20#钢连续驱动摩擦焊大变形及传热行为的有限元模拟研究

目的研究20~#钢连续驱动摩擦焊接过程工艺参数对焊接过程温度场和变形行为的变化规律。方法基于ABAQUS有限元软件二次开发环境,建立了20~#钢连续驱动摩擦焊接过程中的完全热-结构耦合模型。通过对比模拟和实验获得的焊接温度场、轴向缩短量和飞边形貌,对模型进行了验证。研究了工艺参数对摩擦焊接过程温度场与大变形行为和接头组织与性能的影响规律。结果在不稳定摩擦阶段,峰值温度出现在外表面附近。在稳定摩擦阶段,峰值温度稳定在距焊缝中心约2/3半径位置。接头温度的升高速度随着摩擦压力和转速的增大而增大,摩擦压力和转速对稳定阶段温度场的影响很有限;经过顶锻阶段之后摩擦面温度分布更加均匀,顶锻力越大在接头相同的位置温度越低,顶锻力越大轴向缩短量越大。结论所建立的完全热-结构耦合模型可以模拟20~#钢连续驱动摩擦焊接过程的塑性变形过程,在不稳定摩擦阶段,摩擦压力和转速对温度场和变形的影响较大。在稳定摩擦阶段,摩擦压力和转速对温度场的影响不显著。顶锻阶段轴向缩短量随着摩擦压力、转速和顶锻压力的增大而增加。     

电磁场对高速钢与45钢感应摩擦焊接的影响

利用电磁场对金属材料产生的"场致效应",调节摩擦焊接表面的温度场,以改善异种金属摩擦焊接组织及性能.研究了外加电磁场对W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢和45钢摩擦焊缝显微组织、合金元素扩散及焊接接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,摩擦加热阶段施加电磁场使45钢近缝区铁素体的数量减少;而在顶锻阶段施加电磁场,使45钢侧铁素体数量有所增多.同时,在顶锻阶段施加电磁场作用时,主要合金元素C、Cr、W的扩散区宽度明显增大.在顶锻阶段采用较短的电磁场施加时间和较低的感应电流强度,可以提高W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢和45钢摩擦焊接头的抗拉强度.     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的不均匀性研究

目的 针对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头受焊接热作用和机械搅拌作用的影响,极易产生组织和力学性能不均匀的情况,深入研究接头的局部力学性能,为焊接工艺优化提供理论指导.方法 采用显微组织分析与数字图像相关(DIC)技术测试相结合的方法,对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和局部力学性能进行表征,并建立搅拌摩擦焊接头各区域的局部力学性能模型.结果 2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能薄弱区为热机影响区.试样断裂前该区域局部应力达到345 MPa,局部应变为18.9％,而此时母材应变仅为1.91％.结论 热机影响区的组织在焊接热作用和机械搅拌的双重作用下发生了粗化和软化,导致该区的力学性能降低,是整个焊接接头的薄弱区域.     

喷射成形7055铝合金摩擦焊焊接接头结构与性能

采用连续驱动摩擦焊方法对喷射成形7055铝棒进行了摩擦焊接试验,并对焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织和性能进行了分析。试验结果表明:焊接接头的热输入量对于接头外观成形影响较大,当转速为1470r/min时,采用一级时间5s,二级位移2mm,顶锻时间5s,一级压力、二级压力和顶锻压力分别为1MPa、4MPa和4MPa的参数进行焊接时能获得外观成形良好、性能优良的的焊接接头。根据接头明显的区域特征可将其分为四部分:WZ、HMAZI、HMAZII和HAZ;在WZ区、HMAZI区和HMAZII区均发生了动态再结晶,组织致密,晶粒细小;硬度最高区域为HMAZI区,可达原始材料的85%左右;接头导电率可以达到原始材料的水平。     

连续驱动摩擦焊接头的特征形貌和性能

通过引入接头形貌特征参量表征因子(取粘径比α=粘合区长度/原始直径,比例因子η=外缘热影响区宽度/中心热影响区宽度),研究了摩擦压力和摩擦时间等工艺参数对45号钢连续驱动摩擦焊接头的形貌及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着摩擦压力的升高粘径比α先升高后降低,而比例因子η持续升高;当摩擦压力为60 MPa时,随着摩擦时间的延长粘径比α不断增大,而比例因子η则不断减小。当综合因子δ(δ=η/α)为1.15-1.31时摩擦焊接头的热输入量适中,接头的力学性能良好,可作为45号钢连续驱动摩擦焊接头良好焊接工艺规范的制定原则。     

