中压配电线通信系统脉冲噪声处理的阈值优化算法

OFDM用于实现高速电力线通信越来越受关注。脉冲噪声是电力线信道的主要干扰之一。该文在消隐非线性输出SNR分析的基础上,提出了OFDM系统脉冲噪声处理的阈值优化算法。仿真结果显示,如果OFDM系统的子载波数足够大,则实际系统输出SNR与理论表达式可以很好吻合。对于给定的脉冲指数,存在一个最低最优阈值;不同的脉冲指数A,其最低最优阈值不同,A越小,最低最优阈值反而越大;消隐器输出SNR及其性能增益是信号脉冲噪声比(SINR)的函数：在低SINR和高SINR下,输出SNR呈线性变化,性能增益分别趋近于定值;在中间SINR下,消隐器输出SNR及其性能增益是SINR的非线性函数。本消隐非线性阈值的优化算法可以改进脉冲噪声检测算法的性能,进而大大改善OFDM系统在中压配电线脉冲噪声环境中的总体性能。     

一种改进的电力线通信系统脉冲噪声抑制方法

为了抑制脉冲噪声对电力线正交频分复用（OFDM）通信系统的影响,最常用的方法之一是在接收端OFDM解调器之前前置一个置零非线性单元,即传统置零法。然而,由于引入了非线性失真,其性能并不理想。针对传统置零法引起的非线性失真问题,提出了一种基于迭代消除非线性失真的改进置零法。首先,对接收到的时域OFDM信号进行脉冲噪声检测和置零处理;然后,在频域利用已检测的符号来重构时域置零处理引入的非线性失真,并通过迭代提高重构的准确性;最后,从频域接收信号中减去重构的非线性失真。仿真结果表明,所提改进算法与传统置零法相比,有非常大的性能提升,增强了电力线OFDM通信系统对脉冲噪声的抵抗能力。     

Analysis and comparison of several simple impulsive noise mitigation schemes for OFDM receivers

In this paper, we analyze and compare the performance of OFDM receivers with blanking, clipping and combined blanking-clipping nonlinear preprocessors in the presence of impulsive noise. Closed-form analytical expressions for the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of three types of nonlinearity are derived. Simulation results are provided that show good agreement with theory.     

Symbol error rate performance of nonlinear OFDM receiver with peak value threshold over frequency selective fading channel

Nonlinear blanking and clipping methods are widely used in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) receiver to mitigate impulse interference. To quantitatively analyze the reliability performance of nonlinear OFDM receivers with pulse blanking and clipping based on peak value threshold, the symbol error rate (SER) performance of nonlinear OFDM receiver over frequency selective Rayleigh and Ricean fading channels is presented. Firstly, the analytical expressions of instantaneous output signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) for nonlinear OFDM receivers with regular method, peak value blanking and peak value clipping are derived. Then, the SER performance of nonlinear OFDM receiver over frequency selective Rayleigh and Ricean fading channels is given based on the SINR expressions. Finally, simulation results are demonstrated to show good agreement with theoretical results. It has been observed that the peak value blanking method has achieved the best SER performance, and the inter-carrier interference based on the peak value blanking and peak value clipping will lead to error floor.     

A dual protection scheme for impulsive noise suppression in OFDM systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be susceptible to impulsive noise arising from numerous sources in a noisy communications environment. Conventional Reed–Solomon (RS) codes are particularly useful for burst-error corrections and have been employed in OFDM systems to manage impulsive noise. The performance gains, however, have been somewhat limited given the sensitivity to other noise types typically present in a noisy channel. In this regard, a novel scheme utilizing a time-domain pre-processing mean filter in combination with RS coding is proposed for impulsive noise suppression in OFDM systems. This scheme is split into two stages. In the first stage, a proposed mean filter effectively detects and removes the impulsive noise using the measured statistics of the impulsive noise. In contrast to a conventional blanking type filter, the traditional mean replacement value is replaced by a composite comparison value (CCV). This principle creates a more accurate estimate of the original OFDM signal after impulsive noise removal. The residual impulsive noise is then managed by a RS decoder in the second stage. Our results show that this dual faceted approach improves OFDM performance when compared to filtering and coding techniques alone.     

