球气候模式,从时间和空间尺度解析研究区2022—2050年径流变化趋势。结果表明：流域2022—2050年降水量和平均气温均高于基准期,并且呈现上升趋势,其中流域南部降水量增幅较大,流域北部气温增幅较大。在RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5 3种气候情景下,2022—2050年年径流量均呈现增大趋势,变化率分别为5.79×10⁸、5.53×10⁸、2.99×10⁸ m³/a。相较于基准期,未来春季和秋季径流量呈现减少趋势,夏季和冬季径流量呈现增加趋势,冬季径流量增幅达到了10%。流域产流量呈现从西北到东南依次增加的特点,相较于基准期,流域南部产流量均呈现增加趋势。未来径流量呈现增加趋势,冬季径流量增幅较大,可能会发生冬汛等极端水文事件,流域南部受洪水威胁的可能性进一步增大。     

Streamflow Response to Climate Change in the Brahmani River Basin,India

Climate change can significantly affect the water resources availability by resulting changes in hydrological cycle. Hydrologic models are usually used to predict the impacts of landuse and climate changes and to evaluate the management strategies. In this study, impacts of climate change on streamflow of the Brahmani River basin were assessed using Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) run under the platform of Modular Modeling System (MMS). The plausible hypothetical scenarios of rainfall and temperature changes were used to assess the sensitivity of streamflow to changed climatic condition. The PRMS model was calibrated and validated for the study area. Model performance was evaluated by using joint plots of daily and monthly observed and simulated runoff hydrographs and different statistical indicators. Daily observed and simulated hydrographs showed a reasonable agreement for calibration as well as validation periods. The modeling efficiency (E) varied in the range of 0.69 to 0.93 and 0.85 to 0.95 for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Simulation studies with temperature rise of 2 and 4°C indicated 6 and 11% decrease in annual streamflow, respectively. However, there is about 62% increase in annual streamflow under the combined effect of 4°C temperature rise and 30% rainfall increase (T4P30). The results of the scenario analysis showed that the basin is more sensitive to changes in rainfall as compared to changes in temperature.     

An Integrated Approach for Partitioning the Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface Runoff

Climate change and human activities have been identified as the two main reasons for the change in runoff. To better understand the factors causing runoff change, this paper develops an integrated approach which combined the elasticity coefficient approach (including a non-parametric model and six Budyko framework based models) and the hydrological modelling approach (using SIMHYD models) for partitioning the impacts of climate change and human activities on surface runoff. The Guanzhong River Basin(GRB), which is the sub-basin of the Wei River basin in China is chosen as the study area. In this study, trends in runoff, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) from 1958 to 2008 are analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test and change-points in the annual runoff from 1958 to 2008 are sought using the Fu formula, Mann-Kendall test and double mass curve. The calibrated and validated rainfall-runoff model SIMHYD is used to simulate the runoff in the GRB during 1958–2008. Seven different methods are used to calculate the elasticity coefficient and then the elasticity coefficient methods are used to evaluate the contribution of climate change and human activities. Combining all these results, the contribution of climate change and human activities to runoff change is 34.1?~?47.3 and 52.7?~?65.9 %, respectively. The study provides scientific foundation for understanding the causes of water resources decrease and significant information for water resources management under the influence of climate change and human activities.     

灞河流域气候因子对水沙变化的影响

利用灞河流域蓝田气象站和马渡王水文站1960—2012年的气象、水文实测资料,分析灞河流域气候及水沙变化规律,同时运用相关性分析、灰色关联分析、多元线性回归模型等多种方法探讨了该流域水沙变化与气候变化的关系。结果表明:灞河流域降雨量、蒸发量、径流量和输沙量皆呈显著下降趋势,而气温呈上升趋势;降雨量与水沙都有重要的相关关系,1960—1990年影响径流量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,而1991—2012年则为降雨量、蒸发量、气温,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,两阶段的年径流量分别增加0.14亿m3和0.08亿m3;1960—2012年影响输沙量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,年输沙量增加0.668万t。     

Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrology of Upper Tiber River Basin Using Bias Corrected Regional Climate Model

