Optimum conditions for combined application of Leuconostoc sp. and Saccharomyces sp. to sourdough

Investigation of the optimum conditions for the combined application of Saccharomyces sp. (yeast) and Leuconostoc sp. (lactic acid bacteria, LAB) isolated in a previous study to the development of novel sourdough was carried out by response surface analysis. First, the cell growth conditions were analyzed. LAB showed good proliferation under conditions of 30–35°C, low pH, and high acidity, whereas the growth of yeast was inhibited. The growth of yeast was optimum at 25°C for 24 h. Based on these results, analysis of sourdough was carried out by varying the LAB population, temperature, and time after fixing the number of yeast. It was determined by response surface analysis that the optimal conditions for fermentation are LAB population of 10⁵ CFU/mL, temperature of 25°C, and reaction time of 24 h. From these results, the growth of LAB should be constantly maintained, and an appropriate pH that does not inhibit the growth of yeast due to the presence of generated organic acid is required to allow for the unique properties of sourdough. This study could give useful information for the development of novel sourdough.     

抗青霉芽孢杆菌优良菌株的分离、筛选及鉴定

为了获得一株对青霉有强烈拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌以应用于食品的防腐保鲜中,从木瓜、柑橘、葡萄、全麦面包、太子参、陈皮等食品及中草药共计30个样品中分离得到132株芽孢杆菌。通过平板对峙法,筛选出18株对青霉有较强拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌。对其中3株抑菌效果显著的芽孢杆菌利用杯碟法测定其发酵液的抑菌效果,最终筛选出一株芽孢杆菌LPL40,其发酵上清液对青霉的抑菌圈直径达到(13.94±1.90)mm。通过形态学、生理生化及16S rDNA鉴定,最终将该菌株命名为解淀粉芽孢杆菌LPL40(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LPL40)。     

鱼腥藻藻蓝蛋白的提取

以鱼腥藻 (Anabeana)为材料 ,利用超声波进行细胞破壁 ,采用正交试验 ,从中选出最优工艺条件 ,即原料重 (鲜重 ) 8倍体积的磷酸缓冲液 ,超声波功率 6 0 0W ,作用 9min后 ,静止 30min ,藻蓝蛋白释放完全 ,饱和度为 4 0 %的硫酸铵使藻蓝蛋白盐析的效果较好 ,紫外可见光谱、荧光光谱等测定表明 ,所提藻蓝蛋白分别在 6 5 1 6nm和 6 96 6nm处有明显特征吸收峰。     

Characterization of plasmids from Listeria sp

Out of 139 isolates of Listeria sp. (mainly L. monocytogenes) 107 (78%) contained extrachromosomal DNA. Plasmids from 51 of these isolates were investigated further and covered a range of 8 different-sized molecules as shown by agarose gel electrophoresis. Only one of the 107 isolates contained more than one plasmid. With the exception of one plasmid from an isolate of L. seeligeri, restriction analysis and hybridization experiments showed a high degree of homology between the different plasmids.     

源于类芽胞杆菌的低聚糖脱支酶底物特异性及其应用研究

脱支酶是淀粉深加工产业的常用酶制剂,然而传统脱支酶难以完全满足淀粉糖绿色生产及副产物综合利用的需求,因此有必要挖掘适合的新型脱支酶。本研究筛选并构建来源于类芽胞杆菌STB16的低聚糖脱支酶基因（oga）的枯草芽孢杆菌表达系统,实现低聚糖脱支酶的异源表达,并探究重组酶的酶学性质和底物特异性。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵上清液的酶活力可达162.33 U/mL,重组酶的最适反应温度50℃、最适反应pH值6.0,且专一地作用于底物中聚合度为1的分支的α-1,6-糖苷键。相比于其它类型的脱支酶（底物转化率低于检出限）,重组低聚糖脱支酶对异麦芽糖、异麦芽三糖、潘糖等异麦芽低聚糖具有更彻底的水解能力,底物转化率达97.4%～100%,且产物为葡萄糖,因此更适合用于处理葡萄糖母液,可使一次母液、二次母液和色谱分离尾液中葡萄糖含量分别提升3.6%,12.7%和34.4%。相关研究结果可为新型脱支酶的开发和利用奠定理论基础,也为淀粉糖加工副产物的综合利用提供重要参考。     

仙人掌中总黄酮提取工艺的研究

采用醇提取法,研究仙人掌黄酮类化合物的提取工艺。通 过实验确定乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度和提取时间的最 佳参数,结果表明,最优提取条件为乙醇浓度75％、料液 比1:20、温度75℃、提取时间4h,并对最优条件下的提取 液进行回收率测定。     

吸附菌体的霉菌筛选试验

探索出一种新的吸附发酵液中菌体的方法。以曲霉菌作为试验菌株对异养小球藻发酵液进行吸附试验,通过霉菌筛选试验找出一株吸附效果良好的黑曲霉,并得出最佳的吸附条件为发酵液初始糖含量3.0 g/100 mL,小球藻初始质量浓度10.0 g/L,在此条件下接种后24～72 h霉菌的吸附能力最强,发酵液的质量浓度下降38.69%,吸光度值下降32.34%。通过酵母菌发酵液试验黑曲霉的吸附效果得到进一步验证。     

