丘陵区海绵城市建设模式研究——以凤凰县为例

针对丘陵区城市的地形地貌和降雨径流特点,从生态海绵流域的全局视角,以现代化湿地花园城市为目标,合理布设"渗、滞、蓄、净、用、排"等海绵建设设施,并在措施布设时考虑丘陵地区对水土流失防治、地质灾害防控、水系景观美化等特殊要求,提出丘陵区海绵城市建设方案。以丘陵区城市湖南省凤凰县为案例,具体分析了海绵城市建设的目标指标和适宜建设措施。研究结果表明:通过海绵城市建设,凤凰县新建区年径流总量控制率达到83%,总的年径流总量控制率为80%;丘陵区海绵城市建设不应局限于建成区内,应针对产汇流过程急速形成、易出现山洪和内涝灾害的"两碰头"等问题,通过低影响开发措施和建成区外海绵体措施,开展生态海绵流域建设;丘陵区海绵城市应区分建成区内和建成区外,设定相应的建设目标和控制指标,建成区外应对堤防达标、雨水排放、水源保护区、水土保持、地质灾害防治等开展系统性建设和整治,建成区内应对可渗透地面、下凹式绿地、污水集中收集处理、地表水体水质、非常规水源利用、城市管网等方面开展系统性建设和整治。研究成果对丘陵区探索海绵城市建设模式具有重要的参考意义和实用价值。     

Modelling Watershed Scale Soil Loss Prediction and Sediment Yield Estimation

Computer simulation models are becoming increasingly popular in predicting soil loss for various land use and management practices. A GIS-based system, GeoUSLE, was developed in this study for soil loss prediction and sediment yield estimation in the watershed scale. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and watershed analysis models are incorporated in the system. The required watershed information and USLE factors are derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) and remote sensing data. The GIS-based system can flexibly delineate drainage networks and watersheds and rapidly query the sediment yield at any point or watershed outlet via the point-and-click interface. The study presents an example application of the system to an agricultural reservoir watershed in central Taiwan. The estimated result shows that the developed system scales up USLE applications from the slope to the watershed, which can be used to assess the erosion hot spots in a watershed for the management decision making.     

Integrated Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Based RUSLE Modelling for Estimation of Soil Loss in Western Himalaya,India

Soil loss due to water erosion was estimated in Kangra region of western Himalaya using revised universal soil loss equation modelling (RUSLE) in conjunction with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The various parameters such as rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), topographic factor (LS), crop management factor (C) and support practice factor (P) were derived using standard techniques. The study revealed that forest cover, crop land and scrub/grass land constitute 87.4 % of soil erosion susceptible area. The rate of depletion of soil was estimated at 25.63 t/ha/yr. It was highest in stony/barren land (60.3 t/ha/yr) and lowest in case of tea garden (16.09 t/ha/yr). It was felt that there is a need of implementation of soil and water conservation measures in the region to curb the soil loss. The undulating nature of terrain was observed as the main contributing factor for soil erosion. It was concluded that RS and GIS based RUSLE model can be efficiently used in mountainous regions to determine the status and extent of soil erosion.     

吉林省水土流失规律及其综合治理对策

本文阐述了吉林省不同型区域水土流失规律及其危害，并根据全省自然条件及水土流失特点．划分为山区、丘陵区、漫川漫岗区、风沙坨甸区，并提出了吉林省防治水土流失的对策。     

南方红壤丘陵区水土流失综合治理技术体系研究

南方红壤丘陵区是我国水土流失最严重的区域之一。通过回顾 20 多年南方红壤丘陵区水土保持工作历程及成效,综合分析该区域水土流失综合治理技术体系,指出目前治理技术体系存在缺乏针对南方红壤丘陵区相关技术规范和标准、具体实施标准不一等问题,建议尽快制定南方红壤丘陵区水土流失综合治理技术标准及建立相关机制。     

Impacts of Accuracy and Resolution of Conventional and LiDAR Based DEMs on Parameters Used in Hydrologic Modeling

Digital elevation model (DEM) is often used for hydrologic modeling, land use planning, engineering design and environmental protection. Research is required to assess the need of updating existing conventional DEM using higher resolution and more accurate DEMs, including light detection and ranging (LiDAR) DEM. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of DEM accuracy and resolution on hydrologic parameters and modeling in an agriculture-dominated watershed. DEMs compared included 1 m and 10 m LiDAR based DEMs, and a conventional 10 m DEM obtained with aerial photogrammetry method. Hydrologic parameters assessed included elevation, sub-basin area and boundaries, drainage networks, slope and slope length. DEM derived hydrological parameters were used to estimate soil loss in Black Brook Watershed, New Brunswick using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Results indicated that DEM resolution had substantial influence on the sub-basins boundaries, sub-basin area, and distribution of water flow lines. Field investigation confirmed that most of the water flow lines derived from 1 m LiDAR based DEM were accurate and a number of flow diversion terraces (FDT) failures had been identified with help of LiDAR 1 m DEM. Both conventional and LiDAR based 10 m DEM could not identify the impacts of soil conservation structures such as diversion terraces. The RUSLE predicted soil loss using 1 m LiDAR based DEM was considered to be better because both conventional and LiDAR based 10 m DEMs could not reflect the impact of FDTs on reducing soil loss.     

