全面推广使用车用乙醇汽油对炼油企业汽油生产的影响

绿色发展是我国新时代建设的重要诉求,我国将在2020年全面推广使用车用乙醇汽油。本文应用ASPEN PIMS软件,选取两家汽油池结构不同的炼油企业开展乙醇汽油调合组分油生产测算分析。结果表明,全面生产乙醇组分油将给部分炼油企业的汽油总量、高标号比例、加工流程等方面带来不利影响;各炼油企业所受影响程度因汽油调合组分结构及性质而异。为确保乙醇汽油供应,炼油企业应提前做好推广应对工作、优化国Ⅵ组分油生产方案、合理配置烷基化油等生产资源。     

测定汽油中氧含量的方法比较及重要性分析

在成品油中氧含量是一个很重要的控制指标,氧含量测定值的高低将直接影响油品的质量。为使汽油燃烧完全,提高汽油的辛烷值降低挥发性,减少胶质的产生,以免堵塞活塞影响汽车性能和正常工作,油品生产厂家必须在汽油中加入醚类、醇类和其他含氧化合物来满足汽车适应性的要求。因此,运用何种测定方法来检测汽油中的氧含量就非常关键,继而来控制汽油中含氧化合物的含量。本文主要对氧含量的测定方法的比较、控制汽油中氧含量的重要性以及它的含量对汽车的影响做具体的分析。     

发展乙醇汽油对炼油企业的影响刍议

随着国家产业政策的调整,大力发展乙醇汽油是今后能源领域一个重要任务,乙醇汽油产业的发展势必会对传统炼油企业产生一定的影响。介绍了国内汽油产品现状及油品质量升级采取的办法,燃料乙醇的优点、生产及发展措施,分析了生产E10乙醇汽油对炼油企业汽油组分及柴汽比的影响,最后提出了推广使用车用乙醇汽油对炼油企业的影响及解决问题的措施。     

浅谈车用乙醇汽油中存在的问题

经抽样检验发现,车用乙醇汽油中存在的主要问题是：低标号汽油冒充高标号汽油;甲醇汽油冒充乙醇汽油;其他舍氧化合物含量超标。     

乙醇汽油的生产与蒸气压的控制

通过实验室研究确定了乙醇汽油基础油调合组分油的比例,针对组分油催化裂化汽油蒸气压较高,不能满足基础油质量指标要求的问题,采取提高催化裂化装置脱丁烷塔中段温度、降低操作压力、脱丁烷塔及稳定汽油切割塔塔底液面实行分控等措施,从而提高脱丁烷塔精馏效果,有效降低了组分油的蒸气压,所生产乙醇汽油质量合格,成功批量投放市场。     

乙醇汽油辛烷值的快速测定

车用乙醇汽油是由燃料乙醇与基础汽油以一定比例调合而成，调配时测定其辛烷值的频次较高。根据标准方法测定的辛烷值数据建立了乙醇汽油辛烷值预测模型，并对该模型进行了准确性和重现性验证。结果表明，该模型不仅可以代替标准方法，而且能显著节省分析时间和费用。     

乙醇汽油基础油选择的分析

介绍了乙醇汽油基础组分油的选择方法。通过对各组分油的性质及调合后基础油性质适宜性的综合分析、经济性比较,指出乙醇汽油的最佳调合组成及调合比例的确定方法。     

浅谈车用乙醇汽油调合和储存

简要介绍了车用乙醇汽油调合、储存以及通过工程实例说明如何确定车用乙醇汽油工艺采用双泵单鹤管双泵或多鹤管流程。     

浅谈车用乙醇汽油调合和储存

简要介绍了车用乙醇汽油调合、储存以及通过工程实例说明如何确定车用乙醇汽油工艺采用双泵单鹤管双泵或多鹤管流程。     

燃料乙醇生产过程中的质量改进

燃料乙醇是指向汽油或柴油中加入一定比例的无水乙醇.我国车用乙醇汽油是指在汽油组分油中按体积混合比加入10%的变性燃料乙醇后作为汽油车燃料用的汽油,是在不添加含氧化合物的液体烃中加入一定量变性燃料乙醇后用作点燃式内燃机的燃料,变性燃料乙醇加入量为10%,简称为E10,使用中用符号E10(90#)或E10(93#)来表示.以玉米为原料生产燃料乙醇是国家做出的一项重大战略决策.这一战略决策的实施具有十分重要的意义.     

