热处理对国外P92钢显微组织及晶粒度的影响

对国外P92钢进行不同温度(1040、1060、1080 ℃)淬火和1060 ℃淬火+不同温度(740、760、780 ℃)、不同时间(1、3、5、7 h)的回火热处理,研究热处理参数对其显微组织、晶粒度及硬度的影响。结果表明,经淬火后P92钢组织为板条状马氏体+残留奥氏体,随淬火温度的升高,马氏体组织板条逐渐变粗大,平均晶粒度由9级增大至7级。P92钢经1060 ℃淬火后,随着回火温度的升高和回火时间的延长,P92钢硬度逐渐降低,回火马氏体板条逐渐合并并向回火索氏体过渡,且回火过程中碳化物在晶界和晶内析出并不断长大。     

回火温度对00Cr13Ni5Mo超级马氏体不锈钢组织及性能的影响

研究了1050 ℃正火+550～700 ℃回火处理对00Cr13Ni5Mo超级马氏体不锈钢中厚板显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在1050 ℃正火后,随着回火温度的升高,板条状马氏体逐步分解,产生了逆变奥氏体组织,600 ℃回火时其含量最高,之后随着温度的升高逆变奥氏体的含量逐步降低;试验钢的强度、硬度及屈强比均随回火温度的升高先降低后升高。650 ℃回火时,可得到细密的回火索氏体+逆变奥氏体的复相组织,试验钢具有较低的屈强比及良好的冲击性能。     

过冷奥氏体变形和回火处理对40CrNiMo钢组织及硬度的影响

研究了40CrNiMo钢经650～700℃过冷奥氏体区变形以及350～550℃回火条件下的微观组织和硬度变化。结果表明:40CrNiMo钢在650℃和700℃过冷奥氏体区经30%变形后,其淬火组织为单一的板条马氏体; 40%变形淬火后,板条组织不明显,出现部分颗粒状的渗碳体组织。回火温度对过冷奥氏体变形淬火组织和硬度有显著的影响,随着回火温度升高颗粒尺寸逐渐变大,硬度随之降低;相同变形量条件下,过冷奥氏体变形温度降低,经相同制度回火,钢的硬度呈现不同程度升高。450℃下随回火时间延长,碳化物颗粒尺寸和硬度值变化均不明显。通过650℃过冷奥氏体变形,可使40CrNiMo钢的硬度达到717 HV0. 2,相当于2300 MPa的抗拉强度。     

热处理工艺对高强建筑用钢组织和力学性能的影响研究

采用箱式电阻炉对试验钢进行了三种不同淬火温度的淬火+高温回火热处理,并对试样的显微组织进行了观察,对拉伸和冲击力学性能进行了检测。结果表明,在两相区淬火的试样的显微组织以多边形铁素体+岛状马氏体为主,随淬火温度升高,铁素体含量逐渐降低,马氏体含量逐渐增加,晶粒逐渐细化;回火组织以回火马氏体+铁素体为主,与淬火组织相比,铁素体明显粗化,马氏体含量下降,马氏体板条特征逐渐消失,铁素体晶界有较多碳化物析出;随淬火温度升高,回火后钢板屈服强度、伸长率和低温冲击韧性均逐渐升高,抗拉强度先提高后略有下降;试验钢经800℃淬火+500℃回火能获得优良的综合力学性能。     

工程机械用Q1100钢的热处理工艺

以一种屈服强度为1100 MPa的高强度工程机械用钢为对象,研究了再加热淬火温度(880～980 ℃)和回火温度(200～650 ℃)对Q1100钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,淬火温度从880 ℃升高至980 ℃,试验钢的平均奥氏体晶粒尺寸从8 μm增加到24 μm,试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度都呈先升高后降低的趋势,并在920 ℃时达到最大,而-40 ℃冲击性能则随之持续降低。试验钢经920 ℃淬火+200～650 ℃回火后,随着回火温度的提高,试验钢的马氏体板条合并,板条形貌逐渐模糊,碳化物数量和形貌也随之发生改变,强度大幅下降,塑性和韧性则先降低后升高。试验钢最佳的热处理工艺为920 ℃淬火+200～250 ℃回火。     

