Resolving Trans-jurisdictional Water Conflicts by the Nash Bargaining Method: A Case Study in Zhangweinan Canal Basin in North China

Trans-jurisdictional conflict in both water quantity and quality is a general concern in large river basins. In this paper, the relative utility function combined with the asymmetric Nash bargaining method was established to analyze the trans-jurisdictional conflict between water quantity and water quality in the Zhangweinan Canal Basin in China. The basin was divided into four conflict stakeholders, namely, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, and Shandong Provinces, based on administrative unit. The water usage and pollutant discharge scheme for multiple stakeholders was optimized using the established model to satisfy the environmental flow and water quality objectives at the identified conflict sections. The results indicated that the total water consumption was reduced from 4.38?×?10⁹?m³ in 2007 to 1.97?×?10⁹?m³, and that the allowable COD and NH₃-N discharged into the river was less than 3.8?×?10⁴?t and 4.3?×?10³?t, respectively. About 81.1 % of COD and 76.1 % of NH₃-N should be further reduced compared with the values in 2007.     

Water Resources Assessment and Regional Virtual Water Potential in the Turpan Basin,China

Located in the centre of the Eurasian Continent, the Turpan Basin, as the second deepest lowland in the world, is extremely short of water resources. Aimed at this key scientific issue, this paper based on years of meteorological and hydrological observation data, carried out a scientific calculation and evaluation of surface and groundwater resources in the Turpan Basin, and then, with the help of modified Penman formula, calculated the virtual water potential in the basin in 2004. The results show that the average total usable surface water resources per year in the last decade were about 6.673×10⁸ m³, while adduction volume of surface water in 2003 was about 4.94×10⁸ m³, which means that most of the region has reached or approached the limit of water resources and, as a result serious crises and constraints on the development of the basin were thus caused. The exploitation content of groundwater in the Turpan Basin in 2003 was about 6.12×10⁸ m³, which has basically reached its upper limit, and the ground water level has fallen about 10~40 m in the Turpan Basin in recent years. The daily reference crop water requirement in the Turpan Basin in 2004 was about 1,053.39 mm, and the total virtual water potential contained in six main crops was about 5.25 ×10⁸ m³ in 2004. All these showed that research works on scientific assessment of water resources and regional virtual water strategy have great significance for the best social, ecological, economic benefits and regional sustainable development of the Turpan Basin.     

湟水干流近60年径流变化特征分析

研究流域径流演变特征,对流域水资源可持续开发利用及优化配置具有重要意义。本文基于湟水干流1956-2015年海晏、西宁及民和水文站长系列天然径流资料,采用累计距平、滑动平均、M-K检验和小波分析等方法,分析了湟水干流径流年内年际变化、趋势性、突变特征及其周期性。结果表明:湟水干流径流年内分配不均匀,径流年际变化波动明显,经历了"丰—枯—丰—枯—丰"5个循环交替,目前处于丰水期。湟水干流径流量总体呈上升趋势,3站分别以0.0011×10~8、0.0247×10~8、0.0120×10~8m~3/a的幅度增加,变化趋势不明显。小波分析表明湟水干流存在3a、9a及25a左右的振荡周期,其中25 a左右的周期振荡最强,为径流量序列第一主周期。     

灞河流域气候因子对水沙变化的影响

利用灞河流域蓝田气象站和马渡王水文站1960—2012年的气象、水文实测资料,分析灞河流域气候及水沙变化规律,同时运用相关性分析、灰色关联分析、多元线性回归模型等多种方法探讨了该流域水沙变化与气候变化的关系。结果表明:灞河流域降雨量、蒸发量、径流量和输沙量皆呈显著下降趋势,而气温呈上升趋势;降雨量与水沙都有重要的相关关系,1960—1990年影响径流量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,而1991—2012年则为降雨量、蒸发量、气温,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,两阶段的年径流量分别增加0.14亿m3和0.08亿m3;1960—2012年影响输沙量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,年输沙量增加0.668万t。     

Impacts of Land-use Changes on the Hydrology of the Grande River Basin Headwaters,Southeastern Brazil

Land-use changes affect soil water balance. The Upper Grande River Basin (UGRB) headwaters have undergone intense modifications in land use. This study was conducted to simulate, using the LASH model, the impacts on the hydrological regime in the UGRB with five land-use trends: S₁ and S₂ – reforestation with eucalyptus covering 20 % and 50 %, respectively, from the current grassland area; S₃ – reforestation with eucalyptus covering 100 % of the current grassland area only in the sub-basins where this trend is predominant; S₄ and S₅ deforestation of 30 % and 70 % of the forest remnants in the Mantiqueira Range region for the cultivation of grasslands, respectively. Results demonstrate that runoff would be reduced due to the land-use changes by 51.65 mm yr^?1, 110.29 mm yr^?1 and 59.48 mm yr^?1 for scenarios S₁, S₂ and S₃, respectively. However, scenarios S₄ and S₅ could increase streamflow by 57.63 mm year^?1 and 156.78 mm year^?1, respectively. This indicates that land-use changes might make the basin more prone to flooding and other hazards associated with increased runoff.     