链霉菌产蓝色素的稳定性研究

对一种链霉菌产蓝色素的稳定性进行了研究。结果显示,该色素为水溶性,在中性及碱性条件下呈现鲜艳的蓝色;高于60℃时,色素稳定性较差,不宜用于高温处理的食品中;光照对色素稳定性影响较小,保存无需避光;Mg2+、Na+对色素基本无影响,Ca2+、Zn2+对色素影响较小,而Al3+、Fe3+等对色素影响较大;亚硫酸钠、过氧化氢及苯甲酸钠等对色素影响较小,而抗坏血酸对色素影响较大。     

Naßspänebunkerung in Spanplattenwerken

Technical development, environmental protection specifications and economic requirements have provided new aims for bin storage techniques in the particleboard industry. The trends towards larger units and round-bin storage batteries for wet-chip fractionation continues. Today large round-bins with good discharging accuracy and with devices which prevent the formation of chip bridges or domes are available. Discharge bin floors are economic in taking up container loads; they are particularly suited for the equipment of underground bins, flat bins and chip bulk dumps. The present state of art in these fields is described and illustrated with examples from the industry.     

破壁方法对红球菌11-3胞内几丁质脱乙酰酶释放的影响

红球菌11-3是一株高产几丁质脱乙酰酶(CDA)的菌株，几丁质在该酶的催化作用下可转化为壳聚糖，该酶在壳聚糖的生产中具有重要作用。红球菌11-3菌株所产CDA为胞内酶，成为催化反应的一大障碍。为了提高CDA的释放率，本研究首先利用不同的物理方法(反复冻融、超声、球磨、匀浆和液氮研磨)、化学方法(表面活性剂处理、氯仿处理)和生物学方法(溶菌酶处理)对红球菌11-3进行破壁处理，测定CDA酶活力和释放率，并通过扫描电子显微镜观察细胞形态变化。结果表明，不同方法的破壁效果存在很大差异，其中，液氮研磨法破壁效果最佳，菌体表面出现细密的孔洞，CDA释放率为45.13%，总酶活力损失率为2.03%；匀浆处理法次之，CDA释放率为16.00%，总酶活力损失率为9.18%。利用匀浆和液氮研磨联合处理红球菌11-3细胞，细胞表面产生更多、更大的孔洞，CDA释放率高达86.17%，总酶活力损失率为9.11%，上清液中CDA酶活力为480.2 U/mL，较液氮研磨法相比提高了1.48倍。结论:匀浆和液氮研磨联合处理可有效破坏红球菌11-3细胞壁，提高胞内CDA释放效率。本研究结果对红球菌11-3内CDA应用于壳聚糖的生产具有参考作用。     

产胞外多糖芽胞杆菌的发酵动力学研究

对芽胞杆菌胞外多糖发酵动力学进行了研究.基于Logistic和Luedeking-Piret方程,得到了描述芽胞杆菌发酵过程菌体生长、多糖形成、底物消耗的动力学数学模型和模型参数.模型反映了该菌株发酵过程的动力学特征,模型值与实验数据拟合良好,平均误差小于10%.     

Gene structure and regulation of alkane monooxygenases in propane-utilizing Mycobacterium sp. TY-6 and Pseudonocardia sp. TY-7

Mycobacterium sp. TY-6 and Pseudonocardia sp. TY-7 were isolated from soil samples as propane-utilizing bacteria and were found to be able to utilize various gaseous and liquid n-alkanes as carbon and energy sources. One gene cluster, M-prmABCD, and two gene clusters, P-prm1ABCD and P-prm2ABCD, were cloned from the genomes of Mycobacterium sp. TY-6 and Pseudonocardia sp. TY-7, respectively. These gene clusters are homologous to the gene cluster encoding the multicomponent propane monooxygenase (prmABCD) of Gordonia sp. TY-5. The expression of prm gene clusters in Mycobacterium sp. TY-6 and Pseudonocardia sp. TY-7 was shown to be induced by gaseous n-alkanes (C2-C4) except methane, suggesting that the products of these genes are involved in gaseous n-alkane oxidation. Homologous genes for an alkane hydroxylase system (alk system) involved in liquid n-alkane oxidation were also cloned from the genomic DNA of Mycobacterium sp. TY-6. The alk gene cluster was transcribed in response to liquid n-alkanes (C11-C15). These results indicate that Mycobacterium sp. TY-6 has two distinct gene clusters for multicomponent monooxygenases involved in alkane oxidation. Whole-cell reactions revealed that propane is oxidized to 1-propanol through terminal oxidation in Mycobacterium sp. TY-6 and that propane is oxidized to 1-propanol and 2-propanol through both terminal and subterminal oxidations in Pseudonocardia sp. TY-7. This study reveals the diversity of propane metabolism present in microorganisms.     

