Reliability of structures by using probability and fatigue theories

Methodologies to calculate failure probability and to estimate the reliability of fatigue loaded structures are developed. The applicability of the methodologies is evaluated with the help of the fatigue crack growth models suggested by Paris and Walker. The probability theories such as the FORM (first order reliability method), the SORM (second order reliability method) and the MCS (Monte Carlo simulation) are utilized. It is found that the failure probability decreases with the increase of the design fatigue life and the applied minimum stress, the decrease of the initial edge crack size, the applied maximum stress and the slope of Paris equation. Furthermore, according to the sensitivity analysis of random variables, the slope of Pairs equation affects the failure probability dominantly among other random variables in the Paris and the Walker models.     

The reliability estimation of pipeline using FORM, SORM and Monte Carlo Simulation with FAD

In this paper, the reliability estimation of pipelines is performed by employing the probabilistic method, which accounts for the uncertainties in the load and resistance parameters of the limit state function. The FORM (first order reliability method) and the SORM (second order reliability method) are carried out to estimate the failure probability of pipeline utilizing the FAD (failure assessment diagram). And the reliability of pipeline is assessed by using this failure probability and analyzed in accordance with a target safety level. Furthermore, the MCS (Monte Carlo Simulation) is used to verify the results of the FORM and the SORM. It is noted that the failure probability increases with the increase of dent depth, gouge depth, operating pressure, outside radius, and the decrease of wall thickness. It is found that the FORM utilizing the FAD is a useful and is an efficient method to estimate the failure probability in the reliability assessment of a pipeline. Furthermore, the pipeline safety assessment technique with the deterministic procedure utilizing the FAD only is turned out more conservative than those obtained by using the probability theory together with the FAD. The probabilistic method such as the FORM, the SORM and the MCS can be used by most plant designers regarding the operating condition and design parameters.     

Monte-Carlo法计算含缺陷油气输送管线的失效概率

利用Monte-Carlo方法全面分析了裂纹深度、裂纹深长比、断裂韧度、屈服强度和输送压力等主要随机参数对含裂纹长输油气管线结构的失效概率的影响。利用故障树分析中的参数敏感性方法确定了随机参数的敏感性。计算结果表明,断裂韧度和裂纹深度对结构的失效概率影响较大,裂纹深长比对结构的失效概率也有重要影响。此外,还分析了焊接接头在不同的裂纹深度下,强度匹配对失效概率的影响,并还给出了管线在不同的失效模式下的年失效概率。     

油气输送管线钢的分层机理及其对断裂的影响

对不同厚度油气输送管线钢进行各种裂纹的断裂试验，对各裂纹的断口进行了分析，探讨了分层机理及其对不同形式裂纹体承载能力的影响。结果表明，分层在各裂纹形式中均存在，此钢在室温为韧性断裂。对于非穿透裂纹，裂纹先起裂，穿透后情形就与穿透裂纹相似，由于扩展初期无分层，裂纹端部保持高的三维应力约束，所以其起裂应力强度比穿透裂纹要低。因此不能直接用穿透裂纹试验得到的断裂韧度值来评定管道中的非穿透裂纹起裂。     

加载速率对焊接接头断裂行为的影响

在不同温度、不同加载速率下，对典型建筑结构用钢及其焊缝进行拉伸试验，测试其基本力学性能。采用能综合考虑加载速率及高加载速率下材料温度变化的R参量，确定本构关系。通过断裂力学试验，测试不同温度及加载速率下供试钢材及其焊接接头的断裂韧度值。随加载速率的增大，断裂韧度降低，但存在有较大的分散性。不同加载速率下裂纹尖端应力场数值分析结果表明，裂纹尖端最大主应力随加载速率的增大而升高。最后基于局部法，研究不同加载速率下母材及接头的断裂行为。局部断裂参量－－威布尔应力不受温度、加载速率的影响，可有效地描述材料的断裂行为。     

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of Ti-6Al-4V Considering the Effects of Fracture Toughness and Crack Closure

