基于非稳态RANS模型的冷库库门渗风研究

伴随冷库总量的快速增长,冷库的能耗问题已越来越受到关注。库门渗风作为冷库的一项占比很大的热负荷是冷库能耗研究的一个重点。本文采用非稳态RANS模型对库门渗风建立了动态模拟模型,利用对一座库高和门高之比为2:1的冷库不同库内外温差和冷风机运行模式下的实测数据进行验证,结果表明：所建模型预测的渗风量、测量点当地风速和温度的数值和变化趋势都与实验值有较好的吻合,在开门时间40 s内渗风量模拟误差在±10%以内。利用该模型对渗风的特性和机理进行了模拟分析,结果表明,受风机水平方向风场影响,风机开时库内温度均比风机关时低。库内外空气密度差较小,库内冷空气受重力的影响不大,因此渗风量随开门时间呈线性变化。     

In-situ study of frosting and defrosting processes in tube-fin evaporators of household refrigerating appliances

The present paper advances an in-situ study of frosting and defrosting processes in tube-fin evaporators of household refrigerators and freezers. Frost growth experiments were carried out using a purpose-built test facility comprised of a refrigerated cabinet placed inside a climatized chamber, and a vapor compression refrigeration loop that controls both the evaporating temperature and the evaporator superheating. A first-principles two-dimensional simulation model was put forward to predict the evaporator blocking over time, and also the heat and mass transfer rates. The model validation exercise has shown that the model follows well the experimental trends of pressure drop, frost mass, cooling capacity and air flow rate, with all predictions falling inside ±10% error bounds. The model was then used to assess the impact of several design parameters on both the evaporator blockage and defrost efficiency. It was found that a nearly ideal defrost efficiency is achieved when the defrosting process is performed by two simultaneous heaters.     

多联式空调制冷系统动态仿真研究

为了研究多联机制冷系统的动态性能,建立了基于简化气液两相流体网络的多联式空调制冷系统动态仿真模型.其中,压缩机和电子膨胀阀采用稳态模型,蒸发器和冷凝器采用移动边界动态仿真模型,气液分离器采用动态模型.采用Matlab和Simulink为仿真工具,对多联机动态仿真模型进行求解,并通过一套具有四台室内蒸发器的多联机系统的实验结果进行验证和改进.结果表明,该动态仿真模型能够准确预测多联机动态过程的变化趋势,并保持很高的计算精度,蒸发温度、冷凝温度和过热度的误差都在1.0℃左右,排气温度误差小于3.0℃,可以用于多联机动态性能分析,并可作为开发和优化多联机控制策略和控制算法的有效工具.     

质量和能量严格守恒的蒸发器动态仿真模型

现有用于蒸发器动态仿真的移动边界模型都是基于质量和能量守恒方程展开获得,而展开过程中存在误差,从而导致了现有模型质量和能量不严格守恒,进而影响仿真精度。为了保证求解过程质量和能量的严格守恒,本文选取蒸发器内制冷剂总质量和总能量作为控制方程的状态参数,直接将质量和能量守恒方程作为控制方程求解,从而避免了方程展开的误差。为了在已知制冷剂总质量和总能量的情况下求解蒸发器内制冷剂分布情况和制冷剂状态,本文开发了制冷剂不同分布情况的计算公式和计算方法。仿真案例表明,新方法在仿真48 h蒸发器性能中,质量和能量严格守恒,计算稳定,仿真结果和实验结果吻合。     

Dynamics of a heat transformer working with the mixture NaOH---H2O

The model described in the paper is based on the balance equations for mass and energy for the different apparatus such as absorber, generator, evaporator, condenser and solution heat exchanger. It simulates a heat transformer process and ensures calculations not too time-consuming and much faster than in real time. With the aid of the model the transient behaviour of a heat transformer working with the mixture NaOH---H₂O is examined. For steady state operation the simulations agree well with experiments on a pilot plant. With NaOH---H₂O as working substances high COPS up to 0.49 were obtained with this heat transformer. For unsteady state operation the deviations between experiments and simulations were slightly higher than those for steady state. The model nevertheless predicts the transient behaviour with a satisfying accuracy. Also the startup and shutdown behaviour of a heat transformer was investigated under different conditions.     

Improving defrosting performance by controlling frost distribution to match defrosting heat distribution in frost-free household refrigerators

In the defrosting process of most of existing frost-free refrigerators, major part of the heat generated by electric heater cannot be absorbed by the frost, resulting in the raise of the energy consumption. The objective of this study is to present a new method to improve the energy efficiency in the defrosting process. Based on the idea of making the frost absorb most of the heat generated by electric heater, a new method of defrosting is proposed, and its principle is to make the defrosting process at different locations complete simultaneously by optimizing the frost mass distribution on the evaporator. In this method, the defrosting heat distribution on evaporator surface, the required frost mass distribution, the required air flow distribution and the structure of return air duct are determined, respectively. Application of this method in an actual household refrigerator shows that the defrosting efficiency is improved by 29.8%.     