淬火温度对新型齿轮钢组织及力学性能的影响

通过SEM、TEM和XRD分析,结合拉伸试验、断裂韧度试验和硬度测试,研究了淬火温度对新型齿轮钢组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,经850～1050℃淬火+深冷+回火,试验钢的抗拉强度、屈服强度和洛氏硬度均随着淬火温度的升高先升高后逐渐降低,在900℃时分别达到峰值,此时抗拉强度为1483 MPa,断裂韧度则在淬火温度为1000℃时达到最高,为62.4 MPa·m^1/2。淬火温度低于1000℃时,试验钢的晶界及马氏体板条上存在富Mo型M₆C碳化物,碳化物随淬火温度的升高逐渐溶解,在1000℃时未再观察到未溶相。试验钢的原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸随淬火温度的升高先缓慢增大,当温度超过1000℃时,原始奥氏体晶粒及组织快速粗化,断裂韧度和断面收缩率也出现大幅度降低。     

淬火温度对5Cr15MoV钢空冷淬火组织与性能的影响

通过1000~1200 ℃间隔50 ℃的系列加热温度对5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢进行空冷淬火试验,并采用光学显微镜、EBSD和洛氏硬度计对不同温度淬火后组织和硬度进行检测,研究了淬火温度对试验钢组织、晶粒尺寸、残留奥氏体含量以及硬度的影响。结果表明,试验钢淬火后组织为马氏体+未溶合金碳化物+残留奥氏体。随着淬火温度升高,马氏体板条尺寸增大,未溶碳化物量逐渐减少直至消失,残留奥氏体含量先增加后减少。试验钢的硬度变化趋势为先增加后显著降低,在淬火温度为1050 ℃达到最大值60.8 HRC。试验钢硬度主要是马氏体的含碳量、晶粒尺寸、残留奥氏体含量和碳化物含量综合作用的结果。     

淬火温度对中碳低合金耐磨钢ZG35Cr2NiMoVTi冲击磨料磨损性能的影响

研究了不同温度(950、1000、1050℃)淬火+250℃回火处理对中碳低合金耐磨钢ZG35Cr2NiMoVTi显微组织、硬度、韧性、冲击磨料磨损耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:中碳低合金耐磨钢淬火组织主要为板条状马氏体+片状马氏体+少量残余奥氏体,回火组织为回火马氏体。随着淬火温度的增加,钢的硬度逐渐下降;冲击韧性随着淬火温度的升高先增加后保持稳定。在冲击功为1J的磨损工况下,950℃水淬+250℃回火处理试样耐磨性最好;在冲击功为4.5J的磨损工况下,1000/1050℃水淬+250℃回火处理的试样耐磨性最好。     

热处理对1Cr12Ni2W1MoV不锈钢组织与力学性能的影响

对1Cr12Ni2W1MoV马氏体不锈钢设计了6组热处理工艺,热处理后对试样进行组织性能分析,研究了热处理温度对1Cr12Ni2W1MoV马氏体不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:1Cr12Ni2W1MoV不锈钢淬火后的组织主要为板条马氏体+残余奥氏体+少量铁素体,回火后的组织主要为板条回火马氏体+残余奥氏体。随着淬火温度的增加,1Cr12Ni2W1MoV的马氏体组织板条束也在加大。在淬火温度一定时,随回火温度的升高,1Cr12Ni2W1MoV不锈钢回火马氏体呈逐渐分解趋势,硬度降低,冲击韧性先升后降,抗拉强度略微下降。综合试验结果,得出一组1Cr12Ni2W1MoV不锈钢推荐的热处理工艺:1050℃淬火,640℃回火。     

淬火与回火工艺对42CrMo钢显微组织和奥氏体晶粒长大规律的影响

研究了860～940℃淬火与200～600℃回火对42CrMo钢显微组织的影响,并用金相截线法对奥氏体晶粒尺寸进行测量,建立了42CrMo钢奥氏体晶粒生长动力学方程。结果表明,随着淬火温度和保温时间的增加,42CrMo钢中残留碳化物数量明显减少,碳化物由片状逐渐变为颗粒状。随着淬火温度的升高,板条马氏体组织变得越来越均匀细小。随着回火温度的升高,钢的显微组织向回火屈氏体、回火索氏体转变,当回火温度为600℃时,得到的回火索氏体组织更均匀密集。基于Beck模型的42CrMo钢奥氏体晶粒生长规律的拟合结果,得出奥氏体晶粒长大激活能为2.62×10³ J·mol^-1。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。