基于DEM的黄土丘壑区动力学流域水沙数学模型应用研究——以黄河中游两个典型小流域为例

该文以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域—岔巴沟流域为研究对象,首先采用地理信息系统(GIS)对坡度和土地利用方式等侵蚀产沙环境因子提取分析,提出基于网格的超渗产流模型和基于运动波理论的栅格型坡面汇流模型,然后采用Preissmann四点隐式差分进行方程的离散求解。另外根据研究区地形及地貌特点将其分为梁峁坡、沟谷坡和沟槽三种垂直分带侵蚀单元,采用力学分析建立其侵蚀产沙公式和分布式坡面流运动波模型进行耦合求解。本模型在岔巴沟流域1970~2001年17场水沙过程的模拟和验证结果表明:产汇流、产沙计算平均确定性系数分别为0.69、0.58。杏子河流域验证结果也表明该模型对黄丘区水土流失时空过程的模拟计算具有一定精度,模型预测成果可为黄土高原水保规划和生态建设等提供更为精细和科学的决策依据。     

A Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes model for hill and curved duct flow

Turbulent flows past hill and curved ducts exist in many engineering applications. Simulations of the turbulent flow are carried out based on a newly developed technique, the Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) model, including separation, recirculation, reattachment, turbulent vortex mechanism. The focus is on how to accurately predict typical separating, reattaching and secondary motion at a reasonable computational expense. The effect of the parameter, the unresolved-to-total ratio of kinetic energy (f_k), is examined with a given unresolved-to-total ratio of dissipation (f_?) for the hill flow with a much coarser grid system than required by the LES. An optimal value of f_k can be obtained to predict the separation and reattachment locations and for more accurate simulation of the resolved turbulence. In addition, the turbulent secondary motions are captured by a smaller f_k as compared with the RANS method with the same grid.     

基于RUSLE模型的辽宁省土壤侵蚀定量研究

以降雨量、土壤、遥感影像及土壤侵蚀普查数据等为基础数据,运用GIS技术,结合修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)模型对辽宁省土壤侵蚀状况进行研究,分析了土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征以及与不同土地利用类型的关系。研究结果表明:2011年辽宁省土壤侵蚀面积为459.36万hm²,年均土壤流失量为1.64亿t,年平均侵蚀模数为3 637.8 t/(km²·a),属于中度侵蚀,土壤侵蚀面积呈现上升趋势;辽西低山丘陵区的土壤侵蚀最为严重,侵蚀面积为191.99万hm²,城市受人为不合理的生产活动影响严重,导致土壤侵蚀面积增加;林地依旧是辽宁省土壤侵蚀发生的最主要的土地类型,占侵蚀总面积的57.66%,占土地利用类型的38.20%。     

紫色土区土地利用类型与降水变化对水土流失的影响

以川中丘陵区鹤鸣观小流域及其3个试验小区2个试验阶段（1983-1986年,1989-2000年）为研究对象,分析了不同土地利用类型水土流失特征、径流侵蚀对降水变化的响应及小流域综合治理后的效益。结果表明:对于第一阶段,不同雨强下的径流深变化依次是荒地＞草地＞坡耕地;侵蚀模数的变化依次为坡耕地＞荒地＞草地。对于第二阶段,其径流深变化依次是梯地＞草地＞林地;侵蚀模数的变化依次为梯地＞草地＞林地。荒地、低覆盖草地、坡耕地径流量、侵蚀量与降水变量相关系数较高,土壤侵蚀主要受降水变化影响。林地、高覆盖草地、梯地径流量、侵蚀与降水变量的相关系数较小且没有显著性,可能是植被覆盖、土壤特性对减缓径流和侵蚀过程具有重要作用,说明土地利用/覆被变化具有明显分异的水土流失效应。由于水土保持综合治理的作用,1990-2004年小流域多年平均径流量比1985-1989年多年平均径流量减少30.67%,多年平均输沙量减少91.29%,多年平均含沙量减少76.05%。     

