Pb(II) biosorption from hazardous aqueous streams using Gossypium hirsutum (Cotton) waste biomass

Studies on the biosorptive ability of Gossypium hirsutum (Cotton) waste biomass outlined that smaller size of biosorbent (0.355mm), higher biomass dose (0.20g), 5 pH and 100mg/L initial Pb(II) concentration were more suitable for enhanced Pb(II) biosorption from aqueous medium. The Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic model fitted well to the data of Pb(II) biosorption. Highly negative magnitude of Gibbs free energy (DeltaG degrees ) indicated that the process was spontaneous in nature. In addition to this surface coverage and distribution coefficient values of Pb(II) biosorption process were also determined. At optimized conditions Pb(II) uptake was more rapid in case of industrial effluents in comparison to synthetic solutions. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed that the main functional groups involved in the uptake of Pb(II) on the surface of G. hirsutum biomass were carboxyl, carbonyl, amino and alcoholic.     

Ni(II) biosorption by Cassia fistula (Golden Shower) biomass

Cassia fistula is a fast-growing, medium-sized, deciduous tree which is now widely cultivated worldwide as an ornamental tree for its beautiful showy yellow flowers. Methods are required to reuse fallen leaves, branches, stem bark and pods when they start getting all over lawn. This investigation studies the use of these non-useful parts of C. fistula as naturally occurring biosorbent for the batch removal of Ni(II) in a well stirred system under different experimental conditions. The data showed that the maximum pH (pHmax) for efficient sorption of Ni(II) was 6 at which evaluated biosorbent dosage, biosorbent particle size, initial concentrations of Ni(II) and sorption time were 0.1 g/100 mL, <0.255 mm, up to 200 mg/L and 720 min, respectively. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted well to data of Ni(II) biosorption by C. fistula biomass as compared to the model of Freundlich. The kinetic studies showed that the sorption rates could be described better by a second order expression than by a more commonly applied Lagergren equation. The magnitude of the Gibbs free energy values indicates spontaneous nature of the sorption process. The sorption ability of C. fistula biomass for Ni(II) removal tends to be in the order: leaves相似文献   

Removal of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution by fused yeast: study of cations release and biosorption mechanism

Biosorption of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) by a fused yeast from Candida tropicalis and Candida lipolytica under varying range of pH, initial metal concentration and reaction time was investigated. Net cation release and Cr removal reached 2.000mmol/l and 81.37% when treating 20mg/l Cr(VI) at pH 2 with 25mg/l biomass for 30min, while for Ni were 0.351mmol/l and 64.60%, respectively. Trace metal elements such as Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Se and Zn played active role in biosorption as important ingredients of functional enzymes. Cr(VI) was reduced to less toxic Cr(III) and chelated with extracellular secretions, and further accumulated inside the cells. For Ni biosorption, however, largely a passive uptake process influenced by ion gradient led to lower adsorption capacity and cations release. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analysis indicated that amide and pyridine on cells were involved in binding with Cr, but for Ni, bound-OH and nitro-compounds were the main related functional groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis confirmed that considerable amounts of metals precipitated on cell surface when dealing with high concentration metals.     

Biosorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution using green alga (Ulva lactuca) biomass

The biosorption characteristics of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution using the green alga (Ulva lactuca) biomass were investigated as a function of pH, biomass dosage, contact time, and temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm of the metal ions by U. lactuca biomass. Langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The monolayer biosorption capacity of U. lactuca biomass for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions was found to be 34.7mg/g and 29.2mg/g, respectively. From the D-R isotherm model, the mean free energy was calculated as 10.4kJ/mol for Pb(II) biosorption and 9.6kJ/mol for Cd(II) biosorption, indicating that the biosorption of both metal ions was taken place by chemisorption. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees and DeltaS degrees ) showed that the biosorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions onto U. lactuca biomass was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic under examined conditions. Experimental data were also tested in terms of biosorption kinetics using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The results showed that the biosorption processes of both metal ions followed well pseudo-second-order kinetics.     

