文摘

石油系新型炭材料的研发现状和发展趋势；高碳树脂芳基乙炔聚合物炭化过程研究；热固性树脂的高压浸渍试验；负载金属对复合炭极板电极的电化学性能研究；碳纤维复合材料补强混凝土界面温度应力分析；聚碳硅烷先驱体转化法制备SiC涂层研究；用煤灰作助滤剂测沥青的喹啉不溶分的研究；纳米碳纤维的批量制备和应用；敞开式阳极焙烧炉发展方向展望。     

201O年度用于涂料油墨及相关产品的有机颜料（专利部分续）

披露了提供具有能产生良好导电率能力的乙炔黑之制造方法。用此乙炔黑可用于涂料、非水二级蓄电池电极和树脂，橡胶组成中。此乙决黑具有的特征值经布鲁厄一埃米特一特勒的日本工业标准测定为：比表面积30-90m2／g，苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）吸收量为50-120V100g及pH在9或更大。非水二级蓄电澉电极和树脂像胶组成用此乙炔黑作导电剂，     

电沉积Ni-S、Ni-P-S合金析氢阴极的研究

在电沉积法制备Ni-S合金电极的基础上,向镀液中添加次亚磷酸钠制备了Ni-P-S合金电极。电化学测试结果表明,Ni-P-S和Ni-S合金电极的催化性能都要好于其它电极,Ni-P-S合金电极的性能随着次亚磷酸钠质量浓度的升高而降低。计算了电极的电极反应动力学参数(包括Tafel斜率b、交换电流密度0ρ和过电位η),解释了Ni-P-S合金电极和Ni-S合金电极在不同电流密度区活性不同的原因。恒电流电解表明,Ni-P-S合金电极具有较高的稳定性。电极的微观形貌用SEM进行表征,成份用能谱进行分析,通过X射线衍射分析电极的晶型结构。     

聚乙烯滚塑工艺及设备

详细叙述了聚乙烯滚型工艺原理和ＲＳ－１６型滚塑机结构特点,讨论了滚型工艺对聚乙烯树脂特性的要求和聚乙类滚型工艺参数对制品性能的影响,提出滚型用的聚乙烯树脂必须符合下列条件,熔体流动速率在４－６ｇ／１０ｍｉｎ,密度国０．９２～０．９４ｇ／ｃｍ＾３,平均粒径５００μｍ树脂颗粒形状为圆柱体。     

炭黑

炭黑,质轻而极细的无定形炭粉末。是由有机物质经不完全燃烧或经热分解而成的不纯产品,色黑,密度 １．８－２．１g· cm-3。不溶于各种溶剂。炭黑种类很多,根据所用原料的不同,由天然气制成的气黑、由乙炔制成的乙炔黑、由油类（重油,燃料油等）制成的灯（烟炭）黑、由煤焦油产品（萘或蒽）和天然气或煤气制成的混气炭黑等。根据所用制法的不同,有用槽法制成的槽黑、用炉法制成的炉黑和用滚筒法制成的滚筒（炭）黑等。根据产品的性能,有补强性能高的高补强炭黑、补强性能只有高补强炭黑一半的半补强炭黑、耐磨性能特别好的高耐磨炭…     

介孔炭修饰玻碳电极的制备及其分析特性研究

利用硼氢化钠的还原性从氯铂酸钾溶液中还原出了纳米铂,然后利用介孔炭的吸附性制备了介孔炭/纳米铂离子复合电极材料,用该复合材料制备了介孔炭/铂纳米粒子复合修饰电极。经过实验研究发现,介孔炭/铂纳米粒子复合修饰电极对过氧化氢有电催化作用,过氧化氢在该修饰玻碳电极上可产生较大的还原峰电流,表明介孔炭/铂纳米粒子对过氧化氢有很好的催化性能,据此建立了过氧化氢的电化学分析方法。     

交流阻抗法对树脂炭化产物电化学性能测试

以五种在结构和元素组成上都各具特色的有机高分子树脂为原料，制备出了树脂炭化产物，然后用交流阻抗法系统地测试分析了这些树脂炭化产物的界面反应电阻、等效电容、离子扩散系数和交换电流密度等基本电化学性能，从中得出了一些很有价值的信息。     