Hydrological Response to Agricultural Land Use Heterogeneity Using Variable Infiltration Capacity Model

Hydrological responses corresponding to the agricultural land use alterations are critical for planning crop management strategies, water resources management, and environmental evaluations. However, accurate estimation and evaluation of these hydrological responses are restricted by the limited availability of detailed crop classification in land use and land cover. An innovative approach using state-of-the-art Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is utilized by setting up the crop-specific vegetation parameterization and analyse the effect of uniform and heterogeneous agricultural land use over the hydrological responses of the basin, in the Kangsabati River Basin (KRB). Thirteen year simulations (1998–2010) based on two different scenarios i.e., single-crop in agricultural land use (SC-ALU) and multi-crop in agricultural land use (MC-ALU) patterns are incorporated in the model and calibrated (1998–2006) and validated (2007–2010) for the streamflow at Reservoir and Mohanpur in the KRB. The results demonstrated that the VIC model improved the estimates of hydrological components, especially surface runoff and evapotranspiration (ET) at daily and monthly timescales corresponding to MC-ALU than SC-ALU (NSC?>?0.7). Grid-scale ET estimates are improved after incorporating heterogeneous agricultural land use (NSC?>?0.55 and R²?>?0.55) throughout the period of 1998–2010. This study improves our understanding on how the change in agricultural land use in the model settings alters the basin hydrological characteristics, and to provide model-based approaches for best management practices in irrigation scheduling, crop water requirement, and management strategies in the absence of flux towers, eddy covariance, and lysimeters in the basin.

     

Assessment of Water Availability and Consumption in the Karkheh River Basin,Iran—Using Remote Sensing and Geo-statistics

This study was conducted to assess water availability and consumption in the Karkheh River Basin in Iran using secondary data and freely available satellite data. Precipitation was estimated using geo-statistical techniques while a Surface Energy Balance approach was selected for evapotranspiration estimation. The spatial distribution of actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) for the Karkheh Basin has been estimated by use of 19 cloud free Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, which cover a complete cropping year from November 2002 to October 2003. ET_a estimates were compared to potential crop evapotranspiration (ET_p) estimates for two predominantly irrigated wheat areas in Upper and Lower Karkheh. Differences were found to be 12.5% and 11.7% respectively. Results of the ETa and precipitation estimates reveal that for the study period, the Karkheh Basin received 18,507 × 10⁶m³ as precipitation while ET_a is estimated at 16,680 × 10⁶m³. Estimated outflow from the basin for the study period only is 7.8% of the precipitation and indicates that water is a very scarce resource in the Karkheh basin. The basin has been divided in sub-basins to allow for more detailed analysis and results indicate that water balance closure at sub-basin scale ranges from 7.2% to 0.6% of the precipitation. This suggests that the water balance is sufficiently understood for policy and decision making.     

Changes in the hydrology and sediment transport produced by large dams on the lower Ebro river and its estuary

The mean annual flow of the lower Ebro river has reduced by 29% during this century (592 to 426 m³ s⁻¹). The main causes are increased water use and evaporation from reservoirs in the river basin. The losses due to irrigation explain 74% of the decrease, whereas losses by evaporation in the reservoirs explain another 22%. Decreased flow in the lower Ebro river caused an increase in the salt wedge in the estuary. During the study period, the permanent low river flows from July 1988 to April 1990 caused the continuous presence of the salt wedge for 18 months. Historical data for sediment transport in the Ebro river are scarce and incomplete. Limited data before the construction of reservoirs in the Ebro basin allow only an estimate of the order of magnitude of annual suspended sediment transport (3·0 × 10⁷ Mt yr⁻¹). Before the construction of large reservoirs in the lower Ebro at the end of the 1960s, the sediment transport was estimated to be around 1·0 × 10⁷ Mt yr⁻¹. This amount was reduced to around 0·3 × 10⁶ Mt yr⁻¹ after construction of the dam. Currently, this amount ranges from 0·1 to 0·2 × 10⁶ Mt yr⁻¹, which represents a reduction of more than 99% in sediment transport. On a seasonal scale, the effects of the dams have been the standardization of the river flow and the virtual suppression of peaks in sediment transport. In the estuary, the salt wedge dynamics changed and its presence increased. River regulation and hydropower generation also changed the hydrology of the river on a daily scale. The effect of local storms on the river flow and the sediment transport has been suppressed. At present, these changes are related to hydropower generation.     

