基于时间需求迭代和排队模型的开放式实时系统可调度性分析算法研究

基于RM调度策略和可延期服务器调度的开放式实时系统,以往的可调度性分析算法造成较低资源利用率.结合时间需求分析和服务台休假M/M/1/K排队模型,考虑带宽保留服务器,提出一种高资源利用率的可调度性分析算法,对系统中所有周期任务进行可调度性分析测试.给出其在临界点的响应时间;根据非周期事件到来率和接收缓冲定量分析非周期事件的平均响应时间和事件丢失率.实验表明,提出的可调度性分析方法通过估计任务的响应时间范围,能够在较高资源利用率下,验证多任务系统的可调度性.     

固定优先级混合关键偶发任务能耗感知算法

混合关键系统是将不同关键层次的应用或组件集成到同一个共享平台.由于受尺寸、重量与体积的限制,能耗对于混合关键系统而言尤其重要.能耗感知调度算法是解决混合关键系统能耗问题的关键,现有的能耗感知算法主要基于动态优先级策略且空闲时间利用率低.针对固定优先级混合关键系统偶发任务能耗感知问题,提出节能效果更好的固定优先级混合关键调度(fixed priority mixed criticality schedule, FPMCS)算法.首先,提出关键层次单调速率策略(criticality rate monotonic scheme, CRMS)调度混合关键偶发任务,分析该策略的调度可行性,且计算出能耗感知速度.其次,利用高关键层次任务预留的空闲时间,通过事件触发的方法动态更新混合关键偶发任务集的利用率来回收偶发任务到达时间不确定产生的空闲时间.再次,利用混合关键偶发任务集的利用率决定任务的执行速度以达到降低能耗的目的.最后,通过理论分析和实验验证FPMCS算法是可行的;仿真实验表明：所提出的FPMCS算法比现有的方法可以节约大约33.21%的能耗.     

基于改进型统一调度算法改善任务集的可调度性

实时系统要求任务在最差情况下能在其截止时间前获得结果,若超过了其截止时间,也会认为是错误的行为,所以改进任务可调度性分析、提高任务集可调度性尤其重要。统一调度能结合固定优先级调度的优点,防止不必要的抢占,降低资源额外销耗,能够提高任务集合的可调度性;但其任务的可调度性分析方法过于粗糙,影响任务最差响应时间分析的结果,降低了任务集的可调度性。针对存在的问题,基于统一调度,增加任务运行阶段数,重新建立任务模型,并提出通过分配任务抢占阈值、调整运行阶段的抢占阈值与长度,优化任务可容忍阻塞,改善任务集可调度性的算法。最后,实验表明,与统一调度算法及其他算法相比,所提出的调度算法能够有效改善任务集的可调度性。     

回卷恢复模型下容错实时系统的可调度性分析

实时任务的超时完成将会导致灾难性后果,因此实时系统必须具备严格的实时性及可靠性保障.考虑实时系统的容错需求,本文基于回卷恢复模型,对容错实时系统的可调度性分析进行研究.在基于任务最环响应时间的可调度性分析方法中,容错优先级配置是决定系统可调度性的关键.为了改进系统的可调度性,提出一种容错优先级可降低的配置策略,并推导出此策略下任务最坏响应时间的计算公式,以判断系统的可调度性.降低策略下低优先级任务可挪用高优先级任务的空闲时间来满足自身的截止时限要求.仿真实验表明,降低任务的容错优先级可以有效提升系统的容错能力.     