树脂类型对低密度炭/炭硬化保温材料性能的影响

本文研究了用酚醛树脂、环氧树脂和丙烯酸树脂三种树脂溶液作为浸渍剂,以针刺整体毡作为预制体,通过树脂浸渍、固化、炭化工艺硬化低密度炭/炭保温材料,并对制备的低密度炭/炭保温材料进行密度、导热系数、灰分、微观结构以及表观质量进行了对比分析。结果表明:酚醛树脂作为浸渍剂硬化针刺整体毡坯体炭化后,硬化效果好,无异味,制备的低密度炭/炭保温材料密度、导热系数和灰分都偏低。环氧树脂制备的保温材料虽然硬化效果较好,但是,树脂有刺激性气味且造孔能力差,导致材料的密度、导热系数以及灰分较大,而丙烯酸树脂作为浸渍剂制备的保温材料硬化效果差且有异味,不利于低密度炭/炭保温材料的工业化应用。     

聚十二烷基三苯乙炔基硅烷树脂的合成与介电性能

以十二烷基三氯硅烷和苯乙炔为原料,通过格利雅反应制备了十二烷基三苯乙炔基硅烷(DTPES)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振波谱(~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR和~(29)Si-NMR)对DTPES单体结构进行了表征。借助示差扫描量热仪(DSC)确定了单体的固化工艺,并通过热聚合方法制备了聚十二烷基三苯乙炔基硅烷树脂(PDTPES),通过矢量网络分析仪和介电常数测试仪分析了树脂在不同频率下的介电性能。结果表明:树脂在不同频率下具有较低的介电常数和损耗角正切值,是一种新颖的透波材料用树脂基体。     

固相合成纳米炭球

首次用乙炔黑为碳源,利用高温炭化的方法制备出了纳米炭球,其直径为20～50 nm,并伴随有直径约为200～500 nm的炭空心球生成.结合SEM和XRD分析手段,研究了预处理时间、催化剂和降温速度对纳米炭球形成的影响.研究表明:用浓硫酸和浓硝酸(体积比3∶1)的混酸处理100 h的乙炔黑,在较快的降温速度下易生成分散较好的纳米炭球.     

电沉积制备Ni-P非晶态催化电极上的析氢反应

用直接电沉积法在室温下制备出不同磷含量的Ni-P合金电极,用恒电流极化法研究了电极在20℃的1 mol/L KOH溶液中作为析氢反应阴极的催化性能,并用XRD及SEM方法研究了Ni-P合金镀层的组织结构. 实验结果表明,磷含量为8.49 at%的Ni-P合金电极具有优良的催化性能,在150 mA/cm2的电流密度下,析氢反应过电位最低,约为95 mV, 比纯镍电极低342 mV, 低电流密度区的Tafel斜率为65.4 mV/dec, 表现出良好的析氢催化活性, 这种高催化活性与镀层磷含量及组织结构有关.     

Polyethylene glycol-modified poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cell

Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) counter electrodes, doped with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and acetylene black as binding and conductivity promoting agent, were prepared by a simple mixing method for dye-sensitized solar cell. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel polarization curves. Using PEG dopant, the electrocatalytic activity of PEDOT:PSS electrode was much improved, and further improved by adding a small amount of conducting acetylene black (0.2 wt%). The DSSC cells, using the PEDOT:PSS electrode with PEG (5 wt%) dopant and the composite electrode with PEG (5 wt%)/acetylene black, exhibited an energy conversion efficiency of 3.57 and 4.39 %, comparable with 4.50 % of the commonly used Pt electrode under the same experimental conditions. These results demonstrate that PEG-modified PEDOT:PSS counter electrode is promising to replace the expensive Pt for low cost DSSC, especially to meet the large-scale fabrication demands.     