Fatigue fracture is one of the main failure modes of Ti-6A1-4V alloy,fracture toughness and crack closure have strong effects on the fatigue crack growth(FCG)rate of Ti-6A1-4V alloy.The FCG rate of Ti-6A1-4V is investigated by using experimental and analytical methods.The effects of stress ratio,crack closure and fracture toughness on the FCG rate are studied and discussed.A modified prediction model of the FCG rate is proposed,and the relationship between the fracture toughness and the stress intensity factor(SIF)range is redefined by introducing a correcting coefficient.Notched plate fatigue tests(including the fracture toughness test and the FCG rate test)are conducted to investigate the influence of affecting factors on the FCG rate.Comparisons between the predicted results of the proposed model,the Paris model,the Walker model,the Sadananda model,and the experimental data show that the proposed model gives the best agreement with the test data particularly in the near-threshold region and the Paris region,and the corresponding calculated fatigue life is also accurate in the same regions.By considering the effects of fracture toughness and crack closure,the novel FCG rate prediction model not only improves the estimating accuracy,but also extends the adaptability of the FCG rate prediction model in engineering.     

含裂纹结构剩余强度的一种估算方法

剩余强度分析对结构断裂安全性评价十分重要。现有的剩余强度分析方法中,Feddersen工程分析法具有代表性,它对简单含裂纹结构比较有效。但这类方法一般需要预先得到弹性断裂应力的连续曲线,才有可能进行短裂纹阶段的弹塑性修正和长裂纹时的净截面屈服修正,使用不方便,有时甚至不适用。本文认为含裂纹结构的破坏是静力学模式破坏和断裂力学模式破坏共同作用的结果,从而建议一种结构剩余强度的实用估算方法。通过表观断裂韧度准则确定的弹性断裂强度和净截面全面屈服后的静力学破坏强度的结合,估算剩余强度许用值。该方法可以方便地估算任意时刻的剩余强度。分别进行含中心裂纹的有限宽板和含裂纹耳片结构的剩余强度试验,并与估算结果进行比较,表明本文方法预测精度良好,有望推广到其他结构形式。文中强调,表观断裂韧度Kapp值的合理与否对估算结果有明显影响。     

精铸热锻模具钢的强韧性与早期脆断

通过精铸热锻模的应用及对失效形式、工况条件的分析和性能测试，探讨精铸热锻模具钢的强韧性与早期脆断的关系。结果表明，精铸热锻模早期脆性断裂往往是由于热处理不当和操作不合乎要求引发的内应力与显微裂纹等所致，精铸热锻模具钢低的冲击韧度不是导致早期脆性断裂的根本原因，通过材料和工艺的改进，精铸热锻模早期脆性断裂是可以避免的。     

双向载荷下威布尔应力参量的研究

以往对双轴断裂的研究多采用线弹性断裂力学参量且限于弹性材料，局部法理论提出了威布尔应力参量，威布尔应力作为度量脆性断裂概率的参量已广泛采用。为研究双向载荷对威布尔应力的影响，文中开发了威布尔应力计算程序并进行考核验证，以威布尔应力为参量，以ASTM A36钢中心裂纹板为研究对象，结合有限元分析方法，研究二维裂纹问题在不同双向载荷比下威布尔应力参量的变化规律，从而得到双向载荷对脆断概率的影响。计算结果表明，平面应力状态下，双向载荷对威布尔应力和脆断概率基本上没有影响；而在平面应变状态下，威布尔应力和脆性断裂概率随双向载荷比增大而增大。     

大型感应淬火铸钢齿轮异常断裂失效分析

对失效齿轮断口做了材料成分化验、扫描电镜分析、金相分析以及冲击韧性试验,从断裂极限、热应力集中以及铸钢的原始缺陷和冷脆特性等多方面加以分析,认为大型感应淬火铸钢齿轮在处于冷脆状态和齿面硬化层约束下,局部突然受热会在原始缺陷处形成巨大热应力集中,使原始缺陷变为初始裂纹并迅速扩展造成破坏性断裂。提出采用油槽整体加热的改进措施,避免了类似事件的再次发生。     

