Multi-Reservoir System Optimization Based on Hybrid Gravitational Algorithm to Minimize Water-Supply Deficiencies

The growing prevalence of droughts and water scarcity have increased the importance of operating dam and reservoir systems efficiently. Several methods based on algorithms have been developed in recent years in a bid to optimize water release operation policy, in order to overcome or minimize the impact of droughts. However, all of these algorithms suffer from some weaknesses or drawbacks – notably early convergence, a low rate of convergence, or trapping in local optimizations – that limit their effectiveness and efficiency in seeking to determine the global optima for the operation of water systems. Against this background, the present study seeks to introduce and test a Hybrid Algorithm (HA) which integrates the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) with the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) with the goal of minimizing irrigation deficiencies in a multi-reservoir system. The proposed algorithm was tested for a specific important multi-reservoir system in Iran: namely the Golestan Dam and Voshmgir Dam system. The results showed that applying the HA could reduce average irrigation deficiencies for the Golestan Dam substantially, to only 2 million cubic meters (MCM), compared to deficiency values for the Genetic Algorithm (GA), PSOA and GSA of 15.1, 6.7 and 5.8 MCM respectively. In addition, the HA performed very efficiently, reducing substantially the computational time needed to achieve the global optimal when compared with the other algorithms tested. Furthermore, the HA showed itself capable of assuring a high volumetric reliability index (VRI) to meet the pattern of water demand downstream from the dams, as well as clearly outperforming the other algorithms on other important indices. In conclusion, the proposed HA seems to offer considerable potential as an optimizer for dam and reservoir operations world-wide.

     

Improved Krill Algorithm for Reservoir Operation

Much of the world is facing water scarcity during one or the other part of the year. Hence, water resources management and optimal operation of water resources system take on added importance these days. This study introduces an improved version of krill algorithm for reservoir operation. The algorithm is based on adding an onlooker search mechanism to avoid being trapped in local optima and then updating its position. The new krill algorithm is tested using a case study for irrigation management. The computation time is 33 s for the new algorithm but is 54, 59, and 60 s for krill algorithm, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm, respectively. Also, the improved krill algorithm can meet 97% of irrigation demands and has the lowest value of vulnerability index among genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and simple krill algorithm. Also, the average solution of improved krill algorithm is close to the global solution. Results indicate that the improved krill algorithm has high potential for application in water resource management.     

Reservoir Operation by a New Evolutionary Algorithm: Kidney Algorithm

This article shows an application of a new algorithm, called kidney algorithm, for reservoir operation which employs three different operators, namely filtration, secretion, and excretion that lead to faster convergence and more accurate solutions. The kidney algorithm (KA) was used for generating the optimal operation of a reservoir namely; Aydoghmoush dam in eastern Azerbaijan province in Iran whose purpose was to decrease irrigation deficit downstream of the dam. Results from the algorithm were compared with those by other evolutionary algorithms, including bat (BA), genetic (GA), particle swarm (PSO), shark (SA), and weed algorithms (WA). The results showed that the kidney algorithm provided the best performance against the other evolutionary algorithms. For example, the computational time for the KA was 3 s, 2 s, 4 s, 6 s and 3 s less than BA, SA, GA PSA and WA, respectively. Also, the objective function for the optimization problem was the minimization of the irrigation deficits and its value for the KA was 55%, 28%, 52%, 44 and 54% less than GA, SA, WA, BA and PSA, respectively. Also, the different performance indexes showed the superiority of the KA compared to the other algorithms. For example, the root mean square error for the KA was 74%, 61%, 68%, 33 and 54% less than GA, SA, WA, BA and PSA, respectively. Different multi criteria decision models were used to select the best models. The results showed that the KA achieved the first rank for the optimization problem and thus, it shows a high potential to be applied for different problems in the field of water resources management.     

Using System Dynamics Method to Determine the Effect of Water Demand Priorities on Downstream Flow

During the past decades, the command and control approaches were used to access a safe water supply policy. However, traditional methods of water management rarely consider complex interactions and outcomes of water allocations which can show their effects in feedback loops. These methods also might deteriorate the situation in long terms as they have not taken into account the outcome of such plans on the future of a watershed as a whole system. Dynamic simulation methods provide flexible tools to accomplish a holistic analysis. This ability of system dynamics method is used in this research to show the feedback of water allocation. Bookan dam is one of the constructed dams in Urmia Lake basin upstream of which four dams are being constructed. Three well known archetypes are shown in this paper that help to recognize the effect of a reservoir water supply on downstream flow. The result of dam construction and water supply priorities on Bookan dam inflow is investigated too. The difference of inflow reduction to Bookan reservoir for the best and worst policies is about 18.4 MCM which is a significant amount. Also the best preference of water demand allocation for four dams was defined as agricultural demand, domestic demand, industrial demand and environmental demand.     