6082铝合金摩擦塞补焊接头微观组织与性能

在不同的焊接转速下,对5 mm厚的6082铝合金进行顶锻式摩擦塞补焊实验研究,分析了塞补焊接头的金属流动性、微观组织、第二相分布、温度场、力学性能、显微硬度以及断口形貌特征。结果表明:塞补焊接头截面上层金属流动性明显优于下层;焊缝根部受摩擦热最低且金属流动性差,使其成为整个塞补焊接头的薄弱区;在摩擦界面区,塞棒大量细密的等轴晶穿插进母材板条状的晶粒中,实现了塞补焊接头的紧密连接;焊接接头不同区域β(Mg_2Si)相的大小、数量及方向均有不同程度的变化;在焊接转速2 200 r/min下,焊接接头力学性能最好,接头抗拉强度达到母材的75%以上,断后伸长率达到了母材的64%以上;焊接接头断裂在塞孔与塞棒之间的摩擦界面区,裂纹从焊缝根部弱连接区域起裂并向焊缝表面扩展,断裂方式为韧性断裂;整个塞补焊接头母材侧热机影响区和热影响区结合处软化最为严重,硬度值在(60±5) HV之间。     

摩擦压力对Super304H/T92摩擦焊焊接接头性能的影响

利用连续驱动摩擦焊技术焊接Super304H和T92钢管,焊接接头具有良好的显微组织和力学性能。考察摩擦压力对焊接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响,研究表明:随着摩擦压力增加,焊合区和热影响区晶粒尺寸没有明显变化,热影响区碳化物析出相的数量略微增加,显微硬度逐渐增大,冲击韧性逐渐降低,拉伸断裂位置和拉伸强度没有变化。     

铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

采用柱形带螺纹搅拌针搅拌摩擦焊接5 mm厚铝锂合金轧制板材,并对接头组织、力学性能及断裂特性进行了研究.接头形成差别明显的三个区域:焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区.拉伸实验表明,接头强度随着焊接速度的提高先增加,并于v=60mm/min处达到最大值340MPa;当v＞60mm/min时,接头强度迅速下降.铝锂合金搅拌摩擦接头断裂模式为韧脆混合型断裂,并以脆性断裂为主.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦对接焊接头组织与性能研究

研究了5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊接接头组织与性能,采用金相显微镜观察焊接接头各区域的微观组织,并对接头显微硬度和力学性能进行了测定。结果表明,5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊核组织为动态再结晶生成的细小组织,强化相均匀分布;热机影响区由于动态再结晶和焊接热循环的双重作用,组织变化较大,晶粒有一定程度的长大,强化相有所细化;热影响区仅仅受到热循环作用,使得晶粒粗化和强化相出现聚集现象。搅拌摩擦焊接接头中心硬度与母材基本相当,热机影响区和热影响区由于焊接热输入的原因,使得硬度有所降低。搅拌摩擦焊室温拉伸性能和冲击性能不低于母材的,其中拉伸试样均断裂于母材,焊核室温冲击值达到母材的1.5倍以上,热影响区冲击值与母材的相当。     

柱形光头搅拌针搅拌摩擦焊接铝锂合金接头组织及力学性能

采用柱形光头搅拌针搅拌摩擦焊接5mm厚的铝锂合金轧制板,并对接头组织和力学性能进行了分析.焊后接头形成了三个组织差异明显的区域:焊核区,热机影响区和热影响区.焊核区微观组织呈鱼鳞状;热影响区组织在焊接热循环作用下,发生回复反应,形成棒状的回复晶粒;前进侧和后退侧热机影响区内为颗粒较大的等轴晶晶粒,且后退侧晶粒尺寸大于前进侧.力学性能测试结果表明,焊接速度υ＝40mm/min时,接头获得最高拉伸强度(296MPa);焊接速度υ＝80mm/min时,接头获得最大延伸率(8.6%).硬度测试结果表明,焊缝区发生了软化,前进侧和后退侧材料的软化区间大致相同,但后退侧软化程度高于前进侧.     