Impulsive noise estimation and suppression in OFDM systems over in‐home power line channels

This paper proposes a new adaptive iterative method to impulsive noise mitigation in OFDM systems over in‐home power line channels. The performance of impulsive noise mitigation methods based on OFDM decreases when the impulsive noise energy is higher than a certain threshold. To compensate for the limitations of these systems and to be able to adopt it for all sub‐carriers, here, the 64‐QAM constellation is applied together with Alamouti space time coding to transmit, MIMO In‐home power line channel and zero‐forcing estimate (ZFE) with continuous loop impulsive noise detection and mitigation together with maximum‐likelihood detection (MLD) are adopted to receive. At the receiver, after ZFE, impulsive noise detection algorithm based on adaptive threshold for estimating the impulsive noise, determines the locations and amplitudes of the impulsive noises. The effect of impulsive noise on the noise symbols using the mask based on the soft decision method is reduced. Later, using MLD, the original signal is estimated. The algorithm is simulated and analyzed, and its performance is compared to other methods. The results show the superiority and robustness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

OFDM performance in amplifier nonlinearity

The activities of the current European RACE and ACTS projects have led to an increasing interest in OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) as a means of combating impulsive noise and multipath effects and making fuller use of the available bandwidth of the system. This paper analyses the performance of OFDM signals in amplifier nonlinearity. In particular, bit error rate (BER) degradation as a result of amplitude limiting or clipping are analysed. In the presence of both nonlinear distortion and additive Gaussian noise, optimized output power back off is provided to balance the requirements of minimum BER and power amplifier efficiency. For this purpose, an OFDM system has been built using the SPW (Signal Processing Worksystem) simulator     

Performance analysis of QAM systems under class A impulsive noiseenvironment

This paper describes the performance of QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) systems under impulsive noise environment. In the analysis, we employ, as a model of the impulsive noise, Middleton's (1977) model labeled class A. First, the statistical characteristics of the in-phase and quadrature components of the impulsive noise are investigated, and it is proved that, in contrast to Gaussian noise, these components are dependent especially for the impulsive noise with small impulsive indices. Next, with consideration of the dependence between the in-phase and quadrature components of the noise, the performance of QAM systems with the conventional receiver designed for Gaussian noise is analyzed. The numerical results show that the performance is much worse than that achieved under Gaussian noise. Moreover, we show the design of the maximum likelihood receiver for class A impulsive noise and the great performance improvement by this receiver is confirmed     

Spread-spectrum multiple-access performance of orthogonal codes:impulsive noise

A direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access (SSMA) communication system that assigned a set of M-orthogonal sequences to each user is analyzed. An accurate model is incorporated for the impulsive noise that characterizes the LF and MF bands, so that the SSMA receiver operates in a combination of multiple-access interference and impulsive (atmospheric) noise. The performance of a linear receiver operating in such an environment is analyzed, and probability-of-error curves are presented. The presence of impulsive noise motivates the derivation and analysis of a nonlinear receiver that use a variable-gain stage to suppress noise impulses. This receiver is effectively optimum when the signal amplitudes are below a certain bound and when the noise and interference samples are independent, or nearly so. However, the gain stage of this nearly optimum receiver depends on the noise model parameters including the various user delays. Consequently, a nonparametric receiver that incorporates a simple clipper is also analyzed. The asymptotic relative efficiency of both receivers is determined     

Deep Learning for OFDM Channel Estimation in Impulsive Noise Environments

Impulsive noise suppression is essential in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, since impulsive noise may cause a serious decline in channel estimation performance. To solve this problem, a channel estimator based on denoising autoencoder-deep neural network (DAE-DNN) is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is based on a data-driven deep learning framework. Firstly, DAE preprocesses signals to learn damaged data and recover the complete signal are used in the presence of impulsive noise. Then, the transmitted data processed by DAE are used to train the DNN in the offline training process. Finally, the estimated channel state information (CSI) is offered by the proposed DNN model in the online working process. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method improves OFDM channel estimation performance significantly. As expected, the proposed method has a better performance than existing ones, such as least squares, minimum mean square error and orthogonal matching pursuit algorithms. Moreover, the proposed method is robust under impulsive noise environments.