球墨铸铁断裂韧度的可靠性分析

通常球墨铸铁与其他铸铁材料一样被认为属于脆性材料，断裂韧度应该用线弹性力学理论进行研究。本文发现由于球墨铸铁中的石墨呈球状，当裂纹通过石墨时，裂纹扩展机理将发生相应的变化，结果显示用弹一塑性理论来研究球墨铸铁的断裂韧度是适应和有效的。对可靠度为95％球墨铸铁断裂韧度的区间估计进行分析，以便对工程中的断裂韧度提供相关的数据。     

Experimental and numerical determination of critical stress intensity factor of aluminum curved thin sheets under tensile stress

We determined the fracture toughness of aluminum curved thin sheets using tensile stress tests and finite element method. We applied Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and Feddersen procedure to evaluate stress intensity factor of the samples with central wire-cut cracks and fatigue cracks with different lengths to investigate the notch radius effect. Special fixture design was utilized to establish uniform stress distribution at the crack zone. Less than 9 % difference was found between the wire-cut and the fatigue cracked samples. Since generating central fatigue crack with different lengths required so much effort, wire-cut cracked samples were used to determine critical stress intensity factor. Finite element analysis was also performed on one-quarter of the specimen using both the singular Borsum elements and the regular isoparametric elements to further investigate fracture toughness of the samples. It was observed that the singular elements presented better results than the isoparametric ones. A slight difference was also found between the results obtained from finite element method using singular elements and the experimental results.     

TRANSFERABILITY OF TOUGHNESS RESULT TO FRACTURE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WELDED JOINTS CONSIDERING STABLE CRACK GROWTH

0INTRODUCTIONAttemptsarebeingmadebymany.,.areh..[I~41toaPPlyfracturemechanicstestresultstofractureperformanceevaluationofstmctundcomponents.Thelinkbetweenthefmeturemechanicstestresultsandthefmeturebehaviorofrealisticstructuralcomponentsiscalledfoetransferability.Recently,acProgressivemathalshavebeenp~edtoaddressthetransferability.OneistheJ--TandJ-Qtheori.,L51,wheretheT-stressandQ-p~terhavebeendevelopedtOqUantifythedifferencebetWeenthefull-fieldsolutionforthenearcracktipstressdistribu…     

Reliability estimation of buried gas pipelines in terms of various types of random variable distribution

This paper presents the effects of corrosion environments of failure pressure model for buried pipelines on failure prediction by using a failure probability. The FORM (first order reliability method) is used in order to estimate the failure probability in the buried pipelines with corrosion defects. The effects of varying distribution types of random variables such as normal, lognormal and Weibull distributions on the failure probability of buried pipelines are systematically investigated. It is found that the failure probability for the MB31G model is larger than that for the B31G model. And the failure probability is estimated as the largest for the Weibull distribution and the smallest for the normal distribution. The effect of data scattering in corrosion environments on failure probability is also investigated and it is recognized that the scattering of wall thickness and yield strength of pipeline affects the failure probability significantly. The normalized margin is defined and estimated. Furthermore, the normalized margin is used to predict the failure probability using the fitting lines between failure probability and normalized margin.     

Numerical Investigation on Fracture Initiation Properties of Interface Crack in Dissimilar Steel Welded Joints

Fracture toughness property is of significant importance when evaluating structural safety. The current research of fracture toughness mainly focused on crack in homogeneous material and experimental results. When the crack is located in a welded joint with high-gradient microstructure and mechanical property distribution, it becomes difficult to evaluate the fracture toughness behavior since the stress distribution may be affected by various factors. In recent years, numerical method has become an ideal approach to reveal the essence and mechanism of fracture toughness behavior. This study focuses on the crack initiation behavior and driving force at different interfaces in dissimilar steel welded joints. The stress and strain fields around the crack tip lying at the interfaces of ductile-ductile, ductile-brittle and brittle-brittle materials are analyzed by the numerical simulation. For the interface of ductile-ductile materials, the strain concentration on the softer material side is responsible for ductile fracture initiation. For the ductile-brittle interface, the shielding effect of the ductile material plays an important role in decreasing the fracture driving force on the brittle material side. In the case of brittle-brittle interface, a careful matching is required, because the strength mismatch decreases the fracture driving force in one side, whereas the driving force in another side is increased. The results are deemed to offer support for the safety assessment of welded structures.     