Bifunctional electrodes for an integrated water-electrolysis and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with a solid polymer electrolyte

An alternative concept of an integrated water electrolysis/hydrogen-hydrogen fuel cell using metal electrocatalysts and a solid polymer electrolyte is described. Instead of operating both electrodes as hydrogen and oxygen electrodes respectively the electrodes are used as oxidation and reduction electrodes in both modes of operation. A more suitable selection of electrocatalysts and an improved cell design are possible; both can increase the efficiency of the cell considerably. New results on the electrocatalytic activity of various noble-metal containing catalysts with respect to both oxygen evolution and hydrogen oxidation in a proton exchange membrane-cell at 80°C are reported. Kinetic data derived from Tafel plots of the oxygen evolution polarization curves agree closely with those of experiments with aqueous sulphuric acid electrodes. This agreement allows the determination of kinetic parameters for electrocatalysts difficult to prepare in solid smooth electrodes but easy to be made into porous deposits. Polarization curves of the hydrogen oxidation reaction clearly indicate a relative activity rating of the studied catalysts. In cycling tests the lifetime stability of the new bifunctional oxidation electrode was determined. Polarization data obtained under these conditions agree with those obtained in earlier experiments where electrodes were exposed to only one type of oxidation reaction. During a test of 10 cycles (30 min of electrolyser and 30 min of fuel cell mode each) no changes in the electrode potential were observed. With the conventional cell design employing a hydrogen and an oxygen electrode both catalyzed with platinum and a current density of 100 mA cm^–2 a storage efficiency of 50% was calculated; with the alternative concept of oxidation and reduction electrodes and selected oxidation catalysts this was improved to 57%. With further improvements these efficiencies seem possible even at current densities of 500 mA cm^–2.     

高比表面活活性炭电级的电化学性能研究

选用比表面积为2590m^2/g的石油焦基活性炭作为双电层电容器的炭电极材料,用直流恒流循环实验考察双电层电容器在不同允放电条件下的电化学性能。实验发现,活性炭电极具有良好的循环充放电性能,充放电效率高达97％,远高于普通电池。不同充放电电流有不同的充放电容量,恒流1mA充放电容量大于2mA和5mA时的充放电容量。活性炭的比电容为60F／g,且电化学性能稳定,有良好的应用前景。     

Endeavor toward competitive electrochlorination by comparing the performance of easily affordable carbon electrodes with platinum

Kinetics of chloride ion oxidation was studied on graphite, glassy carbon (GC), and platinum electrodes. The performance of the electrodes was monitored using the cumulative productivity and current efficiency of the cell as indicators. It was seen that the performance of the working electrode improved with repeated uses, the current efficiency increased from 22% in the third use to about 46% in the tenth use. The study also revealed that the role of diffusion to the total anodic current was insignificant and chloride ions were transported at the electrode surface only by conduction. The hypochlorite production in case of platinum was about 3.66 times than that of graphite and GC with the current efficiency of 75% in contrast to 46% found in graphite and GC. But platinum undergoes passivation to a significant extent unlike the graphite and GC electrodes. Chronopotentiometry experiments confirmed the passivation process in platinum electrodes, showed a steep rise in potential from 1.2 to 2?V while the electrode potential was uniformly maintained at 1.7?V in carbon electrodes. The highest i_o, exchange current density value was observed at 0.45?mA/cm² in 0.5?M electrolyte, which is an indication of improved electrocatalytic activity with increased molar concentration. After continuous uses the corrosion rate studies revealed that platinum and GC electrodes were corrosion resistant whereas graphite underwent corrosion at the rate of 0.006?mm/h. The study dictated that carbon electrodes has great potential to be used as an alternatives to platinum electrodes, however, further investigations are required to assess its practical applicability in the public water supply system.     