基于改进粒子群算法的坝体位移监控模型

在基本粒子群算法的基础上,提出了一种基于以e为底的指数函数的惯性权重策略的改进粒子群算法。将粒子群算法引入大坝安全监控领域,并结合坝体位移的多元回归统计模型,建立基于改进粒子群算法的大坝安全监控模型,并应用于新安江大坝的安全监测。实际应用表明,改进粒子群算法与最小二乘法、基本粒子群算法相比,预报结果精度较高且收敛速度较快。     

粒子群算法和ADINA在土石坝参数反演中的联合应用

针对土石坝的反馈分析问题,采用Fortran语言编程,实现了粒子群优化算法与商业有限元软件ADINA之间的无缝连接,使整个计算过程自动化;应用OpenMP方式同时调用多个ADINA求解器,启用多核处理器进行并行计算,提高了计算效率。以糯扎渡超高心墙堆石坝为例,对粗堆石料Ⅰ区材料应用不同种群规模粒子群进行参数反分析,结果表明,将粒子群算法与ADINA联合应用于土石坝参数反演是可行的,并行算法也具有明显的优越性。     

基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的重力坝变形参数反演

针对利用位移实测资料对大坝坝体和基岩的变形力学参数进行优化反演时存在效率低、精度差等问题,通过对鲸鱼优化算法进行并行化改进,并引入权重因子,结合有限元计算,提出一种基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的力学参数反演方法。利用该方法对某混凝土重力坝坝体和基岩弹性模量进行反演,并与粒子群算法的反演结果进行比较。结果表明:在相同迭代次数的情况下,改进的鲸鱼优化算法比粒子群算法耗时更少,且反演得到的坝体、基岩力学参数比粒子群算法得到的更为准确。表明利用多核处理器对该方法进行并行计算,可大幅度缩短计算时间。基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的力学参数反演方法具有搜索能力强、收敛速度快和精度高等特点,合理可行,可推广应用于混凝土拱坝等其他坝型的力学参数反演。     

Numerical Simulation of Flood Wave Propagation in Two-Dimensions in Densely Populated Urban Areas due to Dam Break

Dams are important structures having many functions such as water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power and recreation. Although dam break failures are very rare events, dams can fail with little warning and the damage at the downstream of the dam due to the flood wave can be catastrophic. During a dam failure, immense volume of water is mobilized at very high speed in a very short time. The momentum of the flood wave can turn to a very destructive impact force in residential areas. Therefore, from risk point of view, understanding the consequences of a possible dam failure is critically important. This study deals with the methodology utilized for predicting the flood wave occurring after the dam break and analyses the propagation of the flood wave downstream of the dam. The methodology used in this study includes creation of bathymetric, DEM and land use maps; routing of the flood wave along the valley using a 1D model; and two dimensional numerical modeling of the propagation and spreading of flood wave for various dam breaching scenarios in two different urban areas. Such a methodology is a vital tool for decision-making process since it takes into account the spatial heterogeneity of the basin parameters to predict flood wave propagation downstream of the dam. Proposed methodology is applied to two dams; Porsuk Dam located in Eski?ehir and Alibey Dam located in Istanbul, Turkey. Both dams are selected based on the fact that they have dense residential areas downstream and such a failure would be disastrous in both cases. Model simulations based on three different dam breaching scenarios showed that maximum flow depth can reach to 5 m at the border of the residential areas both in Eski?ehir and in Istanbul with a maximum flow velocity of 5 m/s and flood waves having 0.3 m height reach to the boundary of the residential area within 1 to 2 h. Flooded area in Eski?ehir was estimated as 127 km², whereas in Istanbul this area was 8.4 km² in total.     

基于改进粒子群优化算法的施工期拱坝结构性态反演分析

针对施工期拱坝坝体变形的特点,建立了施工期拱坝坝体变形特殊安全监控模型,对坝体变形中的水压分量进行提取。采用改进的粒子群优化算法对拱坝反问题最优控制解模型进行优化计算,以此完成施工期拱坝结构性态的反演分析。以某拱坝为例,对该拱坝施工期的结构性态进行反演分析。结果表明,坝体变形反演的相对误差均在2%以内,由此验证了所提出方法的可行性。     