若尔盖高原径流量变化与储水量计算

若尔盖高原的降水量微弱减少与蒸发量持续上升,使若尔盖高原径流量与储水量逐年降低,直接减少了若尔盖高原的湿地面积和对黄河上游径流量的补给。基于红原、若尔盖和玛曲站的气象数据和7个水文站的径流量数据(1981-2011年),并对数据序列进行插补与计算,获得若尔盖高原的径流量变化与气候因子的响应关系,进而计算储水量变化。计算结果表明:若尔盖高原向黄河年均补水(67. 08±14. 90)×108m3,并以0. 48×108m3/a速率持续减少。降水量每减少1 mm将导致黑河与白河的年径流量分别减少0. 02×108和0. 05×108m3。蒸发量每增加1 mm将导致黑河与白河的年径流量分别减少0. 12×108和0. 27×108m3。1981-2011年若尔盖高原的年均储水量为(59. 30±18. 69)×108m3,其年均递减速率为0. 49×108m3/a。本研究有助于认识若尔盖高原对于黄河上游水资源保障的重要性。     

金沙江中上游流域未来径流模拟研究

为了探究金沙江中上游流域未来径流变化趋势,为流域防洪规划提供依据,基于SWAT水文模型,选用CMIP5数据集建立未来时段的全球气候模式,从时间和空间尺度解析研究区2022—2050年径流变化趋势。结果表明：流域2022—2050年降水量和平均气温均高于基准期,并且呈现上升趋势,其中流域南部降水量增幅较大,流域北部气温增幅较大。在RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5 3种气候情景下,2022—2050年年径流量均呈现增大趋势,变化率分别为5.79×10⁸、5.53×10⁸、2.99×10⁸ m³/a。相较于基准期,未来春季和秋季径流量呈现减少趋势,夏季和冬季径流量呈现增加趋势,冬季径流量增幅达到了10%。流域产流量呈现从西北到东南依次增加的特点,相较于基准期,流域南部产流量均呈现增加趋势。未来径流量呈现增加趋势,冬季径流量增幅较大,可能会发生冬汛等极端水文事件,流域南部受洪水威胁的可能性进一步增大。     

A case study of water retention and ecosystem functioning restoration in Wenying Lake (China)

Wenying Lake in Datong, China, has been drying for the last several years. Analysis of standard penetration test data revealed that a missing waterproof layer of silt soil and silty clay in the south part of the lake, resulting from frequent flood flushing, was responsible for the water loss from the lake. Accordingly, 6.7 × 10⁵ m² of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) was used in May 2010 to repair the area of sediment exhibiting the water leakage, equivalent to 15.6% of the total lake bottom area. Approximately 4.1 × 10⁶ m³ of floodwater was then diverted from upstream rivers to the lake. Eight months later, about 0.9 × 10⁶ m³ of the water was retained, with the water loss being reduced from 4.0 to 1.1 m³ m^?2 year^?1. Ecologically safe and cost‐effective clay materials also can be used to furthermore improve the water retention characteristics. Modelling results indicated that capping the whole lake with a 2 cm layer of bentonite with a permeability coefficient of 5.0 × 10^?9 cm s^?1 could reduce the sediment water leakage to 0.04 m³ m^?2 year^?1. The quality of the retained water after GCL treatment project was poor, with a total nitrogen concentration of 11.0 mg L^?1 and sulphate 307.0 mg L^?1, which were 5 and 300 times higher, respectively, than the Chinese class V surface water standard. Restoration of aquatic vegetation in the lake and constructed wetlands near the lake inlets could be helpful to improve the lake’s water quality over the long term.     