The use of regional climate model (RCM) outputs has been getting due attention in most European River basins because of the availability of large number of the models and modelling institutes in the continent; and the relative robustness the models to represent local climate. This paper presents the hydrological responses to climate change in the Upper Tiber River basin (Central Italy) using bias corrected daily regional climate model outputs. The hydrological analysis include both control (1961–1990) and future (2071–2100) climate scenarios. Three RCMs (RegCM, RCAO, and PROMES) that were forced by the same lateral boundary condition under A2 and B2 emission scenarios were used in this study. The projected climate variables from bias corrected models have shown that the precipitation and temperature tends to decrease and increase in summer season, respectively. The impact of climate change on the hydrology of the river basin was predicted using physically based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The SWAT model was first calibrated and validated using observed datasets at the sub-basin outlet. A total of six simulations were performed under each scenario and RCM combinations. The simulated result indicated that there is a significant annual and seasonal change in the hydrological water balance components. The annual water balance of the study area showed a decrease in surface runoff, aquifer recharge and total basin water yield under A2 scenario for RegCM and RCAO RCMs and an increase in PROMES RCM under B2 scenario. The overall hydrological behaviour of the basin indicated that there will be a reduction of water yield in the basin due to projected changes in temperature and precipitation. The changes in all other hydrological components are in agreement with the change in projected precipitation and temperature.     

Impacts of Land-use Changes on the Hydrology of the Grande River Basin Headwaters,Southeastern Brazil

Land-use changes affect soil water balance. The Upper Grande River Basin (UGRB) headwaters have undergone intense modifications in land use. This study was conducted to simulate, using the LASH model, the impacts on the hydrological regime in the UGRB with five land-use trends: S₁ and S₂ – reforestation with eucalyptus covering 20 % and 50 %, respectively, from the current grassland area; S₃ – reforestation with eucalyptus covering 100 % of the current grassland area only in the sub-basins where this trend is predominant; S₄ and S₅ deforestation of 30 % and 70 % of the forest remnants in the Mantiqueira Range region for the cultivation of grasslands, respectively. Results demonstrate that runoff would be reduced due to the land-use changes by 51.65 mm yr^?1, 110.29 mm yr^?1 and 59.48 mm yr^?1 for scenarios S₁, S₂ and S₃, respectively. However, scenarios S₄ and S₅ could increase streamflow by 57.63 mm year^?1 and 156.78 mm year^?1, respectively. This indicates that land-use changes might make the basin more prone to flooding and other hazards associated with increased runoff.     

基于分布式水文模型的怒江流域气象干旱和水文干旱分析

为了评估气候变化对怒江流域干旱演变的影响,本研究建立了GBHM-NJ分布式水文模型,利用实测站点资料率定参数并验证模型精度,模拟了1961—2010年长时间序列流域水文过程,并分别采用标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化径流指数(SSI)分析了流域气象干旱和水文干旱的时空演变特点。结果表明:(1)GBHM-NJ模型能较好地模拟怒江流域的径流过程和水文响应的空间特征。(2)1961—2010年间,怒江流域发生气象干旱的频率、覆盖面积和强度呈增加趋势,其中1994年和2009年气象干旱最为严重。(3)在空间上,怒江流域的年度气象干旱频率约为28%,中游地区干旱频率比较高、主要分布在左贡站和八宿站附近,上游地区次之,下游地区相对较低。(4)水文干旱进入20世纪90年代和21世纪以后明显增强,年尺度干旱以轻旱为主,季尺度干旱特旱多发生在秋冬季。总之,气候变化环境下怒江流域干旱呈现增强趋势。     

降雨空间尺度对径流模拟的影响研究

通过分析不同分辨率的雷达降雨数据所产生的降雨空间分布的变化对径流模拟的影响发现:本文所用的基于DEM的蓄满产流分布式水文模型对降雨时间和空间的变化是比较敏感的;由于降雨空间分辨率的变化计算的径流总量、洪峰都有不同程度的变化,但是这种变化的大小又与降雨场的特征、流域面积的大小以及土壤含水量的变化有很大的关系:随着面平均降雨量(P BAS)的增减,洪量也随着增减,P BAS与洪量有很好的相关性;降雨CV值的增加导致洪峰和洪量都相应的增加;流域的面积越小洪峰和洪量对降雨空间变化就越敏感;在前期干旱的条件下降雨空间变化导致的洪峰和洪量的变化要比在湿润的条件下产生的洪峰和洪量的变化大。     