异构多种群粒子群优化算法在水位流量关系拟合中的应用

通过8个复杂函数对一种异构多种群粒子群优化算法进行仿真验证,并与传统单种群粒子群优化算法进行对比。针对水位流量关系拟合中相关参数难以确定的不足,利用异构多种群粒子群优化算法优化水位流量关系相关参数,以云南省龙潭站、西洋站水位流量关系拟合为例进行实例研究,并与粒子群优化算法、最小二乘法拟合结果进行对比。结果表明:异构多种群粒子群优化算法收敛精度远远优于粒子群优化算法,具有较好的计算鲁棒性和全局寻优能力。该算法对龙潭站和西洋站水位流量关系拟合的平均相对误差绝对值分别仅为0.27%和0.50%,拟合精度优于粒子群优化算法和最小二乘法。利用异构多种群粒子群优化算法优化水位流量关系可以获得更好的拟合效果。     

Multi-Objective Optimization-Simulation for Reliability-Based Inter-Basin Water Allocation

A simulation-optimization framework is presented for reliability-based optimal sizing, operation, and water allocation in the Bashar-to-Zohreh inter-basin water transfer project. The problem was formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP), for which two solution approaches were tested, including gradient-based nonlinear programming and simulation-optimization (SO). The SO framework linked the water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) simulation module, benefiting from fast, single-period linear programming, to the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) for multiperiod optimization. The objective functions were minimizing the sizes of the project’s infrastructures and maximizing the reliability of supplying water to agricultural lands. The combination of nonlinear programming and the branch-and-bound algorithm was not able to solve the resulting MINLP. The results of the MOPSO-WEAP framework indicated that the project can supply water for land development in the Dehdasht and Choram agricultural plains, located in the less developed Kohgiluye and Boyer-Ahmad Province of Iran at an acceptable reliability level. For example, for one of the Pareto solutions found corresponding to maximum land development (30,000 ha), an average volume of 237 million cubic meter (MCM) is transferred annually at a 73.2% reliability level with average sizes of water transfer and storage elements. Further, design-operation and hydropower scenarios were also evaluated, and the Pareto solutions were obtained.     

CPSO-NN模型在大坝安全监控中的应用

针对大坝安全监控中传统BP神经网络模型由于采用最速下降法求解网络权值而存在的计算过程复杂、易陷入局部极值点等缺点,提出大坝安全监控神经网络权值的协同粒子群优化求解方法。该方法先把网络权值的计算问题转化为粒子群的寻优问题,然后通过粒子群协同寻优实现对网络权值的计算。工程实例分析结果表明:基于协同粒子群算法的神经网络模型计算简单、收敛速度快、拟合精度高,为大坝安全监控分析提供了一种有效的新方法。     

Optimization of Hydraulic-Hydrologic Complex System of Reservoirs and Connecting Tunnel

Nowadays, population growth, environmental constraints and climate change can adversely affect our water supply systems’ ability to keep up with demand. Due to lack of unsuitable distribution and dispersion of water resources, precipitation, soil resources, etc., inter-basin transfers of water could be a solution in order to balancing between supply and demand water in different areas. In this study, the optimal designing of water conveyance from basin No-1 to basin No-2 is investigated. Water is transferred between these two dams by tunnel structure. Since the water flow through the tunnel is under pressure, increasing dam height will cause the decrease of tunnel diameter for constant water conveyance efficiency. The purpose of this study is transferring 95 % of water flow between two basins after supplying the agriculture consumption and environmental needs. Therefore, the mathematical program was developed first to solve the governing equations of water balance of reservoir and hydraulic of tunnel. Then, various strategies including different diameters of tunnel and dam height were considered and finally the best strategy from economic and technical viewpoint was proposed. The results showed that dam height of 151.2 m and tunnel diameter of 3.2 m are the economic options to convey of 95 % of the water.     

基于粒子群算法的鲤鱼潭大坝坝料动参数反演

土石料的动力模型参数是影响土石坝抗震安全分析的主要因素。土石坝动力模型参数一般是通过室内试验确定的,但受施工工艺、施工方法和施工质量的影响,其结果与坝体实际参数会存在差异。为此,提出了一种以加速度反应谱为目标函数的土石料参数反演方法,该方法依据坝体在地震中的响应信息,利用粒子群算法反演坝体的材料参数。结果表明,动剪模量衰减曲线和阻尼比增长曲线对坝体地震响应有很大影响。     

基于APSO和TWSVM的特高拱坝变形预测模型

为挖掘混凝土大坝变形监测数据与各影响因素之间复杂的非线性关系,提高特高拱坝变形预测精度,在孪生支持向量机(TWSVM)模型基础上,引入位置因子与速度因子,运用自适应粒子群优化(APSO)算法进行参数优化,构建了特高拱坝变形的APSO-TWSVM预测模型。实例验证结果表明,该模型可有效挖掘拱坝变形与影响因子间复杂的非线性关系,模型运算速度和精度均比传统SVM模型有明显提升。     

A Farmer-Friendly Dam Safety Evaluation Procedure As A Key Part of Modern Australian Water Laws

