Geometrical effects on spray characteristics of air-pressurized swirl flows

In an effort to obtain the significant features associated with the ALR and length/diameter ratio of the final discharge orifice in swirling flows, experimental observations using a 3-D PDPA system were carried out. Profiles of SMD distributions depending on l _o /d _o , correlation between SMD and turbulence intensities in terms of l _o /d _o and correlations between droplet size and turbulence components were quantitatively analyzed. As discussed in a previous literature, an axisymmetric swirl angle of 30° was selected for this investigation because of its strong turbulence levels in the flow-field and finer droplet disintegrations. Three ALRs of 0.093, 0.106, and 0.122 as well as the length/diameter ratio of 0.15, 0.45, and 0.60 were chosen as parameters. Due to the complex interactions in swirling flows under these variables, this experimental observation will be of fundamental importance to the understanding of geometrical effects on spray trajectory. From the observations, it is indicated that increasing the ALR causes the spray development to be more dependent on number density and volume flux. The results indicated that the SMD decreases discernibly with smaller l _o /d _o , substantiating the fact that turbulence intensities are inversely proportional to the SMD. But, l _o /d _o is quite proportional to the SMD.     

Experimental investigation of mixing-enhanced swirl flows

The experimental objective was to compare disintegration characteristics from the internal mixing pneumatic nozzles under the different operating conditions in terms of swirl angles. For this investigation, supplied air pressures and nozzle configuration ratios were fixed. This experimental comparison is of fundamental importance to the understanding and modeling of turbulent atomization because the axisymmetric swirling flows involve relatively complex interactions. For the measurement, four internal swirl mixing nozzles with axisymmetric holes at swirl angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° to the central axis were employed, which is responsible for the enhancement of mixing in pneumatic jets. To illustrate the swirl phenomena quantitatively, the distributions of mean velocities, turbulence intensities, and SMD (Sauter mean diameter, or D₃₂) variations with different configuration ratio were comparatively analyzed. It indicated that the atomization characteristics are performed well in the case of 30° of swirl angle, and that turbulence intensities are gradually degenerated with the increase of radial distances, showing a slight increment of SMD at downstream region. In particular, measurements showed that nozzle configuration is one of the significant geometrical parameters affecting the spray trajectories. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Jun Sang Park     

Atomization characteristics of intermittent multi-hole diesel spray using time-resolved PDPA data

The intermittent spray characteristics of a multi-hole diesel nozzle with a 2-spring nozzle holder were investigated experimentally. Without changing the total orifice exit area, the hole number of the multi-hole nozzle varied from 3 (d_n=0.42 mm) to 5 (d_n=0.32mm). The time-resolved droplet diameters of the spray including the SMD (Sauter mean diameter) and the AMD (arithmetic mean diameter), injected intermittently from the multi-hole nozzles into still ambient air, were measured by using a 2-D PDPA (phase Doppler particle analyzer). The 5-hole nozzle spray shows the smaller spray cone angle, the decreased SMD distributions and the small difference between the SMD and the AMD, compared with that of the 3-hole nozzle spray. From the SMD distributions with the radial distance, the spray structure can be classified into the three regions : (a) the inner region showing the high SMD distribution; (b) the mixing flow region where the shear flow structure would be constructed; and (c) the outer region formed through the disintegration processes of the spray inner region and composed of fine droplets. Through the SMD distributions along the spray centerline, it reveals that the SMD decreases rapidly after showing the maximum value in the vicinity of the nozzle tip. The SMD remains the constant value near the Z/d_n=166 and 156.3 for the 3-hole and 5-hole nozzles, which illustrate that the disintegration processes of the 5-hole nozzle spray proceed more rapidly than that of the 3-hole nozzle spray.     

Swirl effect on the spray characteristics of a twin-fluid jet

In the liquid fuel combustion chamber, employed fuel must be atomized before being injected into the combustion zone. Therefore, the complete fuel atomization is the most important condition for the combustion efficiency. The atomization quality strongly affects the combustion performance, exhaust pollutant emissions, and flame stability. Therefore, the whole process of spray atomization is of fundamental significance. During past decades many experimental and theoretical studies in this field have been carried out and some improved results have been obtained. Two-phase atomizers, having a variety of advantages such as spray uniformity, appreciable atomization, and smaller SMD with an increase of ambient gas, are considered to be applied in various industrial processes. The purpose of present study is to investigate the mean velocity, turbulence shear stress, turbulence intensity, mean drop size distribution, and droplet data rate in a two-phase swirling jet using PDPA systems.     