Climate Variability Influences on Hydrological Responses of a Large Himalayan Basin

The hydrological cycle, a fundamental component of climate is likely to be altered in important ways due to climate change. In this study, the historical daily runoff has been simulated for the Chenab River basin up to Salal gauging site using a simple conceptual snowmelt model (SNOWMOD). The model has been used to study the impact of plausible hypothetical scenarios of temperature and rainfall on the melt characteristics and daily runoff of the Chenab River basin. The average value of increase in snowmelt runoff for T + 1°C, T + 2°C and T + 3°C scenarios are obtained to be 10, 28 and 43%, respectively. Whereas, the average value of increase in total streamflow runoff for T + 1°C, T + 2°C and T + 3°C are obtained to be 7, 19 and 28%, respectively. Changes in rainfall by −10 and + 10% vary the average annual snowmelt runoff over the T + 2°C scenario by −1% and + 1% only. The result shows that melt is much more sensitive to increase in temperature than to rainfall.     

Analysis of the effect of climate change on the Nakdong river stream flow using indicators of hydrological alteration

This study models the effect of climate change on runoff in southeast Korea using the TANK conceptual rainfall-runoff model. The results are assessed using the indicators of hydrological alteration (IHA) developed by U.S. Nature Conservancy. Future climate time series are obtained by scaling historical series, provided by four global climate models (GCMs, IPCC, 2007) and three greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios (IPCC, 2000), to reflect a maximum increase of 3.6 °C in the average surface air temperature and 33% in the annual precipitation. To this end, the spatio-temporal change factor method is used, which considers changes in the future mean seasonal rainfall and potential evapotranspiration as well as the daily rainfall distribution. In this study, the variance range for precipitation is from +3.55% to +33.44% compared to the present for years between 2071 and 2100. The variance range for the daily mean temperature is estimated between +1.59 °C and +3.58 °C. Although the simulation results from different GCMs and GHG emissions scenarios indicate different responses of the flows to the climate change, the majority of modeling results show that there will be more runoff in southeast Korea in the future. According to the analysis results, the predicted impacts of hydrological alteration caused by climate change on the aquatic ecosystem are as follows: 1) an increase in the availability of aquatic ecosystem habitats in Nakdong River in future summers and winters, 2) an increase in stress on the aquatic ecosystem due to extremely high stream flow, 3) an increase in the stress duration of flood events for the Nakdong River downstream and 4) an increase in aquatic ecosystem stress caused by rapid increases or decreases in stream flow.     

高寒山区融雪径流对气候变化的敏感性分析

以玛纳斯河流域为研究区,采用数理统计的方法以研究区1958—1987年实测的水文、气象资料为基础进行趋势变化及全球气候变化对降水、气温、径流影响的分析。以新安江模型为基础建立了研究区数字水文模型,并对1981年融雪径流进行模拟。利用该模型结合不同的气候情景假设分析高寒山区融雪径流对气候变化的敏感性。     

新安江流域气候变化及径流响应研究

针对新安江流域新安江水库控制区域,构建新安江月水文模型,利用1979-2005年实测水文资料对模型进行率定和验证,并以CMIP5大气环流模式输出驱动水文模型,生成2006-2099年该流域在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下的逐月径流过程。在此基础上,研究气候变化背景下流域气温、降雨、蒸发和径流的变化趋势,并对其不确定性进行分析。结果表明:2006-2099年该流域年均气温与年蒸发深度均呈上升趋势,且对于辐射强度变化较敏感,呈显著正相关关系。流域年降雨量与径流深呈波动上升趋势,对于辐射强度变化敏感性并不显著。年径流深在丰水年和平水年相对基准期有所减少,而在枯水年和特枯水年则呈增加趋势。月径流深在秋、冬季呈上升趋势,在春、夏季则呈下降趋势。     

Climate Change and Hydrological Response in the Trans-State Oologah Lake Watershed–Evaluating Dynamically Downscaled NARCCAP and Statistically Downscaled CMIP3 Simulations with VIC Model

