高寒地区风电机组雷电防护研究综述

我国蒙东、东北等高寒地区,风能资源储备丰富,风力发电建设已呈现规模化态势。近年来,雷电灾害已成为威胁风电机组安全运行的主要因素,并长期制约风电产业的正常发展。由于高寒地区具有较为显著的地理与环境特征,电力设备防雷保护的标准及措施与其他地区有较大差异,因此需对高寒地区风电机组雷电防护予以高度关注。综合高寒地区风电机组特点、地理环境以及雷电情况等因素,对高寒地区风电机组雷击特点进行概述,针对高寒地区风电机组雷电防护系统、雷电先导起始及发展机理、雷电直击损坏机理以及雷击电磁暂态过程四个部分的研究现状进行分析与总结,并结合尚待解决的问题,提出高寒地区风机防雷的若干研究领域。     

风电机组的防雷问题

针对随着风电机组单机容量和风电场规模的增大，雷击对风电场的安全运行的危害日益突出的问题，根据行业标准，划分了风电机组的防雷区；介绍了风电机组中各部件的雷电防护措施；给出了风电机组接地系统的设计方法。     

风力发电机组防雷保护

随着风电机组单机容量和风电场规模的增大,风电场的安全运行问题日益受到重视。在影响风电场安全运行的诸多因素中,遭受雷击是一个重要方面。本文结合风电机组防雷的研究成果,对雷电的形成及危害、风电机组叶片、机舱、电控系统的防雷措施和接地技术进行了较全面的阐述。     

风电机组整机防雷系统的动态仿真分析

本文从风电机组整机雷电防护的角度,运用多物理场专业仿真软件,对雷电进行动态接闪仿真,分析了叶片转动到不同角度时的雷电附着情况,计算了叶片不同位置雷击概率,并分析了叶轮对机组周围基础设施的雷电防护能力,对设计防雷系统设计具有指导意义。     

玉门风电机组雷电致灾机理与接地探讨

雷击是影响风电机组乃至整个风电系统安全运行的主要因素之一,风电机组的防雷技术研究,对保护风电系统的安全运行具有重要意义。针对玉门地区的气候环境条件与高土壤电阻率特点,结合实际施工经验,对风力发电机组的雷击致灾机理、防护措施、接地方案设计与施工进行了全面的阐述。最后得出:(1)风电机组的雷击致灾机理主要与峰值电流I_m、转移电荷Q、雷电流波头陡度di/dt等参数密切相关;(2)风电机组的雷电防护首先应对防雷区(LPZ)进行划分,并加强控制与信息系统的过电压防护;(3)给出了高土壤电阻率地区电解离子接地极接地电阻的计算方法。同时接地设计与施工应充分考虑地网的稳定性与持久性。     

现代建筑中弱电机房的雷电防护技术

针对雷电对弱电机房的侵入途径,依据GB50057—2010《建筑物防雷设计规范》、GB50343-2012《建筑物电子信息系统防雷技术规范》的规定和要求,提出了相应的雷电防护措施。强调在弱电机房综合防雷系统中。最重要的是机房的等电位结构,对消除雷电对机房内弱电设备的影响、保障系统正常运行具有重要意义。     

风电机组的雷击机理与防雷技术

随着风电机组单机容量和风电场规模的增大，风电场的安全运行问题日益受到重视。在影响风电场安全运行的诸多因素中，遭受雷击是一个重要方面。本文结合风电机组防雷的研究成果，对风电机组的雷击过程、雷击损坏机理以及防雷措施进行了较全面的阐述。     

考虑后续雷击的风电机组雷电暂态研究

兆瓦级风电机组由于其高耸的结构和特殊的地理位置,很容易遭受雷击。目前,就风电机组的雷电暂态分析而言,大多数研究工作仅针对于首次雷击暂态响应的计算,缺乏对后续雷击过程的考虑。为了开展更为全面的风电机组雷电暂态分析,建立机组的完整电路模型,推导从桨叶、塔筒、到接地装置的电路参数算法。运用该电路模型对机组进行雷电暂态计算,获得实际兆瓦级机组上的雷电暂态响应。以所获得的暂态电位响应为基础,进一步给出暂态电位幅值沿机组本体分布的曲线。另外,在首次和后续雷击两种情况下,分别对两条电位分布曲线进行分析,同时对此两种雷击条件下的雷电反击距离进行计算和对比。     

从雷击事故看现代建筑电气的防雷设计

通过对某小学雷击事故进行分析,结合多年的建筑电气设计和防雷工程设计与施工经验,从建筑物预计雷击次数、防雷等级划分和防雷方案确定三个方面对现代建筑电气的防雷设计进行研究,指出建筑物雷电防护是一个全方位的系统工程。     

梵净山新金顶景区防雷措施商榷

介绍了梵净山新金顶景区防雷装置整改情况,分析了防雷装置整改后存在的问题。提出整改后防雷装置连接方式基本符合QXT 264—2015《旅游景区雷电灾害防御技术规范》规定,但针对景区特殊的地质、地形、气象环境情况,这种做法存在直击雷击隐患。     

Characteristics of lightning strikes on wind turbine blades. Experimental study of the effects of receptor configuration and other parameters

The characteristics of lightning strikes on wind turbine blades have been investigated by model experiments with real turbine blades. The effects of various types of receptors, the polarities of the applied voltages, and pollution on the blade surface are clarified. Based on these experimental results, lightning protection design of actual wind turbine blades by receptors is discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 8–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21143     