冷库液体冷媒融霜的性能实验研究

介绍了冷库液体冷媒融霜实验装置,对实验结果进行分析研究.与热气融霜相比较,液体冷媒融霜系统具有制冷量大,对换热器翅片效率影响小,室温波动小等优点,是一种可行的融霜方法.     

Dynamic simulation and optimal matching of a small-scale refrigeration system

This paper describes a principle and method of optimal matching to reduce energy consumption in small-scale refrigeration systems, based on systems analysis. A knowledge of the dynamic characteristics of a refrigeration system is important for predicting the performance of the system. A simulation model of a refrigeration system consisting of a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser and a capillary tube has been established to illustrate optimal matching. For each component a mathematical model has been developed, in which the concept of transient and distributive is introduced. On the basis of dynamic simulation, a method of optimal matching to minimize power consumption is recommended. To test the reliability of the theoretical models, an experiment was carried out on a small-scale refrigeration system. The experimental data were compared with the theoretical results and it is shown that the theory is valid.     

Dynamic simulation of a thermostatically controlled counter-flow evaporatorSimulation dynamique d'un évaporateur à détendeur thermostatique avec débit à contre-courant

A numerical model is developed to simulate the transient behaviour of a counter-flow water cooling evaporator controlled by a thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) in a vapour compression refrigeration system. The liquid–vapour slip in the two-phase region of the evaporator is accounted for by a void fraction model (VFM). The thermal capacitance of the TEV is included in the analysis. For the purpose of comparison with predictions of the model, experimental data available are filtered to obtain the best estimate of the mean variation of the liquid–vapour transition plane. The predictions are in good trend-wise agreement with the filtered experimental data. The results of the transient simulations demonstrate the dependence of the stability of the evaporator–TEV system on the characteristics of the TEV, the thermal capacitance of the bulb, thermal conductance between the bulb and wall and on the nature of the input disturbance.     

压缩制冷空调装置动态仿真研究

对压缩制冷空调装置的动态仿真开展了初步研究,建立了包括压缩机、冷颖器、毛细管、蒸发器等四个模块在内的较完整的单压缩制冷循环的物理数学模型,并应用于开机过程的动脉模拟,仿真结果与文献中的实验结果基本吻合,同时根据仿真数据预测某些参数的变化情况,提示了系统的动态特性。     

CFD model of the airflow, heat and mass transfer in cool stores

A transient three-dimensional CFD model was developed to calculate the velocity, temperature and moisture distribution in an existing empty and loaded cool store. The dynamic behaviour of the fan and cooler was modelled. The model accounted for turbulence by means of the standard k-ε model with standard wall profiles. The model was validated by means of velocity, air and product temperature. An average accuracy of 22% on the velocity magnitudes inside the empty cold store was achieved and the predicted temperature distribution was more uniform than predicted. In the loaded cold store, an average accuracy of 20% on the velocity magnitudes was observed. The model was capable of predicting both the air and product temperature with reasonable accuracy.     

Refrigerant flow instability as a means to predict the need for defrosting the evaporator in a retail display freezer cabinet

For refrigerated display cabinets to perform their function of keeping food cold, there must be free movement of air through the evaporator. The moisture in the ambient air entrained in the cabinet forms frost on the evaporator. It is traditional for heat to be applied to the evaporator at regular intervals to melt this frost. The frequency, typically 3–4 times per day, is enough to avoid the frost becoming excessive even in extreme conditions. For much of the time defrosting is not always necessary. A large portion of the energy used during a defrost is an overhead – heating and then cooling the metal and the food rather than melting the frost. The effect of this is examined in the paper along with the results from testing an algorithm that detects the need for a defrost from the pattern of refrigerant flow (or evaporator exit superheat). The algorithm allows the number of defrosts to be reduced without excessively raising the temperature of food stored in the cabinet. The reduction in energy and carbon dioxide emission were examined and were shown to be substantial.     

State-space model for dynamic behavior of vapor compression liquid chiller

A state-space model has been developed to investigate the dynamic behaviors of refrigeration system. By using vector-matrix notation and linearization, the ordinary differential equations describing the chiller's dynamic thermal behaviors are transformed into a representation form of the state space. The model has been validated by a series of dynamic response experiments of a chiller with the refrigerant R-134a. The average errors of the model results compared with the experimental data are all less than 10% in the experimental cases. Afterward, the model is used to investigate the transient behaviors of the exit cold carrier temperature of evaporator under different A disturbances. The state-space model developed in this study helps us have a good idea of the dynamic performance of a refrigeration system under transient conditions and design optimized control strategies for a high-energy-efficiency HVAC system.     

An experimental and numerical study of hunting in thermostatic-expansion-valve-controlled evaporators

The dynamic behaviour of a thermostatic-expansion–valve (TEV)-controlled dry-evaporator is studied experimentally and numerically. Although the linear model of the TEV together with the distributed model of the evaporator is able to predict the stable dynamic response of the system adequately, it fails to reproduce the hunting behaviour that is observed under certain operating conditions. A scrutiny of the experimental data reveals the possible existence of hysteresis in the system. The distributed model including the experimentally determined input-output characteristics of the TEV is able to reproduce the main features of the hunting oscillations well. The amplitude and frequency of these oscillations depend on the static superheat setting, the heat load of the evaporator and the time constant of the TEV bulb.     