     

联合小波变换与残留干扰白化的测距仪脉冲干扰抑制方法

针对测距仪（DME）脉冲信号对L频段数字航空通信系统1(L-DACS1) 接收机产生干扰的问题,提出一种联合小波变换与残留干扰白化的测距仪脉冲干扰抑制方法。首先通过小波变换将正交频分复用(OFDM)接收机接收的信号转换到小波域;然后利用有用信号与干扰信号小波系数的差别提取DME信号小波系数,重构DME信号,并在时域进行脉冲干扰消除;最后,接收机通过信号解交织器与逆正交变换器将残留的脉冲干扰转换为白噪声,避免了残留干扰信号造成的突发性解调错误。仿真结果显示:所提出的联合干扰抑制方法可有效消除DME信号干扰,在相同误比特率（10-2）条件下,本文方法较常规脉冲熄灭方法可获得5dB以上的性能改善,提高了L-DACS1系统链路传输的可靠性。      

短波宽带OFDM的相对门限干扰消除器

短波宽带OFDM系统极容易受到拥挤频段上的窄带干扰,低信噪比工作条件下可能带来性能的急剧恶化。该文在Nilsson的宽带OFDM系统基础上设计了一种适合短波多径信道的相对门限干扰消除器。分析了低信噪比下相对门限的选取和噪声功率的估计问题,并对信道补偿做了改进,以减小噪声干扰。理论分析和仿真表明,低信噪比下,这种门限干扰消除器可以使系统在有干扰的条件下性能接近于理想干扰消除器的性能。     

SNR estimation algorithm based on the preamble for OFDM systems in frequency selective channels

We propose a new SNR estimation method based on the preamble for OFDM systems in frequency selective channels. The OFDM training symbols in the preamble are equalized by the known data in frequency domain and employed to estimate the noise variance. The second order moments of the received symbols are used to estimate the signal plus noise power in the OFDM packets. The SNRs on the subchannels and the average SNR of the packets can all be estimated. Simulation results show that the proposed method is robust to frequency selectivity in wireless channels, and its performance is considerably improved compared with the available methods.     

Analysis of Performance of BPSK in an Additive Combination of Impulsive and Gaussian Noise

We analyze the bit error rate (BER) performance ofa correlation receiver subject to impulsive plusGaussian noisewith coherent binary phase-shift keying (BPSK). The impulsive component of the noise is assumed to be due torandom occurrences of impulses following a Poisson arrival process.Using the moments of theimpulsive component, aseries expression for the BERis derived by a Taylor's series approach. From this expression, approximate formulae for extreme valuesof signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and impulse arrival rate (IAR)are obtained. Numerical results show thatwhen the square root raisedcosine pulse is used, (1) the BER performance improves with increaseof the rolloff factor, but the improvement becomes more significantwith decrease of the Gaussian-to-total noise ratioor increase of the IAR,(2) as the rolloff factor increases, a decrease of the IARdegrades the BER performance for low SNRs, but improves it for high SNRs.     

Robust and Efficient OFDM Synchronization for FPGA-Based Radios

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular modulation technique that can combat impulsive noise, is robust to multipath fading, is spectrally efficient, and can allow flexible allocation of spectrum. It has become a key standard in cognitive radio systems as well as an enabling technology for mobile data access systems. An OFDM receiver’s performance is heavily impacted by the accuracy of its symbol timing offset (STO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation. This paper proposes a novel OFDM synchronization method that combines robust performance with computational efficiency. FPGA prototyping is used to explore the trade-off between the number of computations to be performed and computation word length with respect to both synchronization performance and power consumption. Through simulation, the proposed method is shown to provide accurate fractional CFO estimation as well as STO estimation in a range of channels. In particular, it can yield excellent synchronization performance in the face of a CFO that is larger than many state-of-the-art synchronization implementations can handle. The system implementation demonstrates efficient resource usage and reduced power consumption compared with existing methods, and this is explored as a fine-grained trade-off between performance and power consumption. The result is a robust method suitable for use in low-power radios, enabling less precise analog front ends to be used.     