Intermittent atomization characteristics of multi-hole and single-hole diesel nozzle

The intermittent spray characteristics of a multi-hole and a single-hole diesel nozzle were experimentally investigated. The hole number of the multi-hole nozzle was 5, and the hole diameter of the 5-hole and the single-hole nozzle was the same as d_n=0.32 mm with the constant hole length to diameter ratio (l_n/d_n=2.81). The droplet diameters of the spray, including the time-resolved droplet diameter, SMD (Sauter mean diameter) and AMD (arithmetic mean diameter), injected intermittently from the two nozzles into the still ambient were measured by using a 2-D PDPA (phase Doppler particle analyzer). Through the time-resolved evolutions of the droplet diameter, it was found that the structure of the multi-hole and the single-hole nozzle spray consisted of the three main parts : (a) the leading edge affected by surrounding air and composed of small droplets ; (b) the central part surrounded by the leading edge and mixing flow region and scarcely affected by the resistance of air ; (c) the trailing edge formed by the passage of the central part. The SMD decreases gradually with the increase in the radial distance, and the constant value is obtained at the outer region of the radial distance (normalized by hole diameter) of 7-8 and 6 for the 5-hole and single-hole nozzle, respectively. The SMD along the centerline of the spray decrease shapely with the increase in the axial distance after showing the maximum value near the nozzle tip. The SMD remains the constant value near the axial distance (normalized by hole diameter) of 150 and 180 for the 5-hole and the single-hole nozzle, respectively.     

Effect of nozzle geometry for swirl type twin-fluid water mist nozzle on the spray characteristic

Experimental investigations on the atomization characteristics of twin-fluid water mist nozzle were conducted using particle image velocimetry (PIV) system and particle motion analysis system (PMAS). The twin-fluid water mist nozzles with swirlers designed two types of swirl angles such as 0°, 90° and three different size nozzle hole diameters such as 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm were employed. The experiments were carried out by the injection pressure of water and air divided into 1bar, 2bar respectively. The droplet size of the spray was measured using PMAS. The velocity and turbulence intensity were measured using PIV. The velocity, turbulence intensity and SMD distributions of the sprays were measured along the centerline and radial direction. As the experimental results, swirl angle controlled to droplet sizes. It was found that SMD distribution decreases with the increase of swirl angle. The developed twin-fluid water mist nozzle was satisfied to the criteria of NFPA 750, Class 1. It was proven that the developed nozzle under low pressures could be applied to fire protection system.     

The effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions on the transient fuel spray behavior

Effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions such as opening pressure, ambient pressure, and injection pressure on the transient fuel spray behavior have been examined by experiments. In order to clarify the effect of internal flow inside nozzle on the external spray, flow details inside model nozzle and real nozzle were also investigated both experimentally and numerically. For the effect of injection pressures, droplet sizes and velocities were obtained at maximum line pressure of 21 MPa and 105 MPa. Droplet sizes produced from the round inlet nozzle were larger than those from the sharp inlet nozzle and the spray angle of the round inlet nozzle was narrower than that from the sharp inlet nozzle. With the increase of opening pressure, spray tip penetration and spray angle were increased at both lower ambient pressure and higher ambient pressure. The velocity and size profiles maintained similarity despite of the substantial change in injection pressure, however, the increased injection pressure produced a higher percentage of droplet that are likely to breakup.     

阀芯结构对双流体喷雾粒子特性的影响

为了研究阀芯结构对双流体喷雾粒子特性的影响,提升喷雾效果,运用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）对不同阀芯结构的双流体喷雾雾滴粒径、轴向速度以及雾滴数目进行了测试,并对测量结果进行了分析和讨论。结果表明：随着轴向距离的增大,雾滴索特平均直径(SMD)、算术平均直径(AMD)呈先增大后趋于平缓的趋势,轴向速度以及湍流脉动速度均呈减小趋势,雾滴数目呈先增大后减小的趋势;随着气液压力比的增大,SMD呈先增大后减小的趋势,而AMD、轴向速度以及雾滴数目均呈减小趋势;阀芯的喉口直径、出口直径的减小均有利于喷雾效果的提升,但同时导致速度稳定性变差;当喉口直径为1.5mm、出口直径为2.5mm时,与原始阀芯结构相比,雾滴数目和雾滴轴向速度分别增大了82.43%和22.31%,SMD和AMD分别减小了52.18%和21.47%,综合喷雾效果得到了大幅提升。     

Investigation of the turbulence characteristics in the swirling flow of a gun-type gas burner with two different hot-wire probes

Mean velocities and turbulence characteristics in the swirling flow of a gun-type gas burner (GTGB) were measured with a triaxial hot-wire probe (T-probe) and compared with previous data measured with an X-type hot-wire probe (Xprobe). Vectors and axial mean velocity data obtained by the measurement of the two types of probes in the horizontal plane and in the cross section differ in magnitude, but have very similar shape in overall distribution. Axial mean velocity components show especially wide differences around the slits and outer part of the swirl vanes within the range of X/R=2. Also, various turbulence intensities appear in a similar trend to axial mean velocity components within the range of X/R=2. The radial component of turbulence intensity around the slits and the outer part of swirl vanes above the range of X/R=2 has an opposite phenomenon. On the whole, the T-probe’s measurements appear smaller than the X-probe’s. This shows that the X-probe is better than the T-probe, especially on the swirling flow because it is much easier to use.     