Fully plastic analyses of unequally notched specimens in bending

This paper proposes slip line fields for bending of unequally notched specimens in plane strain, that have a sharp crack in one side and a sharp V-notch in the other side. Depending on the back angle, two slip line fields are proposed, from which the limit moment and crack tip stress fields are obtained as a function of the back angle. Excellent agreement between slip line field solutions with those from detailed finite element limit analysis based on non-hardening plasticity provides confidence in the proposed slip line fields. One interesting point is that, for the unequally notched specimen, the difference between the crack tip triaxial stress for tension and that for bending increases significantly with the increase in the back angle. This suggests that such a specimen could be potentially useful to investigate the crack tip constraint effect on fracture toughness of materials. In this respect, the possibility of designing a new toughness testing specimen with varying crack tip constraint is discussed.     

压力容器"破前漏"准则的实验研究

为了研究压力管道“破前漏”准则，完成了两组带裂纹圆筒的静压爆破实验实验证明爆破压力是由于裂纹穿透容器壁之后沿长度方向扩展的临界压力决定的，泄漏压力是裂纹沿深度方向扩展时由韧带的屈服撕裂所需要的极限压力决定的，前者与后者之比大于1，则泄漏失效，若该比值小于1则爆破失效。“破前漏”准则正确地预测了实验容器的失效方式，用此方法分析一些文献给出的实验数据，其实验结果和理论符合较好。     

材料特性对车轮疲劳强度的影响

研究材料非线性本构、非金属夹杂物、低温冲击功和断裂韧性对高速动车组车轮疲劳强度的影响。考虑弹塑性接触带钢轨车轮有限元分析模型,研究不同轮径下车轮轮辋应力分布规律。研究影响车轮疲劳强度的材料主要性能指标,研究夹杂物尺寸和许用应力、裂纹扩展门槛值的关系。研究断裂韧性和踏面剥离的关系、低温冲击功和车轮瞬间脆性破坏的关系。分析不同轮径和车轮疲劳强度的关系。     

TDFAD APPROACH TO HIGH TEMPERATURE DEFECT ASSESSMENT AND ITS ENGINEERING APPLICATION

From the idea of failure of defective structures at high temperature being controlled by two mechanisms: fast fracture due to creep crack growth initiating at the crack tip and creep rupture on the weakened section, a time-dependent failure assessment diagram (TDFAD) is developed on the basis of the time dependent crack tip parameter J integral. According to the proposed TDFAD method, detailed crack initiation and creep crack growth analysis is avoided in safety assessments of high temperature structures by performing simple calculations of stress intensity factor and limit load. To evaluate the creep toughness parameter Kmat, three different expressions are suggested on the basis of experimental load-line displacement, creep crack initiation and growth parameters as well as the isochronous stress-strain curve. The influence of service factors such as temperature and service-time on the proposed TDFAD is discussed by using the properties of 2.25CrlMo steel and an example is also presented to illustrate t     

热锻模具的韧性要求

通过两类热锻模(精铸热锻模和锻造热锻模)的现场应用，分析热锻模的使用工况条件和失效机理，探讨了热锻模工况条件、失效形式、寿命与热锻模韧性的关系。结果表明：热锻模的脆性断裂是小能量多次冲击下的裂纹萌生、扩展至断裂，在热锻模生产和应用中不宜用冲击韧性作为韧性指标，片面地要求热锻模具有高的冲击韧性是不利的，锻模韧性要求应为多冲抗力，它是一定塑性的基础上以强度为主的韧性问题。