Hydrolysis of surimi wastewater for production of transglutaminase by Enterobacter sp. C2361 and Providencia sp. C1112

Surimi wastewater (SWW) is an industrial wastewater, released during the washing step of surimi preparation from minced fish, that causes environmental problem. In this study, SWW produced from ornate threadfin bream (Nemipterus hexodon) was hydrolysed and used to cultivate Enterobacter sp. C2361 and Providencia sp. C1112 for the production of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase, EC 2.3.2.13). The SWW was repeatedly used to wash the fish mince that gained a final protein content of 3.20% (w/v). The commercial protease, Delvolase was the most appropriate protease used to produce fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) from SWW. The FPH at 40% degree of hydrolysis was used instead of a peptone portion in the SPY medium (3.0% starch, 2.0% peptone, 0.2% yeast extract, 0.2% MgSO(4), 0.2% K(2)HPO(4) and 0.2% KH(2)HPO(4), pH 7.0) to cultivate the tested strains at 37°C, shaking speed at 150rpm. Providencia sp. C1112 produced higher MTGase activity (1.78±0.05U/ml) than Streptoverticillium mobaraense (1.61±0.02U/ml) at 18h of cultivation in FPH medium. On the other hand, the Enterobacter sp. C2361 produced lower MTGase activity (1.18±0.03U/ml).     

A_2菌产蛋白水解酶的分离纯化

利用A2菌种液态摇瓶发酵产蛋白水解酶,后采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤层析、DEAE离子交换层析对粗酶液进行分离纯化后,蛋白酶比活力达到521.47U/mL,纯化倍数是粗酶液的3.52倍,回收率为8.71%。通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳得到单一条带,并测得其相对分子质量约为30kDa。     

甘蔗斑点象的发生与防治研究

本文介绍了甘蔗斑点象的发生和为害情况，形态特征，生活习性，发生规律，发生与生态条件的关系，提出了经济有效的防治办法。     

红曲霉中Monacolin K的应用研究

20世纪70年代从红曲霉培养液中分离出了一种能够抑制胆固醇合成的活性物质,命名为莫纳可林K(Monacolin K),由于其在保健作用和药用方面的潜在价值成为了国内外学者研究的热点。文中论述了红曲霉中Monacolin K的特点以及应用研究的进展。     

短杆菌属产胆固醇氧化酶的发酵条件优化

短杆菌属(Brevibacterium sp.)是胆固醇氧化酶高产菌,对其进行底物诱导及发酵条件的优化,其最适培养基为蔗糖0.3%,酵母膏0.2%,蛋白胨0.3%,牛肉膏0.3%,K2HPO4 0.1%,MgSO4 0.05%,pH6.8。最适培养条件为接种量5%,24℃培养20h,通气量为50mL培养基/250mL三角瓶,200r/min。结果表明,胆固醇氧化酶的酶活力可达到2439U/L,比未优化前195U/L提高了12倍。在pH6.5和温度54℃条件下测得酶米氏常数Km值为7.1×10-5 mol/L。     

气单胞菌属JH菌株脂肪酶酶学特性的研究

从JH菌体中提取脂肪酶,并在不同的反应条件下对其酶学性质进行研究。该脂肪酶最佳反应温度和缓冲液pH制分别为40℃和7．0。该酶具有较强的热稳定性和pH稳定性：经过30℃、40℃处理60rain仍然保持90％以上的酶活;用pH3．5～9缓冲液处珲该酶,仍然保持80％以上的酶活。Ca2＋、Mg2＋对该脂肪酶具有明显的激活作用,尤其是Mg2＋作用最为显著,与对照组相比提高了38．8％,Zn2＋、Fe2＋对该脂肪酶有显著的抑制作用,Cu2＋对脂肪酶的影响不显著。用双倒数法作图得到Vmax=2．13×10^-2mol／L,Km=0．639（mmol／mL）min-1。表面活性剂吐温-80对脂肪酶有促进作用。该菌株产生的脂肪酶町以往温和的反应条件下作用。     

Spoilage of vacuum-packed beef by a clostridium sp

An unusual spoilage condition of chill-stored normal pH vacuum-packed beef characterised by gross distension (blowing) of the packs and off-odours perceived on initial opening of the packs as ‘sulphurous’ and subsequently as ‘fruity’, ‘solvent-like’ and ‘strong cheese’ has been chemically defined. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide were the major components of the headspace gases. Other components included hydrogen sulphide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl di- and trisulphides, methylthioacetate, l-butanol, acetic and butanoic acids, and l-butyl esters of a range of C_1-C₆ fatty acids. Published sensory data are consistent with components of this mixture being responsible for the off-odours detected. When grown in pure culture on beef under identical storage conditions, a Clostridium sp isolated from one of the blown packs produced the same chemical and sensory spoilage characteristics.