基于响应时间的混合关键级系统弱约束调度策略研究

现有的混合关键级系统调度策略如AMC、SMC等大多以牺牲低关键级任务的方式保证高关键级任务的执行,不符合实际工业设计且破坏数据完整性。对此建立一种新的混合多关键级任务模型,基于响应时间分析提出两种调度策略:AMC-we-x和AMC-we-max-x。线下估计任务集在这两种调度策略下的可调度比率,与已有的混合多关键系统调度策略AMC-arb-x、AMC-max-x进行比较。结果表明,提出的两个调度策略在一定程度上能够实现调度低关键级任务的积极调度,可以通过改变弱约束模式参数调整任务的服务水平。     

基于辅助队列的硬实时混合任务节能调度算法

节能调度是当今实时系统研究的一个重要领域,其中混合实时任务节能调度技术研究刚刚起步.OLDVS算法是非常简洁的硬实时系统在线节能调度算法,但存在以下不足:不适应任务执行的动态变化,不能有效利用动态松弛时间,过于保守以致节能效果并不理想.据此,提出一种新的基于辅助队列的硬实时混合任务节能调度算法(OLDVS-AQ).通过引入一个额外的数据结构即辅助队列(Assisted Queue,AQ)来计算任务的最大完成时间,能够更有效地利用动态松弛时间进一步降低能耗.证明了该算法的可调度性,仿真实验结果表明,OLDVS-AQ算法始终优于OLDVS算法.平均提高约10%的节能效果.     

基于离线利用率分析的混合关键级任务调度优化研究

现主流的混合关键级调度算法在系统高关键级状态下时主要通过抛弃低关键级任务来保证高关键级任务的执行,进而保证系统的正确性。此方法常常导致低关键级任务无法执行但系统资源却过剩的问题发生,故基于该问题提出复合型SDU（schedule depend on utilization）调度算法。该方法根据任务集对系统资源需求情况的不同进行利用率区间的划分,通过对各个区间实际使用情况的分析,设计相应的子算法进行调度,并提出了SDU算法对应的可调度性判据。仿真实验结果表明,相较于混合关键级任务调度领域主流的EDF-VD（earliest deadline first-virtual deadline）算法,所提SDU算法可将系统对任务集的调度率提升30%,并在相同情况下将系统对低关键级任务的执行率提升165%,证明了该算法可以极大地提高系统资源使用率,并保证系统服务完整性。     

基于(m,k)-firm约束规范的混合任务调度算法研究

讨论了在准实时环境下,包括准实时周期任务和准实时非周期任务在内的混合任务调度算法HTSF.HTSF算法是在满足周期任务(m,k)-firm 约束规范的前提下提高非周期任务可调度性,同时合理利用可用空闲时间,提高整个系统的服务质量.HTSF算法给出了非周期任务的可调度性分析方法,同时采用静态调度与动态调度相结合的方法调度周期任务和非周期任务.模拟测试结果显示,系统对非周期任务的接收率比同类相关算法的接收率高.     

EDF统一调度硬实时周期任务和偶发任务的可调度性判定算法

现有的硬实时周期任务和非周期任务的混合调度方法都没有保证非周期任务的实时性,所以不适合调度具有强实时要求的偶发任务.通过分析和计算EDF算法调度偶发任务所占用的空闲时间和挪用时间,以及调度后对空闲时间和最大可挪用时间的影响,提出一种采用EDF算法统一调度硬实时周期任务和偶发任务时的可调度性充分判定算法.最后用仿真实验得出了该算法在不同系统负载下的判定准确率和偶发任务的平均响应时间.     

容错优先级可提升的抢占阈值容错调度算法

基于软件容错模型,提出了允许容错优先级提升的抢占阈值容错调度算法(extended fault-tolerantfixed-priority with preemption threshold,简称FT-FPPT*).该算法能够在抢占式容错调度算法(fault-tolerantfixed-priority preemptive,简称FT-FPP)和抢占阈值容错调度算法(fault-tolerant fixed-priority with preemptionthreshold,简称FT-FPPT)无法提高系统容错能力的情况下,进一步提高系统的容错能力.为了获得系统中任务优先级分配的最佳策略,基于任务最坏响应时间的可调度性分析,提出了一种最优的优先级配置搜索算法(priorityassignment search algorithm,简称PASA).经过深入分析和实验证明,与FT-FPPT算法相比,FT-FPPT*算法能够有效地提高硬实时系统的容错能力.     