电化学工作站在金属腐蚀实验教学中的应用

传统金属腐蚀实验中,采用失重法来计算材料平均腐蚀速度,难以评价特定介质中材料的真实腐蚀速度与耐腐蚀能力,学生对腐蚀的规律缺乏科学认知。将电化学工作站引入金属腐蚀实验教学中,使得学生掌握如何利用电化学工作站来精确研究金属的腐蚀速度与耐腐蚀能力,可克服上述弊病。采用三电极体系,研究材料制备成工作电极,铂电极为对电极,Ag/AgCl电极为参比电极,放入待测介质中,测量开路电位E-t曲线,获得腐蚀电位;然后在腐蚀电位下测定塔菲尔图,获得腐蚀电流密度;最后测定交流阻抗谱,获得低频率区实部值。比较与分析腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度与低频率区实部值,可以科学客观的评价材料耐腐蚀能力。既提高了实验效果,也提高了学生的学习兴趣。     

Some electrochemical studies of mercury-mercuric oxide electrode with an inner electrolyte of 33 wt-vol% sodium hydroxide

The mercury-mercuric oxide electrode with an inner electrolyte of 33 wt-vol % sodium hydroxide is constructed and electrochemically studied. Its open electrode potential is measured to be about 46 mV vs she with a stable and reproducible performance. The electrode reversibility is demonstrated by a polarization technique. The exchange current density of the electrode process is found to be about 0.3 mA cm^t-2. The Tafel slopes are close to the theoretical value of 118 mV.     

Electrical properties of carbons—resistance of powder materials

A significant property in the selection of materials for the manufacture of porous carbon electrodes is the electrical resistivity. The problem of determining this property in porous materials is scarcely treated in the literature. The authors studied a large number of Brazilian carbonaceous materials, having in view the construction of gas diffusion electrodes for fuel cells. An apparatus was designed, with the same idea of a sample cell under pressure, as the one by Brodd and Kosawa in 1978; the fundamental modifications introduced resulted in considerable improvement in precision. A detailed design of the apparatus and the electrical circuit used are presented. It is evident from the curves that carbons are ohmic resistors and that a strong dependence exists between resistivity and pressure, such that only at fixed and constant pressures a comparison of the resistivity values is meaningful.Gas diffusion electrodes were manufactured with a composite prepared from a paste of the carbonaceous material. An electrographite, a petroleum coke and an acetylene black exhibited excellent electrical properties as electrode materials.     

Silver-coated ion exchange membrane electrode applied to electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide

Silver-coated ion exchange membrane electrodes (solid polymer electrolyte, SPE) were prepared by electroless deposition of silver onto ion exchange membranes. The SPE electrodes were used for carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction with 0.2 M K₂SO₄ as the electrolyte with a platinum plate (Pt) for the counterelectrode. In an SPE electrode system prepared from a cation exchange membrane (CEM), the surface of the SPE was partly ruptured during CO₂ reduction, and the reaction was rapidly suppressed. SPE electrodes made of an anion exchange membrane (SPE/AEM) sustained reduction of CO₂ to CO for more than 2 h, whereas, the electrode potential shifted negatively during the electrolysis. The reaction is controlled by the diffusion of CO₂ through the metal layer of the SPE electrode at high current density. Ultrasonic radiation, applied to the preparation of SPE/AEM, was effective to improve the electrode properties, enhancing the electrolysis current of CO₂ reduction. Observation by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the electrode metal layer became more porous by the ultrasonic radiation treatment. The partial current density of CO₂ reduction by SPE/AEM amounted to 60 mA cm⁻², i.e. three times the upper limit of the conventional electrolysis by a plate electrode. Application of SPE device may contribute to an advancement of CO₂ fixation at ambient temperature and pressure.     

Direct methanol alkaline fuel cells with catalysed anion exchange membrane electrodes

Membrane electrodes prepared by chemical deposition of platinum directly onto the anion exchange membrane electrolyte were tested in direct methanol alkaline fuel cells. Data on the cell voltage against current density performance and anode potentials are reported. The relatively low fuel cell performance was probably due to the low active surface area of Pt deposits on the membrane comparing to other membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabrication methods. However, the catalysed membrane electrode showed good performance for oxygen reduction. A reduction in cell internal resistance was also obtained for the catalysed membrane electrode. By combining the catalysed membrane electrodes with a catalysed mesh, maximum current density of 98 mA cm^–2 and peak power density of 18 mW cm^–2 were achieved.