Comparative study of the biosorption of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) ions onto S. cerevisiae: determination of biosorption heats

In this study, the biosorption of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) ions onto inactive Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated as a function of initial pH, initial metal ion concentration and temperature. The Langmuir model was applied to experimental equilibrium data of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) biosorption depending on temperature and the maximum metal ions uptake at optimum biosorption temperature of 25 °C, were found to be 270.3, 46.3 and 32.6 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Using the Langmuir constant, b values obtained at different temperatures, the biosorption heats of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) were determined as −1.125, −1.912 and −2.89 kcal mol⁻¹, respectively. The results indicated that the biosorption of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) ions to S. cerevisiae is by the physical adsorption and has an exothermic nature.     

Biosorption of cadmium (II) and lead (II) from aqueous solutions using mushrooms: A comparative study

Sorption capacity of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus platypus), button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) were evaluated on biosorption of heavy metals, viz. cadmium (II) and lead (II) from aqueous solutions. The optimum sorption conditions were studied for each metal separately. The desired pH of the aqueous solution was found to be 6.0 for the removal of cadmium (II) and 5.0 for removal of lead (II) for all the mushrooms. The percent removal of both the metals was found to increase with the increase in biosorbent dosage and contact time. The fitness of the biosorption data for Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models was investigated. It was found that biosorption of cadmium (II) and lead (II) ions onto the biomass of the three mushrooms were better suitable to Langmuir than Freundlich adsorption model. P. platypus showed the highest metal uptake potential for cadmium (q_max 34.96 mg/g) whereas A. bisporus exhibited maximum potential for lead (q_max 33.78 mg/g). Milky mushroom showed the lowest metal uptake capacity for both the metals. The present data confirms that mushrooms may be used as efficient biosorbent for the removal of cadmium (II) and lead (II) ions from aqueous solution.     

Copper(II) and zinc(II) biosorption on Pinus sylvestris L

The biosorption properties of copper(II) and zinc(II) onto a cone biomass of Pinus sylvestris L. was investigated by using batch techniques. The biosorption studies carried out with single metal solutions. The removal of copper(II) and zinc(II) from aqueous solution increased with pH and sharply decreased when pH of the solution was decreased. The maximum biosorption efficiency of P. sylvestris was 67% and 30% for Cu(II) and Zn(II), respectively. Batch kinetic and isotherm of biosorption metal ions were investigated. The second-order kinetic model was used to correlate the experimental data. The Freundlich and Langmuir model can describe the adsorption equilibrium of metal(II) on cone biomass. The biosorption constants were found from the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms at 25 degrees C. It is found that the biosorption data of metals on cone biomass fitted both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models.     

Seaweeds for the remediation of wastewaters contaminated with zinc(II) ions

Eleven different species of marine macroalgae were screened at different pH conditions on the basis of zinc(II) biosorption potential. Among the seaweeds, a green alga, Ulva reticulata, exhibited a highest uptake of 36.1 mg/g at pH 5.5 and 100 mg/l initial zinc(II) concentration. Further experiments were conducted to evaluate the zinc(II) biosorption potential of U. reticulata. Sorption isotherm data obtained at different pH (5-6) and temperature (25-35 degrees C) conditions were fitted well with Sips model followed by Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and Langmuir models. A maximum zinc(II) biosorption capacity of 135.5 mg/g was observed at optimum conditions of 5.5 (pH) and 30 degrees C (temperature), according to the Langmuir model. It was observed from the kinetic data that the zinc(II) biosorption process using U. reticulata follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees and DeltaS degrees were calculated and they indicated that the present system was a spontaneous and an endothermic process. The influence of the co-ions (Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) along with zinc(II) present in the wastewater was also studied. Desorption of zinc(II) ions from the zinc(II)-loaded biomass were examined using 0.1 M CaCl(2) at different pH conditions in three sorption-desorption cycles. A fixed-bed column (2 cm i.d. and 35 cm height) was employed to evaluate the continuous biosorption performance of U. reticulata. The column experiments at different bed heights and flow rates revealed that the maximum zinc(II) uptake was obtained at the highest bed height (25 cm) and the lowest flow rate (5 ml/min). Column data were fitted well with Thomas, Yoon-Nelson and modified dose-response models. The column regeneration studies were carried out for three sorption-desorption cycles. A loss of sorption performance was observed during regeneration cycles indicated by a shortened breakthrough time and a decreased zinc(II) uptake.     