Microscopic spray characteristics in the effervescent atomizer with two aerator tubes

An experimental study is performed on atomization characteristics and stable operating conditions for the injection of high viscous waste vegetable oil using an effervescent atomizer with 2 aerator tubes. Consideration is given to the effects of ALR and liquid viscosity on the velocity and mean diameter of the injected droplet. It is found that (i) as ALR increases, the axial velocity of the droplet is increased, while half-velocity width and SMD are decreased regardless of the change in liquid viscosities, (ii) the rate of fine drop distribution occupied in the total spray field is increased with an increase in ALR, and (iii) the effect of viscosity on the atomization characteristics is minor. Consequently, it is expected that the effervescent atomizer will exhibit an excellent atomization performance at the high ALR condition, regardless of liquid viscosities.     

Determination of the optical depth of a DI diesel spray

The optical depth is responsible of limiting the optical diagnostic using visible wavelength in the sprays. This paper proposes to measure the optical depth directly in a real Diesel spray through line-of-sight laser extinction measurements. This easily reproducible method which does not require expensive or complex optical techniques is detailed and the measurement procedure is presented in this paper. As diesel sprays are mostly optically thick, the measurements in the denser region are not reliable and a fuel concentration model has been used to derive the results to the entire spray. This work provides values of SMD at different distance from the nozzle tip depending on the specific parameters like injection pressure or discharge density. The values extracted from a combined experimental/computational approach have been compared to PDPA measurements under the same testing conditions. The results have shown that the maximum optical depth was higher than 10 and that an increase of the injection pressure led to higher τ values. The SMD values appeared to be below the results measured by the PDPA and the droplet diameter showed to be the main responsible of the optical depth of the jet under the tested conditions.     

Atomization characteristics and prediction accuracy of LISA-DDB model for gasoline direct injection spray

In this paper, the spray atomization characteristics of a gasoline direct-injection injector were investigated experimentally and numerically. To visualize the developing spray process, a laser sheet method with a Nd :YAG laser was utilized. The microscopic atomization characteristics such as the droplet size and velocity distribution were also obtained by using a phase Doppler particle analyzer system at the 5 MPa of injection pressure. With the experiments, the calculations of spray atomization were conducted by using the KIVA code with the LISA-DDB breakup model. Based on the agreement with the experimental results, the prediction accuracy of LISA-DDB breakup model was investigated in terms of the spray shapes, spray tip penetration, SMD distribution, and axial mean velocity. The results of this study provides the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the spray atomization, and prediction accuracy of the LISA-DDB model.     

Investigation of turbulent spray disintegration characteristics depending on the nozzle configuration

The experimental measurements were carried out to examine turbulent disintegration characteristics ejecting from a counter-flowing internal mixing pneumatic nozzle under variable conditions of swirl angles and air pressures. The air injection pressure was varied from 60 kPa to 180 kPa and four counter-flowing internal mixing nozzles with axi-symmetric tangential-drilled holes at swirl angle of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° to the central axis have been specially designed. The experimental results were quantitatively analyzed, focusing mainly on the comparison of turbulent atomization characteristics issuing from an internal mixing swirl nozzle. To illustrate the swirl phenomena, the distributions of mean velocities, turbulence intensities, volume flux, and SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter, or D₃₂) were comparatively analyzed.     

Atomization characteristics in pneumatic counterfiowing internal mixing nozzle

In an effort to illustrate the global variation of SMD (Sauter mean diameter, orD ₃₂) and AMD (Arithmetic mean diameter, orD ₁₀) at five axial downstream locations (i. e., at Z=30, 50, 80, 120, and 170 mm) under the different experimental conditions, the radial coordinate is normalized by the spray half-width. Experimental data to analyze the atomization characteristics concerning with an internal mixing type have been obtained using a PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer). The air injection pressure was varied from 40 kPa to 120 kPa. In this study, counterfiowing internal mixing nozzles manufactured at an angle of l5^o with axi-symmetric tangential-drilled four holes have been considered. By comparing the results, it is clearly possible to discern the effects of increasing air pressure, suggesting that the disintegration process is enhanced and finer spray droplets can be obtained under higher air assist. The variations inD ₃₂ are attributed to the characteristic feature of internal mixing nozzle in which the droplets are preferentially ejected downward with strong axial momentum, and dispersed with the larger droplets which are detected in the spray centerline at the near stations and smaller ones are generated due to further subsequent breakup by higher shear stresses at farther axial locations. The poor atomization around the centre close to the nozzle exit is attributed to the fact that the relatively lower rates of spherical particles are detected and these drops are not subject to instantaneous breakup in spite of the strong axial momentum. However, substantial increases in SMD from the central part toward the edge of the spray as they go farther downstream are mainly due to the fact that the relative velocity of droplet is too low to cause any subsequent disintegration.     