带储液气液分离器的空气源热泵除霜系统研究

空气源热泵在冬季供热时室外蒸发器表面容易结霜,逆循环除霜作为最常用的一种除霜方法存在除霜带液和除霜时间长的问题.为提升逆循环除霜的空气源热泵系统性能,本文提出一种耦合储液气液分离器的空气源热泵除霜系统,该系统相比于传统的空气源热泵系统能够有效延缓结霜和缩短除霜时间.本文通过实验对比研究了6个工况下该系统和传统空气源热泵...     

Transient simulation of vapour-compression packaged liquid chillers

This paper presents a transient simulation model that is useful for predicting the dynamic performance of vapour-compression liquid chillers over a wide range of operating conditions. The model employs a thermal capacitance approach for specific state variables to account for the dynamics of the chiller and ancillaries. The model accounts for the change in heat transfer coefficients throughout the heat exchangers thereby improving both physical realism and the accuracy of the simulation model. The model requires only a select few initial conditions (eg. the chilled water and condenser water temperatures). A simple compressor model based on empirical regression has been employed in the simulation. The outputs of the model include system performance variables such as the compressor electrical work input and the coefficient of performance (COP) as well as states of the refrigerant throughout the refrigeration cycle with respect to time. The model is validated with data from two in -situ screw chillers. Predictions are found to be within ±10%, although for one of the chillers a degree of empiricism was employed for the evaporator tube wall mass in order to give satisfactory results for the start-up process.     

A hybrid transient model for simulation of air-cooled refrigeration systems: Description and experimental validation

In this paper are described a hybrid dynamic model for transient simulation of refrigeration systems as well as dynamic experiments that have been performed on an air/water heap pump. The machine under consideration is made of an evaporator, a condenser, an expansion valve, a variable speed scroll compressor and a receiver. The refrigerant and second fluid flows in heat exchangers are approximated by a cascade of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs). This model is quite flexible since a unique structure is used for the evaporator and the condenser models according to different boundary conditions. This is due to the use of a switching procedure between different configurations based on a phase stability test that is designed to ensure the continuity of the system simulation. An analytical thermodynamic model of the refrigerant based on an equation of state is used. Good agreement between simulation results and experimental data is achieved.     

Distributed steady and dynamic modelling of dry-expansion evaporators: Modèlisation du régime stable et du régime transitoire des évaporateurs à détente sèche

A general distributed parameter model is presented to describe both steady and dynamic behaviors of dry-expansion evaporators. The homogeneous and three different non-homogeneous two-phase flow models are used to evaluate the impact of different flow models on the accuracy of the simulation. The experimental work was carried out on a full-scale refrigeration system with R-134a as the working fluid and without frost formation at the evaporator. Comparison between the modelling and experimental measurements shows that the drift flux flow models give satisfactory predictions. The simulation results indicate that an even air temperature distribution off the evaporator may be obtained by controlling liquid dry-out point at the two ends of the coil. The study also indicates that the counterflow configuration provides a higher heat exchange efficiency with a slower transient response compared with the cocurrent-flow configuration. A general distributed parameter model is presented to describe both steady and dynamic behaviors of dry-expansion evaporators. The homogeneous and three different non-homogeneous two-phase flow models are used to evaluate the impact of different flow models on the accuracy of the simulation. The experimental work was carried out on a full-scale refrigeration system with R-134a as the working fluid and without frost formation at the evaporator. Comparison between the modelling and experimental measurements shows that the drift flux flow models give satisfactory predictions. The simulation results indicate that an even air temperature distribution off the evaporator may be obtained by controlling liquid dry-out point at the two ends of the coil. The study also indicates that the counterflow configuration provides a higher heat exchange efficiency with a slower transient response compared with the cocurrent-flow configuration.     

螺杆冷水机组动态仿真

给出了螺杆冷水机组动态过程模型，其中，壳管式冷凝器和满液式蒸发器被分成制冷剂侧、管壁、壳体以及水侧等四个控制容积，针对每个控制容积建立了质量或能量平衡的微分方程，由于螺杆压缩机和电子膨胀阀具有较小的热惯性，因而采用稳态模型描述压缩过程和膨胀过程，通过“自适应步长”方法实现了系统仿真，仿真结果与测试数据吻合良好。     

Performance enhancement of a household refrigerator by addition of latent heat storage

This paper studies the effect of adding a phase change material (PCM) slab on the outside face of a refrigerator evaporator. A dynamic model of the vapour compression cycle including the presence of the phase change material and its experimental validation is presented. The simulation results of the system with PCM show that the addition of thermal inertia globally enhances heat transfer from the evaporator and allows a higher evaporating temperature, which increases the energy efficiency of the system. The energy stored in the PCM is yielded to the refrigerator cell during the off cycle and allows for several hours of continuous operation without power supply.