实时系统程序最差情况执行时间(WCET)的分析

事先获知系统中程序最差情况的执行时间(Worst-CaseExecutionTime,WCET),是设计和验证实时系统调度及可调度性分析的前提,也是确定周期性任务是否满足其性能目标,从而发现系统性能瓶颈的基础。本文概述了程序WCET的分析方法,描述了WCET分析的定义和组成,重点总结其中的程序流事实分析方法,并指出程序流事实分析存在的问题和WCET分析的研究热点。     

Cluster-based multicore real-time mixed-criticality scheduling

Cluster-based scheduling is recently gaining importance to be applied to mixed-criticality real-time systems on multicore processors platform. In this approach, the cores are grouped into clusters, and tasks that are partitioned among different clusters are scheduled by global scheduler in each cluster. This research work introduces a new cluster-based task allocation scheme for the mixed-criticality real-time task sets on multicore processors. For task allocation, smaller clusters sizes (sub-clusters) are used for mixed-criticality tasks in low criticality mode, while relatively larger cluster sizes are used for high criticality tasks in high criticality mode. In this research paper, the mixed-criticality task set is allocated to clusters using worst-fit heuristic. The tasks from each cluster are also allocated to its sub-clusters, using the same worst-fit heuristic. A fixed-priority response time analysis approach based on Audsley’s approach is used for the schedulability analysis of tasks in each cluster and sub-cluster. If the high criticality job is not completed after its worst case execution time in low mode, then the system is switched to high criticality mode. After mode switch, all the low criticalities tasks are discarded and only high criticality tasks are further executed in high criticality mode. Simulation results indicate that the percentage of schedulable task sets significantly increases under cluster scheduling as compared to partitioned and global mixed-criticality scheduling schemes.     

On Schedulability Analysis of AADL Architecture with Storage Resource Constraint

Embedded systems have been widely applied in real-time automatic control systems, and most of these systems are safety-critical, for example, the engine control systems in an automobile and the avionics in an airplane. It is very important to verify the schedulability of such a real-time embedded system in its early design stages, so as to avoid unexpected loss for the debugging of architecture design problems. However, it has been proved to be a tough challenge to evaluate the schedulability of a Preemptive-Scheduling Real-Time (PSRT) system, especially when the constraints of system resources are taken into consideration. The cache memory built inside the processor is an exclusive-accessing resource shared by all the tasks deployed on the processor. In addition, the Cache-Related Preemption Delay (CRPD) caused by preemptive task scheduling will bring extra time to the execution time for all the tasks. Thus, the CRPD should be taken into consideration when the Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) of tasks is estimated in a real-time system. A model-based evaluation and verification method of architecture schedulability, which is designed for priority-based PSRT systems, is proposed in this study to make cache resource constrained and CRPD related schedulability evaluation based on the AADL system architecture model. In the first step, the study enhances the property set of AADL storage elements to make it compatible with cache memory properties in a system architecture model. Secondly, the study proposes a set of algorithms to estimate the CRPDs of a task before it is completed; run system schedule simulation and construct the schedule sequence with the constraint of cache resources and CRPDs involved; and make WCET estimation of the tasks in such a CRPD considered, preemptive-scheduling execution sequence. Finally, the methods mentioned above are implemented within a prototype software toolkit, which is designed to make evaluation and verification of system schedulability within CRPD constraints. The toolkit is tested with a use case of aircraft airborne open-architecture intelligent information system. The result shows that, compared with the schedule sequence constructed without cache memory resource constraints, the WCET estimated for most tasks is extended, and the sequence order is changed. In some extreme cases, when CRPD is taken into consideration, some tasks are evaluated to be incompletable. The test shows that the method and algorithms proposed in this study are feasible.     