雷击风力发电机塔筒的电磁干扰分析

为了研究风电机组内电子设备所受到的雷电电磁干扰,采用有限元数值分析软件（ANSYS）对风力发电机的塔筒进行建模,通过对雷击塔筒时产生的电场和磁场进行计算,得到整个风力发电机塔筒部分的电磁场分布规律及各处所产生的磁感应强度;在该计算的基础上,根据法拉第电磁感应方程计算出塔内空间任意回路中的感应电动势,找到了影响其大小的因素,并提出了相应的防护措施。经过分析得到的结论是：雷击塔筒顶部时塔顶和塔底产生的磁场较大;塔筒内空间所产生的磁场强度是由中心向塔筒壁不断增大;塔筒内部空间的导体回路所感应出的电动势大小由距干扰源距离和回路面积决定,其中,面积因素起主导作用。因此,可为塔内电子系统的防雷设计提供依据。     

Direct measurement of lightning current through a wind turbine generator structure

The development of a wind turbine generator system in Japan is regarded as a promising source of clean energy, and its popularization is rapidly increasing. In Japan, there are many wind turbine generator systems installed on the Sea of Japan coast, with large wind capacity. However, since the Sea of Japan coast is a region with abundant winter lightning, a phenomenon peculiar to Japan, the wind turbine generator systems are subject to damage from winter lightning. Thus, it is important to observe the lightning currents striking wind turbine generator systems in order to provide lightning protection. The authors therefore installed currents sensors (Rogowski coils) on wind turbine generators installed in Hokkaido and Kagoshima Prefectures, and performed waveform observation of lightning stroke current in the winter of 2002 and the summer of 2003. These observations yielded a few current waveforms for lightning striking wind turbine generators. This paper describes the investigation and presents the observation results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(4): 40– 47, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20250     

An experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation systems using a reduced‐size model

Wind turbine generation systems are built at locations where few tall structures are found nearby so as to obtain good wind conditions, and thus, they are often struck by lightning. To promote wind power generation, lightning‐protection methodologies for such wind turbine generation systems have to be established. This paper presents the result of an experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation systems using a reduced‐size wind turbine model. Overvoltages observed at wavefronts of lightning surges are focused on in this study. In the experiments, lightning strokes to one of the blades and to the nacelle were considered, and voltages and currents at various positions of the wind turbine model were measured. The following points have been deduced from the results: (i) The voltage rise due to the tower footing resistance can cause a significant voltage difference between the tower foot and an incoming conductor led from a distant point. Also, a voltage difference between the bottom of down conductors installed inside the tower and an incoming conductor can be of significance. (ii) The lightning current flowing through the tower body induces voltages in main and control circuits which form loops, and the induced voltages can cause overvoltages and malfunctions. (iii) Traveling‐wave phenomena in a wind turbine generation system for a lightning strike to the tip of a blade and to the nacelle have been clarified from the measured waveforms. This information can be used for developing an EMTP simulation model of wind turbine generation systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 22– 30, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20466     

风电机组过电压保护与防雷接地设计

迄今我国尚无风电系统过电压保护和防雷接地的国家标准或行业标准,为了促进风电行业的快速发展,通过理论分析并结合工程实际,给出了风电系统中风电机组过电压保护体系和实现。该体系主要考虑直击雷保护、感应雷保护、接地装置、机组配套升压设备保护等内容,并结合风电工程实例,系统地阐述了风电系统中风电机组的过电压保护及防雷接地的方案设计及其实现,满足了工程的实际需要,对风力发电和风电场设计具有较好的指导意义。     

风力涡轮发电机雷击风险评估方法和解决方案

本文论述了风力涡轮发电机的直击雷风险评估方法,通过此方法得出风力涡轮发电机的直击雷保护等级。依据防护等级,提出直击雷保护的解决方案,该方案利用传统空气间隙型避雷器的工作原理和共地不共线的原则,为涡轮发电机的直击雷保护提出了一种的新思路。     

基于控制器局域网总线的风电场监测系统电磁兼容措施

风电场电磁环境恶劣，其监测系统实时性强，监测数据多，受电磁干扰影响大。针对并网型风电场监测系统的实际运行，介绍了基于控制器局域网（CAN）总线的监测系统的结构特点，分析了影响风力发电机组正常运行的各种电磁干扰及其危害。通过对防雷措施、数据采集装置、CAN总线数据传输的电磁兼容、机壳设计以及风电场特殊接地等部分的具体分析，提出了改善监测系统和设备电磁兼容性能的具体方法。     

基于控制器局域网总线的风电场监测系统电磁兼容措施

风电场电磁环境恶劣,其监测系统实时性强,监测数据多,受电磁干扰影响大。针对并网型风电场监测系统的实际运行,介绍了基于控制器局域网(CAN)总线的监测系统的结构特点,分析了影响风力发电机组正常运行的各种电磁干扰及其危害。通过对防雷措施、数据采集装置、CAN总线数据传输的电磁兼容、机壳设计以及风电场特殊接地等部分的具体分析,提出了改善监测系统和设备电磁兼容性能的具体方法。     

Analysis of lightning surge propagation in wind farm

Wind power generation is expected to become more important in future distribution systems. Although several prospective reports such as IEC 61400‐24 and NREL SR‐500‐31115 indicate an insulation scheme and grounding design for lighting protection, there still seems to be too few investigations on the problems. This paper therefore discusses lightning surge analysis using a wind farm model with 2 or 10 ideal wind turbines. Changing parameters such as grounding resistance and lightning strike points, several cases were studied. As a result of the analysis using digital simulator ARENE, it is clear that the surge tends to propagate toward the end of a distribution line in a wind farm and there is the possibility of insulation accidents at the other wind turbines when lightning attacks a wind turbine. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(2): 30– 38, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20364