Effect of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of underwater friction stir welded 2219 aluminum alloy

Underwater friction stir welding (underwater FSW) has been demonstrated to be available for the strength improvement of normal FSW joints. In the present study, a 2219 aluminum alloy was underwater friction stir welded at a fixed rotation speed of 800 rpm and various welding speeds ranging from 50 to 200 mm/min in order to clarify the effect of welding speed on the performance of underwater friction stir welded joint. The results revealed that the precipitate deterioration in the thermal mechanically affected zone and the heat affected zone is weakened with the increase of welding speed, leading to a narrowing of softening region and an increase in lowest hardness value. Tensile strength firstly increases with the welding speed but dramatically decreases at the welding speed of 200 mm/min owing to the occurrence of groove defect. During tensile test, the joint welded at a lower welding speed is fractured in the heat affected zone on the retreating side. While at higher welding speed, the defect-free joint is fractured in the thermal mechanically affected zone on the advancing side.     

Effect of friction stir welding parameters on microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy joints

A 2219-T6 aluminum alloy was friction stir welded in the present study. The results indicate that the recrystallized grains in the weld nugget zone (WNZ) of the joints exhibit the largest size in the middle part and the smallest size in the lower part. Furthermore, the void defect is formed in the joint when the rotation speed or welding speed is quite high. As the rotation speed or welding speed increases, the tensile strength of the joint firstly increases to a maximum value and then sharply decreases due to the occurrence of void defect. During tensile test, the defect-free joints welded at lower rotation speed are fractured in the WNZ, while those welded at relatively high rotation speed tend to be fractured in the heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the thermal mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on the retreating side.     

Effect of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA7039 aluminum alloy

A high strength Al–Zn–Mg alloy AA7039 was friction stir welded by varying welding and rotary speed of the tool in order to investigate the effect of varying welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties. The friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters have great influence on heat input per unit length of weld, hence on temperature profile which in turn governs the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints. There exits an optimum combination of welding and rotary speed to produce a sound and defect free joint with microstructure that yields maximum mechanical properties. The mechanical properties increase with decreasing welding speed/ increasing rotary speed i.e. with increasing heat input per unit length of welded joint. The high heat input joints fractured from heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on advancing side while low heat input joints fractured from weld nugget along zigzag line on advancing side.     

焊接速度对 7A52 铝合金 FSW 组织及力学性能的影响

目的在保证搅拌速度一定时,针对8 mm厚的7A52铝合金,在不同焊接速度下采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)进行焊接试验,研究其焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。方法利用搅拌摩擦焊机进行对接焊接,焊后制取金相试样观察焊接接头宏观形貌和显微组织,并测定其力学性能。结果7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头焊核区的面积随着焊接速度的增大而增大,当焊接速度为250mm/min时,焊接接头的焊核区面积最大,焊核区的显微组织都为细小的等轴晶,焊接接头横截面的焊核区呈明显"洋葱环"的形貌,而热力影响区的结构特征则呈现出了较高的塑性变形流线层。焊接接头显微硬度分布都呈现出"W"形变化,在焊接速度为150 mm/min时,焊接接头的平均抗拉强度能达到452 MPa,达到了母材抗拉强度的89%。结论通过对不同焊接速度下7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头的组织和性能进行研究,得到了不同焊接速度下焊接接头组织和力学性能。     

工艺参数对Al-Mg异种金属搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊复合焊接接头力学性能的影响

目的研究工艺参数对Al-Mg异种金属搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊复合焊接接头力学性能的影响。方法采用搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊方法,在不同焊接工艺参数下焊接2A12-T4铝合金和AZ31镁合金。结果当焊接速度为23.5mm/min、旋转速度为375 r/min时,焊接接头的抗拉剪力达到最大,为5.5 kN,比搅拌摩擦焊接头的最大抗拉剪力的5.0 kN提高了10%。结论搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊复合焊接的工艺参数会显著影响铝/镁异种金属接头力学性能,通过优化工艺参数能够获得力学性能优异的铝/镁异种金属焊接接头。复合焊接接头的抗拉剪力随着焊接速度的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。     