基本式和差动式旋转执行器研究 

基于磁控形状记忆合金（MSMA）直线执行器的研究,提出了基本式和差动式两种类型的MSMA旋转执行器。分别介绍了两种执行器的工作原理、结构和控制策略,推导了执行器的位移和转速公式,绘制出了MSMA元件的相对磁导率与磁通密度的关系曲线。在磁场有限元分析的基础上设计并研制了旋转执行器样机,比较了不同结构和不同控制策略下样机的实验速度曲线。样机的实验结果验证了MSMA旋转执行器工作机理的正确性和设计方法的可行性。     

Measurements of three-dimensional velocities of spray droplets using the holographic velocimetry system

The Holographic Particle Velocimetry system can be a promising optical tool for the measurements of three dimensional particle velocities. In this study, the holographic particle velocimetry system was used to measure the sizes and velocities of droplets produced by a commercial full cone spray nozzle. As a preliminary validation experiment, the velocities of glass beads on a rotating disk were measured with uncertainty analysis to identify the sources of all relevant errors and to evaluate their magnitude. The error of the particle velocity measured by the holographic method was 0.75 m/s, which was 4.5% of the known velocity estimated by the rotating speed of disk. The spray droplet velocities ranged from 10.3 to 13.3 m/s with average uncertainty of +-1.6 m/s, which was +-14% of the mean droplet velocity. Compared with relatively small uncertainty of velocity components in the normal direction to the optical axis, uncertainty of the optical axis component was very high. This is due to the long depth of field of droplet images in the optical axis, which is inherent feature of holographic system using forward-scattering object wave of particles.     

柴油机燃烧室匹配参数对撞壁喷雾特性的影响

利用高速纹影摄像技术,研究了喷油器喷孔角度、喷孔与活塞顶面间的撞壁距离、燃烧室缩口半径和凸台夹角对柴油撞击燃烧室壁面后喷雾特性的影响。研究结果表明,试验条件下适宜的喷孔角度为75°,增大喷孔角度可以促进喷雾撞壁后的油气混合,但是喷孔角度过大会增加油束撞击气缸盖和气缸套的风险;适宜的撞壁距离为4.2mm,即压缩上止点前15°CA（CA指曲轴转角）,较小的撞壁距离会促进喷雾液滴在凹坑区域的碰撞与黏结,而较大的撞壁距离不利于燃烧室中心区域的空气利用;此外,适当增大缩口半径可以促进燃油与空气的混合,减小燃烧室壁面的燃油湿壁面积;改变凸台夹角可以控制撞壁后喷雾在燃烧室中心区域的扩散速度。     

出口形状对中心体喷嘴射流性能的影响

提出将中心体喷嘴与异形喷嘴组合以产生更好的空化射流效果的思路。采用Mixture多相流模型,在15MPa的射流压力下,对正方形出口、三角形出口和圆形出口3种中心体喷嘴产生的淹没射流流场进行数值计算,重点对轴向速度、径向速度、湍动能和空泡相体积份额进行了对比分析。研究表明:圆形出口的中心体喷嘴比另两种异形出口的中心体喷嘴产生更高的射流速度和湍动能;正方形出口比三角形出口的中心体喷嘴的射流稳定性能更强,圆形出口的中心体喷嘴产生的集束性能较强;异形出口的中心体喷嘴产生的流场中,空泡相延伸距离更长,异形出口的中心体喷嘴产生的空化射流效果更好。     

气旋耦合喷嘴喷雾特性研究

:对一种气旋耦合喷嘴喷雾特性进行了试验研究,分析总结了气液比及液相压力对其喷雾特性 的影响规律。试验中使用水为工质,利用工业相机对其液雾进行拍摄并利用 ＭＡＴＬＡＢ进行图像处理,获得 喷雾锥角,利用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（ＰＤＰＡ）对雾化粒径进行测量。研究表明,在液相压力一定时,随着 气液比增加,平行于预膜片方向喷雾锥角几乎不受影响,垂直于预膜片方向喷雾锥角先增大后略有减小;增 加液相压力,平行于预膜片方向喷雾锥角增大,垂直于预膜片方向喷雾锥角最大值和其对应的气液比减小; 气旋耦合喷嘴雾化粒径沿径向分布规律为中间雾化粒径较小向两侧逐渐增大;雾化粒径在液相压力较低时 受气液比影响大,随着液相压力增加受气液比影响减小。