Adsorption studies on Citrus reticulata (fruit peel of orange): removal and recovery of Ni(II) from electroplating wastewater

The ability of fruit peel of orange to remove Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cr from aqueous solution by adsorption was studied. The adsorption was in the order of Ni(II)>Cu(II)>Pb(II)>Zn(II)>Cr(II). The extent of removal of Ni(II) was found to be dependent on sorbent dose, initial concentration, pH and temperature. The adsorption follows first-order kinetics. The process is endothermic showing monolayer adsorption of Ni(II), with a maximum adsorption of 96% at 50 degrees C for an initial concentration of 50 mg l(-1) at pH 6. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated. Desorption was possible with 0.05 M HCl and was found to be 95.83% in column and 76% in batch process, respectively. The spent adsorbent was regenerated and recycled thrice. The removal and recovery was also done in wastewater and was found to be 89% and 93.33%, respectively.     

Biosorption of Cu(II) ions onto the litter of natural trembling poplar forest

The litter of natural trembling poplar (Populus tremula) forest (LNTPF) was used for the biosorption of Cu(II) ions in a batch adsorption experiments. The sorption capacity of LNTPF was investigated as a function of pH, particle size, agitating speed, initial Cu(II) concentration, adsorbent concentration and temperature. The efficiency of copper uptake by the used LNTPF increases with a rise of solution pH, adsorbent concentration, agitating speed, temperature, and with a decline of particle size and initial Cu(II) concentration. The biosorption process was very fast; 94% of Cu(II) removal occurred within 5 min and equilibrium was reached at around 30 min. Batch adsorption models, based on the assumption of the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order mechanism were applied to examine the adsorption kinetics. The pseudo-second order model was found to best fit the kinetic data. EPR studies combined with FTIR spectroscopy were used to represent the biosorption mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters such as DeltaH degrees, DeltaS degrees and DeltaG degrees were calculated. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic and spontaneous. Equilibrium data fitted well to Langmuir adsorption model. This study proved that the LNTPF can be used as an effective, cheap and abundant adsorbent for the treatment of Cu(II) containing wastewaters.     

Iminodiacetic acid functionalized cation exchange resin for adsorptive removal of Cr(VI), Cd(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) from their aqueous solutions

Iminodiacetic acid functionality has been introduced on styrene-divinyl benzene co-polymeric beads and characterized by FT-IR in order to develop weak acid based cation exchange resin. This resin was evaluated for the removal of different heavy metal ions namely Cd(II), Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Pb(II) from their aqueous solutions. The results showed greater affinity of resin towards Cr(VI) for which 99.7% removal achieved in optimal conditions following the order Ni(II)>Pb(II)>Cd(II) with 65%, 59% and 28% removal. Experiments were also directed towards kinetic studies of adsorption and found to follow first order reversible kinetic model with the overall rate constants 0.3250, 0.2393, 0.4290 and 0.2968 for Cr(VI), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal respectively. Detailed studies of Cr(VI) removal has been carried out to see the effect of pH, resin dose and metal ion concentration on adsorption and concluded that complexation enhanced the chromium removal efficacy of resin drastically, which is strongly pH dependent. The findings were also supported by the comparison of FT-IR spectra of neat resin with the chromium-adsorbed resin.     

Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions using cone biomass of Thuja orientalis

The biomass of terrestrial-plant materials has high removal capacities for a number of heavy metal ions. The Ni(II) biosorption capacity of the cone biomass of Thuja orientalis was studied in the batch mode. The biosorption equilibrium level was determined as a function of contact time, pH, temperature, agitation speed at several initial metal ion and adsorbent concentrations. The removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions increased with adsorbent concentration, temperature and agitation speed of the solution were increased. The biosorption process was very fast; 90% of biosorption occurred within 3 min and equilibrium was reached at around 7 min. It is found that the biosorption of Ni(II) on the cone biomass was correlated well (R2 > 0.99) with the Langmuir equation as compared to Freundlich, BET Temkin and D-R isotherm equation under the concentration range studied. According to Langmuir isotherm, the monolayer saturation capacity (Q(o)) is 12.42 mg g(-1). The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were applied to test the experimental data for initial Ni(II) and cone biomass concentrations. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation of the used experimental data compared to the pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The activation energy of biosorption (E(a)) was determined as 36.85 kJ mol(-1) using the Arrhenius equation. This study indicated that the cone biomass of T. orientalis can be used as an effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent for the treatment of Ni(II) containing aqueous solutions.     

Biosorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by biomass of Agaricus bisporus

In this study, biosorption of Cr (VI) ion was investigated by using biomass of Agaricus bisporus (a species of mushroom) in a temperature and shaking speed controlled shaker. The effect of shaking speed, biomass concentration, initial metal ion concentration and initial pH on biosorption yield was determined and the fitness of biosorption data for Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models was investigated. Optimum biosorption conditions were found to be pH 1, C0=50 mg/l, m=10 g/l, shaking speed=150 rpm, T=20 degrees C Cr (VI), respectively. It was found that biosorption of Cr (VI) ions onto biomass of A. bisporus was better suitable to Freundlich adsorption model than Langmuir adsorption model. The correlation coefficients for the second-order kinetic model obtained were found to be 0.999 for all concentrations. These indicate that the biosorption system studied belongs to the second-order kinetic model.     

Investigation of nickel(II) biosorption on Enteromorpha prolifera: optimization using response surface analysis

In this study, the biosorption of nickel(II) ions on Enteromorpha prolifera, a green algae, was investigated in a batch system. The single and combined effects of operating parameters such as initial pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration and biosorbent concentration on the biosorption of nickel(II) ions on E. prolifera were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum biosorption conditions were determined as initial pH 4.3, temperature 27 degrees C, biosorbent concentration 1.2 g/L and initial nickel(II) ion concentration 100 mg/L. At optimum biosorption conditions, the biosorption capacity of E. prolifera for nickel(II) ions was found to be 36.8 mg/g after 120 min biosorption. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data and defined very well both isotherm models. The monolayer coverage capacity of E. prolifera for nickel(II) ions was found as 65.7 mg/g. In order to examine the rate limiting step of nickel(II) biosorption, such as the mass transfer and chemical reaction kinetics, the intraparticle diffusion model, external diffusion model and the pseudo second order kinetic model were tested with the experimental data. It was found that for both contributes to the actual biosorption process. The pseudo second order kinetic model described the nickel(II) biosorption process with a good fitting.     

Equilibrium and kinetic modelling of cadmium(II) biosorption by nonliving algal biomass Oedogonium sp. from aqueous phase

The biosorption of cadmium(II) ions on Oedogonium sp. is studied in a batch system with respect to initial pH, algal dose, contact time and the temperature. The algal biomass exhibited the highest cadmium(II) uptake capacity at 25 degrees C, at the initial pH value of 5.0 in 55 min and at the initial cadmium(II) ion concentration of 200 mg L(-1). Biosorption capacity decreased from 88.9 to 80.4 mg g(-1) with an increase in temperature from 25 to 45 degrees C at this initial cadmium(II) concentration. Uptake kinetics follows the pseudo-second-order model and equilibrium is well described by Langmuir isotherm. Isotherms have been used to determine thermodynamic parameters of the process, viz., free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change. FTIR analysis of algal biomass revealed the presence of amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, which are responsible for biosorption of metal ions. Acid pretreatments did not substantially increase metal sorption capacity but alkali like NaOH pretreatment slightly enhanced the metal removal ability of the biomass. During repeated sorption/desorption cycles at the end of fifth cycle, Cd(II) sorption decreased by 18%, with 15-20% loss of biomass. Nevertheless, Oedogonium sp. appears to be a good sorbent for removing metal Cd(II) from aqueous phase.     