Assessment of the DC Bias to Mitigate the Clipping Noise in DCO-OFDM,ACO-OFDM; and Non-linear Distortion of DFB Laser Transmitted through Dispersive Single Mode Fibers in IM/DD Systems

An analytical investigation on the impact of the DC bias on the clipping noise and the laser non-linearity in Asymmetrically Clipped Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) and Direct Current—Biased Optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) is performed. Clipping noise in the OFDM system is introduced either by transmitter non-linearity or due to the low power sensitivity of the receiver. However the clipping noise in the DCO-OFDM is also dependent upon the DC bias applied to make the bipolar OFDM signal unipolar. The addition of this extra DC bias increases the average signal power of the DCO-OFDM signal. The non-linearity of the DFB laser increases with the optical modulation index, which gives rise to intermodulation and harmonic distortions at the receiver. The OFDM signal when transmitted through the Single Mode Fiber (SMF) suffers from group—velocity dispersion (GVD) which limits its performance in the Passive Optical Networks (PON). In this paper, an assessment of the DC bias to reduce the clipping noise in the two systems under consideration is performed. A practical laser model is considered and analysis is performed to estimate the average laser drive power to maintain its non-linearities within a tolerable region for both the OFDM systems. A simulation is performed to transmit 5 and 8 Gb/s (ACO and DCO) OFDM signal over 120 km SMF where the effect of GVD is taken into consideration. An optimum OFDM drive signal power is calculated to maintain the laser transmitter in its linear region such that the effect of second order harmonic distortions (HD2) and third order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) is low. The SNR requirement of DCO-OFDM being higher than the ACO-OFDM leads to more clipping noise, HD2 and IMD3.     

Iterative estimation and cancellation of clipping noise for OFDM signals

Clipping is an efficient and simple method to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. However, clipping causes distortion and out-of-band radiation. In this letter, a novel iterative receiver is proposed to estimate and cancel the distortion caused by clipping noise. The proposed method is applied to clipped and filtered OFDM signals. It is shown by simulation that for an IEEE 802.11a typical scenario the system performance can be restored to within 1 dB of the nonclipped case with only moderate complexity increase and with no bandwidth expansion.     

OFDM系统降低峰均功率比的主要技术及其比较

正交频分复用（OFDM）技术在无线移动通信系统中具有抗多路径衰落和频带间干扰等优点。然而,其主要瓶颈在于OFDM信号的峰均功率比（PAPR）很大,因而容易导致OFDM信号的交调失真和系统性能的下降。阐述了降低OFDM系统峰均比的三类技术：预畸变技术、编码类技术、概率类技术,并对其性能做了比较。     

DFT扩展OFDM系统中降低信号峰均比的频域成型方法

OFDM(正交频分复用)技术的主要缺点之一是其发送信号具有较高的峰均比。DFT(离散傅里叶变换)扩展OFDM系统的发送方案可以有效降低信号的峰均比。在该系统中,频域成型方法不仅对系统有无码间干扰的特性和抗噪声性能有重要影响,而且对发送信号的峰均比也有重要影响。文中首先在加性高斯白噪声信道下推导了无码间干扰和接收机最大输出信噪比条件下发送频域成型函数及接收频域成型函数所要满足的条件,然后根据该条件设计了几种频域成型方法。仿真结果表明,频域成型方法能进一步有效降低发送信号的峰均比。     

Experiments on MIMO-OFDM system combined with adaptive beamforming based on IEEE 802.16e WMAN standard

This paper presents field experiments on a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) system that combines Adaptive Beamforming (ABF) and Spatial Multiplexing (SM) procedures. The combination of SM signal processing with ABF is applied to WiBro, the South Korean Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system that follows the IEEE 802.16e standard. The field experimental results show that ABF-MIMO OFDM system outperforms a simple MIMO OFDM system by 2 dB (1.5 dB) in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) for 16-QAM (64-QAM) under low correlated fading channel and 4 dB (2.5 dB) in the SNR for 16-QAM (64-QAM) under highly correlated fading channel, respectively, at the frame error rate (FER) of 1%. Details on the implementation of ABF-MIMO OFDM system is also presented in this paper. Through the system implementation and its field experimental results, we verify that the combination of MIMO OFDM system with ABF provides improved performance over a simple MIMO OFDM system in real propagation channel environment and, in particular, it is more effective in highly correlated fading channel.