Dominant glacial landforms of the lower Great Lakes region exhibit different soil phosphorus chemistry and potential risk for phosphorus loss

Phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural soils are a growing economic and water-quality concern in the Lake Erie watershed. While recent studies have explored edge-of-field and watershed P losses related to land-use and agricultural management, the potential for soils developed from contrasting parent materials to retain or release P to runoff has not been examined. A field-based study comparing eight agricultural fields in contrasting glacial landscapes (hummocky coarse-textured till-plain, lacustrine and fine-textured till-plain) showed distinct physical and geochemical soil properties influencing inorganic P (P_i) partitioning throughout the soil profile between the two regions. Fields located on the coarse-textured till-plain in mid-western Ontario, Canada had alkaline calcareous soils with the highest Total-P_i concentrations and the majority of soil P_i stored in an acid-soluble pool (up to 91%). In contrast, loosely to moderately soluble P_i concentrations were higher in soils of the lacustrine and fine-textured till-plain in southwestern Ontario, northeast Indiana and northwestern Ohio, US. Overall, soils on the lacustrine and fine-textured till-plain had a greater shrink swell-capacity, likely creating preferential flow to minimize P_i interaction with the more acidic, lower carbonate and lower sorption capacity soils. These differences in soil P_i retention and transport pathways demonstrate that in addition to management, the natural landscape may exert a significant control on how P_i is mobilized throughout the Lake Erie watershed. Further, results indicate that careful consideration of region-specific hydrology and soil biogeochemistry may be required when designing appropriate management strategies to minimize P_i losses across the lower Great Lakes region.     

基于GIS的黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤水分模型研究

水分是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区作物生长的关键因素。本文在假设的理想条件基础上，在地理信息系统技术支持下，建立了黄土丘陵沟壑区基于土壤侵蚀和地块条件下主要耕地类型的土壤水分模型，并以晋西离石王家沟小流域为例进行了验证，模拟值与实测值误差率的绝对值约在20％以内，表明该模型可以应用在黄土高原土壤水分的动态变化研究中。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区的岔巴沟流域次降雨侵蚀力的研究

降雨侵蚀力是反映由降雨引起土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,是土壤侵蚀模型的重要因子。降雨侵蚀力指标就黄土高原,不同的学者提出不同的指标。雨型对土壤侵蚀影响很大,根据降雨特性分为三种雨型,通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区岔巴沟流域降雨的最大时段雨强与能量的乘积EIt与土壤侵蚀模数直线回归,并对各个相关性系数r之间进行了显著性分析表明,研究区所有雨型条件下从rEI10到rEI60各rEIt之间没有显著性差异;短阵型雷暴雨(A型雨)rEI10与rEI30没有显著性差异但与rEI40有显著性差异,锋面夹雷暴雨(B型雨)其rEI10与rEI100中各rEIt都没有显著性差异。因此,认为黄土丘陵沟壑区的降雨侵蚀力指标EI10到EI30各EIt都可以采用,并且可以被相应简易因子PIt替代。     

Land Cover Change and Flood Risk in a Peri-Urban Environment of the Metropolitan Area of Rome (Italy)

Land cover change (LCC) is the most important factor in causing ecosystems services (ES) loss. In Mediterranean basins, coastal areas historically suffer from great anthropic pressure. These changes influence runoff, and municipal authorities often cannot estimate the impact of complex land cover transitions. In such context, the great urban and industrial development of the towns surrounding the city of Rome (Italy) represents a paradigmatic case study. In this paper, land cover evolution in a watershed located in a peri-urban environment has been studied in terms of LCC and the consequential flood risk. The information concerning land cover transformations was analyzed in following time scenarios: 1954, 1967 and 2018. The identification of occurred rainfall events, and the application of a combined hydrological and hydraulic modelling, allowed the estimation of flooded areas and volumes. The obtained results allowed to quantify the increase in the flood risk, that was more pronounced in the part of the selected area that has been more extensively interested by the soil sealing. The increase in the flood risk was larger in the hypothesis of a rainfall occurring when the soil is dry, like it can happen for the common case of summer precipitations.