Abstract

The largest dams are generally built and managed by Governments; individual owners build small dams. Over time, many dam safety aspects have changed, such as population distributions, meteorological information, engineering methods and design standards, together with the condition of the dams, raising serious doubts about dam adequacy. For the larger dams response has been to spend vast amounts on remedial works. Unfortunately, only a few countries have developed mature safety assurance schemes for smaller dams: these are comparatively reviewed here identifying elements of “minimum” and “best” practice, and providing policy models and guidelines of “appropriate” practice for varying circumstances. Farmers often overlook common law obligation to review/design dams in line with current standards because of high engineering consulting costs. A cost-effective spillway design/review procedure that is applicable to South Eastern Australia, but is transferable to any other region world-wide, is also reported here: this procedure is integrated with the policy models and guidelines, aiming to minimize cost burdens to dam owners, encourage better dam safety management, and provide an acceptable level of safety assurance to downstream communities.     

基于C-PSO算法的混凝土面板堆石坝断面优化设计

针对基本粒子群算法(PSO)寻优过程中存在收敛速度慢、易陷入局部最优和计算精度差等缺陷,采用分簇思想和碰撞策略,提出了一种改进的粒子群算法(C-PSO),在该算法中,粒子通过分簇并行搜索,有效避免了群体过度集中现象,极大地增强粒子全局搜索能力。将C-PSO算法应用于混凝土面板堆石坝断面优化设计中,优化结果表明,该算法对解决复杂的多变量多约束非线性问题具有较好的适应性,为复杂的混凝土面板堆石坝断面优化设计问题提供了新的解决思路。     

基于改进PSO-RF算法的大坝变形预测模型

针对传统随机森林参数寻优方法的不足,引入均衡惯性权重和自适应变异对粒子群优化算法进行改进,提出了一种基于改进粒子群优化算法和随机森林算法(改进PSO-RF算法)的大坝变形预测模型。实例验证结果表明,在计算效率方面,与传统网格搜索法相比,改进PSO-RF算法显著提升了模型的寻优速度;在预测精度和稳定性方面,基于改进PSO-RF算法的大坝变形预测模型明显优于长短期记忆网络、支持向量机和BP神经网络模型。     

SSO-BP模型在水资源可再生能力评价中的应用

为评价区域水资源可再生能力,提出了水资源可再生能力评价指标体系和分级标准,构建了基于BP神经网络的评价模型,并以云南省文山州水资源可再生能力评价为例进行实例研究。首先,遴选出单位面积水资源量等10个指标,构建水资源可再生能力评价指标体系和分级标准;其次,针对BP神经网络初始权值和阈值难以确定的不足,利用一种全新的仿生群体智能算法--群居蜘蛛优化（SSO）算法优化BP神经网络初始参数,提出了SSO-BP评价模型,并通过6个高维复杂函数对SSO算法进行验证,且与粒子群优化（PSO）算法进行对比;最后,利用SSO-BP模型对实例进行水资源可再生能力评价。结果表明：① SSO算法具有较好的收敛精度和全局寻优能力,可有效提高BP神经网络模型的预测精度和泛化能力。② 文山州各评价区域2014年水资源可再生能力处于最强与中等之间,符合区域现状。     

Simulation-Optimization Modeling of Conjunctive Operation of Reservoirs and Ponds for Irrigation of Multiple Crops Using an Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

Seasonal drought has become an important factor in agricultural production in humid and semi-humid areas. In this study, to mitigate the impact of seasonal drought, a new integrated mathematical model is proposed for optimal multi-crop irrigation scheduling, which is associated with conjunctive operation of reservoirs and ponds to maximize the annual returns for a reservoir-pond irrigation system. This objective is achieved via the use of two models: an operating policy model, which considers the regulatory role of ponds and optimizes reservoirs and ponds releases in one third of a month, and an allocation model, which optimizes irrigation allocations across crops by addressing water production function. The uneven distribution of ponds is also considered by dividing the irrigation district into many sub-districts. Artificial bee colony algorithm is innovatively improved by incorporating differential evolution algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve this nonlinear, high-dimensional and complex optimization problem. The methodology is applied to the Zhanghe Irrigation Distict, which is located in Hubei Province of China, to demonstrate its applicability, and three additional models are simulated to demonstrate the validity of the integrated model. The results indicate that the integrated model can alleviate the impact of the seasonal drought and has remarkable optimization effect, especially for drought years. The average annual return calculated by the integrated model is 7.9, 7.0 and 3.1 % higher than that of the remaining three models, respectively. And in the special dry year, in which the frequency of rainfall is 95 %, the annual return calculated by the integrated model is 24.5, 21.8 and 10.1 % higher than that of the remaining three models, respectively.