面向供水对象转型的引大入秦工程水资源优化配置研究

引大入秦工程（以下简称引大工程）建成初期主要以秦王川农业供水为主,但随着兰州新区的建设发展,其供水对象开始向城市生活用水和工业用水转型,如何实现有限水资源的合理配置是目前研究的重点问题。基于此,依据引大工程供水区（以下简称引大供水区）可持续发展要求,构建以实现经济、社会、生态效益最大化为目标函数,可供水量、输水能力、用户需水量、排水系统排水量与变量非负为约束条件的多目标水资源优化配置模型,使用遗传算法进行求解。结果表明：2025年引大供水区不同用水部门配水量（保证率P=50%、P=75%）分别为生活用水8 323.85×10⁴、8 322.49×10⁴ m³,农业用水15 001.95×10⁴、15 631.53×10⁴ m³,工业用水11 111.00×10⁴、11 100.00×10⁴ m³,生态用水946.88×10⁴、947.02×10⁴ m³,各部门总配水量与优化前供水量4.23×10⁸ m³相比,达到供需平衡;2030年引大供水区不同用水部门配水量（保证率P=50%、P=75%）分别为生活用水12 650.51×10⁴、12 666.53×10⁴ m³,农业用水16 397.77×10⁴、17 019.70×10⁴ m³,工业用水20 498.00×10⁴、20 508.00×10⁴ m³,生态用水948.00×10⁴、948.88×10⁴ m³,不同保证率下各部门总体缺水率分别为12.27%、13.38%。2025—2030年引大供水区的非农业用水结构将大幅提升,农业灌溉用水量降低。研究结果可为引大供水区优化水资源配置决策提供参考依据。     

Joint Operation and Dynamic Control of Flood Limiting Water Levels for Cascade Reservoirs

Reservoirs are among the most effective tools for integrated water resources development and management. The dynamic control of reservoir flood limiting water level (FLWL) is a valuable and effective method to compromise the flood control and conservation for reservoir operation during the flood season. This paper focuses on joint operation and dynamic control of FLWL for cascade reservoirs. A composition and decomposition-based model that consists of an aggregation module, a storage decomposition module and a simulation operation module was developed. The model was applied to the Qingjiang basin in south of China using the 3-hour inflow data series for representative hydrological years. Application results indicate that the proposed model can make an effective tradeoff between the flood control and hydropower generation. Joint operation and dynamic control of FLWL can increase power production by 4.51 % (1.79?×?10⁸?kWh) and increase water use rate by 2.73 %. It can enhance benefits of the Qingjiang cascade reservoirs without compromising flood prevention objectives.     

面向河流生态完整性的黄河下游生态需水过程研究

提供适宜的生态流量对维护河流健康和支撑人类社会发展具有重要意义。尽管栖息地模拟法物理机制清晰、应用广泛,但对生物群落考虑不足、生命节律信号缺失等问题长期存在。以维护河流土著生物群落完整性为目标,本文将天然水文情势作为参照系统,结合栖息地模拟与水文参照系统特征值,建立了一种面向河流生态完整性的生态需水过程评估方法,兼顾指示物种生存繁衍和土著生物群落基本生存。黄河下游利津断面评估结果显示:利津断面年最小生态需水量119亿m³,适宜生态需水量130～137亿m³,涨水期需提供1～2次持续时间不低于7 d、流量不低于1220 m³/s的高流量脉冲。对比历史实测流量过程与本文生态需水成果,发现利津断面水量充足,但流量过程不满足生态需求。黄河需加强水库群调度,协调径流年际和年内分布,塑造适宜的生态流量过程,并适时塑造高流量脉冲。     

Sedimentation Rates and a Sediment Budget for Lake Ontario

Present-day sedimentation rates of fine-grained sediment were determined at 39 offshore locations in Lake Ontario. The sedimentation rates were calculated by averaging the weight of sediment deposited above the Ambrosia (ragweed) pollen horizon, dated at 1850. The rates are variable, ranging from a low of 85g m^?2 yr^?l (0.3 mm yr^?l) to a maximum of 12259 m^?2 yr^?1 (2.2 mm yr^?1). Rates are highest at the eastern and western extremes of the main basin of the lake and appear to be related to littoral drift patterns. Mean sedimentation rates of 435, 260, 550, and 530g m^?2 yr^?l are calculated for the Niagara, Mississauga, Rochester and Kingston Basins respectively.A total of 4.8 million tons of fine-grained sediment is annually deposited in the lake. River inputs are the major source of the fine grained sediments with the Niagara River accounting for 50% of all incoming materials. Most of the suspended materials are deposited in the Rochester and Kingston Basins (38%) or are carried out of the lake via the St. Lawrence River (36%). This reflects the general eastward movement of the materials and their deposition either towards the outlet or their movement out of the lake.     