非金属汽油辛烷值改进剂工业应用分析

针对FCC汽油降烯烃后辛烷值低影响企业高辛烷值汽油调和的问题,室内评价了不同FCC汽油馏分对WK-602型辛烷值改进剂的感受性及与其它调和组分的相互作用。结果表明WK-602可有效提高汽油辛烷值,基础汽油的辛烷值愈低作用效果愈明显,添加量每增加0.5%,RON值可提高0.7~1个单位,与其它高辛烷值组分/添加剂的互溶性好,无消极作用;工业放大应用显示WK-602与高辛烷值组分/添加剂混合分散均匀,调和生产的97#车用汽油指标满足质量标准要求。应用WK-602辛烷值改进剂调和生产93#、97#汽油产品的经济效益良好。     

沉积板法检测车用乙醇汽油清净性研究

车用乙醇汽油清净性的好坏直接影响汽车发动机的使用性能,加入清净剂可以改善和保持发动机的良好工况,减少油耗和尾气排放。采用模拟沉积物试验板法对车用乙醇汽油和加入清净剂的车用乙醇汽油进行检验,得出未加清净剂和加入清净剂的车用乙醇汽油的清净效果,可以评价车用乙醇汽油清净剂。实验结果表明,车用乙醇汽油清净剂能够很好地起到去除进气阀沉积物的作用,用加入实验助剂的方法,能够更加有效的评价车用乙醇汽油清净剂的使用效果。     

Fuel composition effects on transportation fuel cell reforming

This work examines the effect of various hydrocarbons on fuel processor light-off and reforming. Major hydrocarbon fuel constituents, such as aliphatic compounds, napthanes, and aromatics have been compared with the fuel processing performance of blended fuel components and reformulated gasoline to examine synergistic or detrimental effects the fuel components have in a real fuel blend.

Short chained aliphatic hydrocarbons tend to have favorable light-off and reforming characteristics for catalytic autothermal reforming compared with longer-chained and aromatic components. Oxygenated hydrocarbons have lower light-off requirements than do pure hydrocarbons. Gas phase oxidation favors higher cetane # fuels, which tend to be longer chained hydrocarbons. Energy consumption during the start-up process shows a large fuel effect. Methanol and dimethylether (DME) show lower start-up energy demands for the fuel processor start-up than do high temperature reforming hydrocarbon fuels such as methane, gasoline and ethanol. Aromatics and longer chained hydrocarbons show a higher tendency for carbon formation, increasing the amount of carbon formed during the light-off phase while the addition of oxygenates tends to lower the carbon formed during the start-up process.     

Gasoline upgrading by self-etherification with ethanol on modified beta-zeolite

This research studied the modification of beta-zeolite for self-etherification process of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline and ethanol. The catalytic activity of reducing olefins in FCC gasoline accompanied with higher ethanol substitution was evaluated; moreover, the influences of Si/Al ratio in beta zeolite and the addition of copper (Cu) or magnesium (Mg) in the beta zeolite on the reaction performance were also investigated. It was found that the beta zeolite with Si/Al ratio of 27 (beta₂₇) can enhance higher ethanol conversion than those of 42 and 77. In addition, the modification of beta₂₇ by Cu (Cu-beta₂₇) can further improve the ethanol conversion from 38.2% (beta₂₇) to 55.1%, and the olefin content reduction from 46.2% (beta₂₇) to 62.4%. The improvement of the catalytic activity also enhances the obtained gasoline properties i.e. lower blending Reid vapor pressure (bRvp) and higher research octane number (RON).     

车用汽油中苯胺类化合物的检测及来源分析

采用气相色谱-氮化学发光检测器(GC-NCD)方法测定了汽油调合组分和成品车用汽油中各种含氮化合物的分布和组成,对比分析了汽油中苯胺类化合物的来源。结果表明,正规车用汽油中的含氮物质均来自催化汽油组分,由原料性质、生产工艺等因素自然形成的,而且总氮含量较低,氮形态分布主要以苯胺、甲基苯胺等为主。与苯胺类物质作为汽油添加剂的加入量比较,提出了其判别检测限值的建议,为控制检测汽油质量提供依据。     

高辛烷值无铅汽油的调合

以华北油田第一炼油厂催化裂化汽油和直馏汽油为基础油,以甲基叔丁基醚、二号苯为调合组分,并使用甲基环戊二烯基三羰基锰抗爆剂,进行了９０＃、９３＃和９５＃无铅车用汽油的调合。通过对各种调合组分及调合比例的对比试验研究,分别确定了９０＃、９３＃和９５＃无铅汽油适宜的调合方案。全分析结果表明,产品完全符合ＳＨ００４１－９３行业标准。本研究结果可例华北石油管理局第一炼油厂汽油产品实现无铅化、系列化,显著提高     

Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine using ethanol and ethanol-reformed gas

Since ethanol is a renewable source of energy and has lower carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions than gasoline, ethanol produced from biomass is expected to be used more frequently as an alternative fuel. It is recognized that for spark ignition (SI) engines, ethanol has the advantages of high octane and high combustion speed and the disadvantage of ignition difficulties at low temperatures. An additional disadvantage is that ethanol may cause extra wear and corrosion of electric fuel pumps. On-board hydrogen production out of ethanol is an alternative plan.Ethanol has been used in Brazil as a passenger vehicle fuel since 1979, and more than six million vehicles on US highways are flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). These vehicles can operate on E85 - a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.This paper investigates the influence of ethanol fuel on SI engine performance, thermal efficiency and emissions. The combustion characteristics of hydrogen enriched gaseous fuel made from ethanol are also examined.Ethanol has excellent anti-knock qualities due to its high octane number and a high latent heat of evaporation, which makes the temperature of the intake manifold lower. In addition to the effect of latent heat of evaporation, the difference in combustion products compared with gasoline further decreases combustion temperature, thereby reducing cooling heat loss. Reductions in CO₂, nitrogen oxide (NOx), and total hydrocarbons (THC) combustion products for ethanol vs. gasoline are described.     

Addition of an azeotropic ETBE/ethanol mixture in eurosuper-type gasolines

This study proposes an azeotropic ETBE/ethanol mixture as a possible oxygenated additive for the formulation of eurosuper-type gasolines. Two eurosuper gasolines with different chemical compositions and well defined characteristics of density, volatility and octane numbers are used. Gasoline formulations containing azeotropic mixtures display an intermediary behavior between that of ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) and ethanol in gasoline blends. Formulations containing this additive offer advantages over ethanol (low volatility and low solubility in water) and ETBE (higher octane number and lower production cost). Gasolines with azeotropic additives show lower Reid vapor pressures (RVPs) than gasolines formulated with ethanol, and therefore low levels of volatile organic compounds, similarly to highly pure ETBE. The use of the azeotropic mixture containing ethanol (renewable, deriving from biomass) and ETBE (produced from ethanol and isobutene) in its formulation is environmentally attractive in industrialized countries due to the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.     

调和汽油的蒸发性能及其改善方法探讨

环保法规的日益严格对汽车尾气排放的要求也越来越高, 而汽车尾气排放与汽油的蒸气压和馏程分布密切相关。同时, 蒸气压和馏程分布还影响汽车的启动性能、加速性能以及气缸积炭等。文章简述了为满足环保要求和保证汽车驾驶性能, 汽油蒸气压和馏程分布应该达到的要求;介绍了几种能够改变汽油蒸气压和馏程分布的汽油改质方法, 以及目前组成商品汽油的各种调和组分, 比较了各种调和组分在蒸气压和馏程分布方面的性质特点, 及其对成品汽油蒸气压和馏程分布的影响。分析表明, 通过改变催化裂化汽油(FCC)过程工艺条件, 可改善FCC汽油蒸气压和馏程分布, 这是目前改善调和汽油蒸气压和馏程分布最为经济可行的方法;各调和组分中, 烷基化油在改善汽油蒸气压和馏程分布方面是最理想的调和组分。     

FCC汽油降烯烃工艺及催化剂研究进展

针对国VI汽油标准大幅度降烯烃的需要及乙醇汽油对有机含氧化合物含量的严格要求,从分子炼油角度出发,按照烯烃碳数C_4、C_5～C_6、C_5～C_8的顺序分别介绍并分析催化裂化(FCC)汽油降烯烃后处理技术,包括MTBE生产、烷基化、醚化、异构化/芳构化工艺发展状况、优缺点与应用局限。由于乙醇汽油的推广,MTBE生产技术与轻汽油醚化技术将面临停产的困境与改造的挑战,而烷基化、异构化/芳构化等生产高辛烷值汽油组分的技术是更具潜力的FCC汽油降烯烃技术,将得到大力发展。此外,总结常用工业催化剂及其改性研究,并简述存在问题与发展方向,提出汽油组分比例优化、MTBE装置改造等建议与展望,为FCC汽油降烯烃工艺技术路线选择提供借鉴。