Statistically and dynamically downscaled climate projections are the two important data sources for evaluation of climate change and its impact on water availability, water quality and ecosystems. Though bias correction helps to adjust the climate model output to behave more similarly to observations, the hydrologic response still can be biased. This study uses Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model to evaluate the hydrologic response of the trans-state Oologah Lake watershed to climate change by using both statistically and dynamically downscaled multiple climate projections. Simulated historical and projected climate data from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) and Bias-Corrected and Spatially Downscaled–Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 3 (BCSD-CMIP3) forced the hydrologic model. In addition, different river network upscaling methods are also compared for a higher VIC model performance. Evaluation and comparison shows the following the results. (1) From the hydrologic point of view, the dynamically downscaled NARCCAP projection performed better, most likely in capturing a larger portion of mesoscale-driven convective rainfall than the statistically downscaled CMIP3 projections; hence, the VIC model generated higher seasonal streamflow amplitudes that are closer to observations. Additionally, the statistically downscaled GCMs are less likely to capture the hydrological simulation probably due to missing integration of climate variables of wind, solar radiation and others, even though their precipitation and temperature are bias corrected to be more favorably than the NARCCAP simulations. (2) Future water availability (precipitation, runoff, and baseflow) in the watershed would increase annually by 3–4 %, suggested by both NARCCAP and BCSD-CMIP3. Temperature increases (2.5–3 °C) are much more consistent between the two types of climate projections both seasonally and annually. However, NARCCAP suggested 2–3 times higher seasonal variability of precipitation and other water fluxes than the BCSD-CMIP3 models. (3) The hydrologic performance could be used as a potential metric to comparatively differentiate climate models, since the land surface and atmosphere processes are considered integrally.     

基于Copula函数的新型综合干旱指数构建与应用

干旱指数是研究干旱的重要工具,构建综合干旱指数是目前干旱监测、风险评估的前沿和趋势。本文基于阿基米德Copula函数,联合降雨(气象)、径流(水文)两种要素,构建了一种能够综合表征气象干旱和水文干旱的新型综合干旱指数MSDI_p,并用其表征渭河流域的干旱演变特征,且进一步对其背后的驱动力进行了探究。结果表明:(1)MSDI_p指数既能像标准化降水指数(SPI)一样敏锐地捕捉干旱的发生,也能像标准化径流指数(SRI)一样很好地刻画干旱的持续时间和结束,同时具备气象和水文两种干旱指数表征不同类型干旱的优势,能综合表征干旱演变特征;(2)受气候变化和人类活动影响,渭河流域过去50余年综合干旱呈显著增强趋势;(3)渭河流域综合干旱指数序列存在变异点(1994年),且未来流域干旱情势有加剧趋势;(4)太阳黑子和大气环流异常因子等对渭河流域综合干旱的发生有较大影响,其中太阳黑子活动的影响最强。且除直接影响外,太阳黑子还能通过影响大气环流异常因子进而对综合干旱的发生造成间接影响。     

Effect of Hedging-Integrated Rule Curves on the Performance of the Pong Reservoir (India) During Scenario-Neutral Climate Change Perturbations

This study has evaluated the effects of improved, hedging-integrated reservoir rule curves on the current and climate-change-perturbed future performances of the Pong reservoir, India. The Pong reservoir was formed by impounding the snow- and glacial-dominated Beas River in Himachal Pradesh. Simulated historic and climate-change runoff series by the HYSIM rainfall-runoff model formed the basis of the analysis. The climate perturbations used delta changes in temperature (from 0° to +2 °C) and rainfall (from ?10 to +10 % of annual rainfall). Reservoir simulations were then carried out, forced with the simulated runoff scenarios, guided by rule curves derived by a coupled sequent peak algorithm and genetic algorithms optimiser. Reservoir performance was summarised in terms of reliability, resilience, vulnerability and sustainability. The results show that the historic vulnerability reduced from 61 % (no hedging) to 20 % (with hedging), i.e., better than the 25 % vulnerability often assumed tolerable for most water consumers. Climate change perturbations in the rainfall produced the expected outcomes for the runoff, with higher rainfall resulting in more runoff inflow and vice-versa. Reduced runoff caused the vulnerability to worsen to 66 % without hedging; this was improved to 26 % with hedging. The fact that improved operational practices involving hedging can effectively eliminate the impacts of water shortage caused by climate change is a significant outcome of this study.