Quantitative Estimation Models and Their Application of Ecological Water Use at a Basin Scale

Ecological water use (EWU) is urgent in need in the lower reaches of Tarim River in China. Estimation of water amount for EWU is depending on some parameters and modeling. EWU is mainly consists of two parts in no runoff area in the basin, i.e. total water amount for restoration groundwater table and total stand water amount of the all river courses. The former is including water amount for restoration of groundwater table, lateral discharge and evaporation of water surface. The estimated values are 8.18 × 10⁸ m³, 0.68 × 10⁸ m³/a and 0.132 × 10⁸ m³/a respectively. Based on the groundwater depth rising 4.0 meters requiring 5 years, the total water amount for restoration groundwater table is 2.448 × 10⁸ m³/a. The latter, i.e., total stand water amount is 1.992 × 10⁸ m³/a. However, the development of water management measures could alleviate the issue and lead to sustainable EWU in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

基于SWAT的沁河流域水资源生态足迹计算及承载程度分析

水资源生态足迹能够反映人类发展对自然界水资源的压力,明确流域水资源承载状况可为生态环境保护、经济社会发展和水资源科学管理提供决策依据,对推动流域生态文明建设和高质量发展具有重要意义。以沁河流域为例,借助水资源生态足迹模型,利用SWAT模型输出结果计算各子流域水资源生态足迹,并评估沁河流域水资源承载状况。结果表明：2010—2016年沁河流域水资源量多年平均值为6.17×10⁸ m³,主要受到降水量影响;各子流域水资源生态压力指数均大于1,说明沁河流域水资源处于不可承载状态,供需矛盾突出;2010—2016年水资源承载状况虽有所改善,但仍处于不可持续利用状态。研究结果可为沁河流域水资源科学管理提供参考依据,同时为其他流域尺度上的水资源生态足迹计算提供新思路。     

基于宏观经济模型和系统动力学的张掖盆地水资源供需研究

针对黑河流域中游张掖盆地水资源供需问题,采用宏观经济模型和系统动力学结合的方法,构建了张掖盆地水资源系统动力学模型,设计5个情景模拟张掖盆地2013-2050年水资源供需平衡状况。结果表明:宏观经济模型与系统动力学的结合能更好地刻画系统行为,准确合理地预测需水量;预测期内张掖盆地需水量逐年增长,年均总需水量为21.87×108~30.14×108m3,缺水年的年均缺水量为4.03×108~7.64×108m3,缺水时间占比为31.6%~92.1%,缺水年平均缺水指数为0.1413~0.2217;综合考虑社会经济发展、城镇化和水资源节约的情景S5是最符合可持续发展内涵和原则的情景;水资源的可持续发展,不仅需要政府的政策引导,更需要公众的参与,只有政府与公众的协调一致,才能保证水资源和社会经济的可持续发展。     

Changes in benthic animal production of a weir basin after eight years of succession

Benthic animal production was studied in a weir basin area of western Norway in 1984, eleven years after construction of the basin and eight years after the first benthic study. Compared to estimates from 1976, a marked change in production and species composition had occurred. Benthic animal production at two stations inside the basin was 199 and 169 KJ m^?2 yr^?1, an increase of 440 and 270 per cent respectively compared to 1976. In a riffle upstream of the basin, the production estimate was 50 KJ m^?2 yr^?1, a decrease of 40 per cent since 1976. Chironomids formed the main contribution to the increased production in the weir basin, mainly through increased abundance of larger species like Stictochironomus pictulus and Micropsectra spp. Also other species more adapted to lentic water, like the ephemeropterans Siphlonurus aestivalis and Ameletus inopinatus, showed increased density. The fauna succession and increased production in the weir basin was mainly due to improved habitats and food conditions, as the amount of organic sediments had increased since the first production study.     

基于生态安全的阿瓦提灌区生态需水量研究

阿瓦提灌区地处塔里木盆地西北边缘,气候极端干旱,降水稀少,蒸发强烈。近年来,由于大批开荒、水资源不合理利用、土壤盐渍化等导致灌区生态环境越发脆弱,阻碍其经济的可持续发展。在灌区实地考察、分析整理多年新疆统计资料的基础上,考虑灌区生态用水安全,针对不同植被生态需水特点,分别采用彭曼公式法、定额法和比值法等相适宜的生态需水研究方法,计算其生态需水量。结果表明:阿瓦提灌区生态需水总量为13. 37×10~8m~3,其中,河道外生态需水量为6. 8×10~8m~3,河道内生态需水量为6. 57×10~8m~3。通过生态需水量研究,提出适宜的用水建议,为阿瓦提灌区生态系统的健康与稳定提供一定的理论依据。