Biosorption of copper(II) by nonliving lichen biomass of Cladonia rangiformis hoffm

Biosorption of heavy metals can be an effective process for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. In this study, the adsorption properties of lichen biomass of Cladonia rangiformis hoffm. for copper(II) were investigated by using batch adsorption techniques. The effects of initial metal ion concentration, initial pH, biosorbent concentration, stirring speed and contact time on biosorption efficiency were studied. In the experiments the optimum pH value was found out 5.0 which was the native pH value of solution. The experimental adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption model. The highest metal uptake was calculated from Langmuir isotherm and found to be 7.6923 mg Cu(II)/g inactivated lichen at 15 degrees C. The results indicated that the biomass of C. rangiformis is a suitable biosorbent for removing Cu(II) from aqueous solutions.     

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the biosorption of Cr(VI) by Pinus sylvestris Linn

Biosorption equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of chromium(VI) ions onto cone biomass were studied in a batch system with respect to temperature and initial metal ion concentration. The biosorption efficiency of chromium ions to the cone biomass decreased as the initial concentration of metal ions was increased. But cone biomass of Pinus sylvestris Linn. exhibited the highest Cr(VI) uptake capacity at 45 degrees C. The biosorption efficiency increased from 67% to 84% with an increase in temperature from 25 to 45 degrees C at an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 300 mg/L. The Langmuir isotherm model was applied to experimental equilibrium data of Cr(VI) biosorption depending on temperature. According to Langmuir isotherm, the monolayer saturation capacity (Q(max)) is 238.10 mg/g. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied to test the experimental data for initial Cr(VI). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation of the used experimental data compared to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The activation energy of biosorption (E(a)) was determined as 41.74 kJ/mol using the Arrhenius equation. Using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficients obtained at different temperatures, the thermodynamic constants of biosorption (DeltaG(0), DeltaH(0) and DeltaS(0)) were also evaluated.     

Synthesis of sol-gel silica chemically bonded with cyanex 272 for the removal of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)

This article reported on the synthesis of SSCBB, a new solid-phase, sol-gel silica chemically bonded with [bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate], (BTMPP, anion of Cyanex 272) prepared with a sol-gel method, and its application as a reusable solid-phase sorbent for the selective removal of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). The synthesized SSCBB was characterized by FTIR, EDX, SEM, BET, TGA, and DSC. To evaluate its extraction performance, various parameters such as equilibration time, pH of the aqueous phase, solid to liquid ratio, initial copper ion concentration and reusability of SSCBB were studied. Equilibrium time was found to be 60 min for all metals and almost 100% extraction occurred at a pH of 4.0, 6.0, and 8.8 for Zn(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) extraction, respectively. The maximum extraction capacity was found to be 0.2 mmol of Cu(II) per gram of SSCBB. Moreover, it was also regenerated and reused for subsequent recovery in ten cycles. The uptake performance of regenerated SSCBB after ten regeneration cycles was found to be the same as the freshly prepared SSCBB. Finally, based on the results, a proposed flow sheet for the removal of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) was provided.     

Identification and characterization of Leucobacter sp. N-4 for Ni (II) biosorption by response surface methodology

In the present study, batch experiments were carried out to characterize and optimize the removal process of Ni (II) by a nickel tolerant strain Leucobacter sp. N-4, which was isolated from the soil samples. The effects of operating parameters with respect to initial solution pH (3.0-6.5), initial nickel concentration (50-100mg/L) and biomass dosage (1-10 g/L) on Ni (II) biosorption were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM). The maximal Ni (II) removal efficiency (nearly 99%) was achieved under the following conditions: pH 4.75, biomass dosage 5.38 g/L and initial Ni (II) concentration 53.6 mg/L. The adsorption-equilibrium data fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity of biomass obtained from Langmuir isotherm was about 19.6 mg/g. Infrared spectrometer (IR) results showed that chemical functional groups (e.g. -NH(2), -OH and COO-M) of the biomass should be the active binding sites for Ni (II) biosorption from aqueous solutions.