     

滨海山丘区城市小流域设计洪水计算方法研究

我国滨海山丘区城市上游有山丘区,洪水下泄速度较快;下游受到潮水的顶托作用,内河洪涝水无法外排入海,洪涝灾害频发。城市化的进程也改变了原有下垫面的产汇流特性,既不能采用原有天然流域设计洪水计算方法,也不能采用城市排水的计算方法。论文针对快速城市化中的滨海山丘区的特点,分析了城市市政排水计算公式、水利推理公式和非恒定流法之间的区别,提出了利用推理公式、管道汇流和非恒定流法相结合计算小流域设计洪水的方法。以赣榆县柘汪-石桥片区为例,分别采用上述3种方法计算其设计洪水。结果表明:非恒定流方法的计算结果比推理公式方法小,该方法比较符合滨海山丘区的洪水特性,可为城市建设和河道规划提供依据。     

Runoff and Sediment Yield Modelling for a Treated Hilly Watershed in Eastern Himalaya Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model

The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) watershed model was calibrated and validated for a hilly watershed treated with graded bunding and water-harvesting tank in high rainfall condition of eastern Himalayan range in India. The performance of the model for the treated watershed was unacceptable with percent deviation of −45.81 and −38.35 respectively for runoff and sediment yield simulations when calibrated parameter values for the nearby untreated watershed were used. This was possibly due to differences in soil properties and average land slope. When soil parameters were calibrated for the treated watershed, the model performance improved remarkably. During calibration, the model simulated surface runoff and sediment yield with percent deviations equal to +6.24 and +9.02, and Nash–Sutcliffe simulation coefficients equal to 0.85 and 0.81, respectively. During validation period, the model simulated runoff and sediment yield with percent deviations equal to +8.56 and +9.36, and Nash–Sutcliffe simulation coefficients equal to 0.81 and 0.80, respectively. The model tended to slightly under-predict runoff and sediment yield of higher magnitudes. The model performance was quite sensitive to soil parameters namely, rill erodibility, interrill erodibility, hydraulic conductivity, critical shear stress and Manning’s roughness coefficient with varying levels. The WEPP model picked up the hydrology associated with bund and water-harvesting tank, and simulated runoff and sediment yield well with overall deviations within ±10% and Nash–Sutcliffe simulation coefficients >0.80. Simulation results indicate that in high slope and high rainfall conditions of eastern Himalayan region of India where vegetative measures are not adequate to restrict soil loss within the permissible limit, the WEPP model can be applied to formulate structure-based management strategies to control soil loss and to develop water resources.     

长江上游紫色土丘陵区小流域地面侵蚀量的确定

 紫色土丘陵区小流域地面侵蚀类型主要有面蚀、沟蚀和母质侵蚀三种，本文采用铯-1３７同位素示踪法测算了小流域坡面土壤侵蚀模数的多年平均值；用小区法、径流场法和侵蚀针测法分别测定了相同降雨条件下小流域内面蚀、沟蚀和母质侵蚀的侵蚀模数，进而换算出紫色土丘陵区单元小流域地面侵蚀的多年平均侵蚀模数。所得结果为求取小流域泥沙输移比及预报地面侵蚀量建立了基础。     

三峡库区山地城市排水体制和管网方案的选择

通过对三峡库区山地城市排水管网的现状分析,并结合山地城市特殊的地形特点,确定了山地城市的排水体制;重庆是典型的山地城市,以唐家沱污水处理厂管网布置为例,具体分析了山地城市排水体制和管网布置方案的选择,通过对方案的经济、技术、施工等方面详细对比,选择了最优方案。     

Regional Scale Erosion Assessment of a Sub-tropical Highland Segment in the Western Ghats of Kerala,South India

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) has been used in combination with remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the spatial pattern and annual rate of soil erosion in the Munnar Forest Division in Western Ghats, Kerala, India. The RUSLE takes into account several factors such as rainfall, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, land cover and erosion control practice for soil erosion prediction. Maximum soil loss of 109.31 t h⁻¹y⁻¹ and the areas with extreme erosion (erosion is higher than 50 t h⁻¹y⁻¹) are confined to 11.46% of the total area, while the area occupied by severe erosion (erosion rate between 25 and 50 t h⁻¹y⁻¹) is 27.53%. The high rate of annual soil erosion is associated with areas of high terrain alteration from the plantation activities and highly elevated hills/plateau margins with steep side slopes. Such an output is highly useful in decision making context to avoid land acquisition in erosion risk areas, or, alternatively, to recommend soil conservation measures to reduce soil loss, if developmental activities are to be continued at high soil erosion risk areas.     

流域分布式侵蚀学坡长的估算方法研究

坡长是USLE/RUSLE应用到流域尺度上较难提取的因子。本文从理论上对坡长进行分析,提出以流域分布式侵蚀坡长来反映地形因子的坡长值,并采用迭代累积的算法提取坡长,同时考虑了侵蚀、沉积、沟道,较完整地实现了坡长的计算条件。对实例进行计算、分析,并同已有估算方法进行了对比。该方法有效地表达了坡长与地形的相关关系,计算结果准确,空间分布合理,适合于在流域和区域尺度上基于DEM对地形因子进行提取与分析。