实时系统最坏执行时间分析*

实时系统开发过程中必须强调时间的重要性和支持时间的可预报性。最坏执行时间分析与可调度性分析构成了实时系统时间方面操作可信的基础。最坏执行时间分析计算任务执行时间的上界,这些任务的上界用来分配正确的CPU时间给实时任务。最坏执行时间是可调度分析工具的输入,可调度分析决定了一组任务在一个给定的目标系统下是否可调度。对最坏执行时间分析方面的研究进行了综述,给出在这一领域所取得的进展。 还讨论了在最坏执行时间分析方面存在的问题,给出了将来的研究方向。     

Modeling Control Speculation for Timing Analysis

The schedulability analysis of real-time embedded systems requires worst case execution time (WCET) analysis for the individual tasks. Bounding WCET involves not only language-level program path analysis, but also modeling the performance impact of complex micro-architectural features present in modern processors. In this paper, we statically analyze the execution time of embedded software on processors with speculative execution. The speculation of conditional branch outcomes (branch prediction) significantly improves a program's execution time. Thus, accurate modeling of control speculation is important for calculating tight WCET estimates. We present a parameterized framework to model the different branch prediction schemes. We further consider the complex interaction between speculative execution and instruction cache performance, that is, the fact that speculatively executed blocks can generate additional cache hits/misses. We extend our modeling to capture this effect of branch prediction on cache performance. Starting with the control flow graph of a program, our technique uses integer linear programming to estimate the program's WCET. The accuracy of our method is demonstrated by tight estimates obtained on realistic benchmarks.     

面向AADL模型的存储资源约束可调度性分析

嵌入式实时系统在安全关键领域变得越来越重要,其广泛应用于航空航天.汽车电子等具有严格时间约束的实时系统中.随着嵌入式系统的复杂度越来越高,在系统开发的早期设计阶段就需要对其可调度性进行分析评估.系统中的存储资源会对可调度性产生一定影响,在抢占式实时嵌入式系统引入缓存后,任务的最坏执行时间可能发生变化.因此,分析缓存相关...     

Schedulability and sensitivity analysis of multiple criticality tasks with fixed-priorities

Safety-critical real-time standards define several criticality levels for the tasks. In this paper we consider the real-time systems designed under the DO-178B safety assessment process (i.e., Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification). Vestal introduced a new multiple criticality task model to efficiently take into account criticality levels in the schedulability analysis of such systems. Such a task model represents a potentially very significant advance in the modeling of safety-critical real-time softwares. Baruah and Vestal continue this investigation, with a new scheduling algorithm combining fixed and dynamic priority policies. Another major design issue is to allow a system developer to determine how sensitive is the schedulability analysis to changes in execution time of various software components.     

Pipelined processors and worst case execution times

The calculation of worst case execution time (WCET) is a fundamental requirement of almost all scheduling approaches for hard real-time systems. Due to their unpredictability, hardware enhancements such as cache and pipelining are often ignored in attempts to find WCET of programs. This results in estimations that are excessively pessimistic. In this article a simple instruction pipeline is modeled so that more accurate estimations are obtained. The model presented can be used with any schedulability analysis that allows sections of nonpreemptable code to be included. Our results indicate the WCET overestimates at basic block level can be reduced from over 20% to less than 2%, and that the overestimates for typical structured real-time programs can be reduced by 17%–40%.     

混合关键级多任务调度中低关键级任务的积极处理

当前的混合关键级多任务调度,一旦高关键级任务的执行时间需求增加,通常的做法是立即抛弃相对低关键级任务,以确保高关键级任务获得足够处理器时间。考虑到数据访问的一致性和完整性以及相应的性能损失,这种处理低关键级任务的方法过于消极;同时,任务的实际执行时间并不总是能达到最差情况下执行时间,且多处理器平台上的调度存在可观的空闲时隙。因此,完全可以也应该对低关键级任务采取更为积极的处理方法。基于同构多处理器平台,构建了两类队列,一类队列容纳回收的空闲时隙,另一类队列为任务队列,包括就绪任务队列和被抛弃的低关键级任务队列,针对这两种任务队列的特性采取不同的调度方案：就绪任务队列采用混合关键级局部调度,被抛弃的低关键级任务则对空闲时隙进行分配。仿真实验表明,此调度方法在保证高关键级任务截止时限的同时,能够使混合关键级系统的可接受任务集数目获得明显提升。