7075铝合金高速搅拌摩擦焊材料流动行为及性能研究

目的 针对7075–O铝合金高焊速、高转速搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷多、质量差等问题,研究焊接接头材料流动对焊缝性能的影响。方法 选用焊接速度1 000 mm/min,搅拌转速分别为1 000、1 200、1 600、1 700 r/min的条件对7075–O铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,分析不同焊接工艺参数下焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。同时,利用Fluent软件模拟7075–O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动场分布,分析焊接材料流动与缺陷形成的关系。结果 利用7075–O铝合金三维流动模型,预测出高焊速条件下焊缝前进侧形成一个低压区,孔洞等缺陷易出现在此区域,数值模拟预测与试验结果吻合。在高焊接速度1 000 mm/min、焊接转速1 200 r/min时,焊缝表面光滑平整,焊核区域的硬度分布更加均匀。结论 随着搅拌转速从1 000 r/min增大到1 700 r/min,热输入量逐渐增大,孔洞缺陷由隧道型孔洞转变为不连续的小孔。同时,随着搅拌转速的增大,焊缝高硬度区域的宽度先增大而后降低。当搅拌转速为1 200 r/min时得到了优质的焊接接头,焊缝焊核区硬度分布均匀,硬度值最高为176HV。     

Mechanical properties of friction stir butt‐welded Al‐5086 H32 plate

Al‐5086 H32 plates with a thickness of 3 mm were friction stir butt‐welded using different welding speeds at a tool rotational speed of 1600 rpm. The effect of welding speed on the weld performance of the joints was investigated by conducting optical microscopy, microhardness measurements and mechanical tests (i.e. tensile and bend tests). The effect of heat input during friction stir welding on the microstructure, and thus mechanical properties, of cold‐rolled Al‐ 5086 plates was also determined. The experimental results indicated that the maximum tensile strength of the joints, which is about 75 % that of the base plate, was obtained with a traverse speed of 200 mm/min at the tool rotational speed used, e.g. 1600 rpm, and the maximum bending angle of the joints can reach 180^o. The maximum ductility performance of the joints was, on the other hand, relatively low, e.g. about 20 %. These results are not unexpected due to the loss of the cold‐work strengthening in the weld region as a result of the heat input during welding, and thus the confined plasticity within the stirred zone owing to strength undermatching. Higher joint performances can also be achieved by increasing the penetration depth of the stirring probe in butt‐friction stir welding of Al‐5086 H32 plates.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welds on 9% Cr reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel

In this study,the microstructures and mechanical properties of 9%Cr reduced activation ferritic/martensitic(RAFM) steel friction stir welded joints were investigated.When a W-Re tool is used,the recommended welding parameters are 300 rpm rotational speed,60 mm/min welding speed and10 kn axial force.In stir zone(SZ),austenite dynamic recrystallization induced by plastic deformation and the high cooling rates lead to an obvious refinement of prior austenite grains and martensite laths.The microstructure in SZ contains lath martensite with high dislocation density,a lot of nano-sized MX and M_3C phase particles,but almost no M_(23)C_6 precipitates.In thermal mechanically affect zone(TMAZ)and heat affect zone(HAZ),refinement of prior austenite and martensitic laths and partial dissolution of M_(23)C_6 precipitates are obtained at relatively low rotational speed.However,with the increase of heat input,coarsening of martensitic laths,prior austenite grains,and complete dissolution of M_(23)C_6 precipitates are achieved.Impact toughness of SZ at-20?C is slightly lower than that of base material(BM),and exhibits a decreasing trend with the increase of rotational speed.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of spray formed 7055 aluminum alloy by underwater friction stir welding

Ultra-high strength spray formed 7055 aluminum alloy in which Zn is supersaturated solid solution requires strict control of heat input in welding process. In this paper, underwater friction stir welding is carried out in order to reduce heat input comparing with traditional friction stir welding and further improve the joint performances by varying welding temperature history. Through comparing the thermal cycle curves and distribution of residual stress of the plate welded in different media, the reason why the joint welded underwater shows a better performance is figured out. The result shows that tensile strength, hardness and plasticity of underwater welded joint are better than that welded in air. The underwater joint has a fine grained microstructure without “S line” defect, a typically distinct boundary between the weld nugget zone and the thermal mechanically affected zone and a narrow heat affected zone. The main strengthening phase in underwater joint is MgZn₂ .