碳氟表面活性剂合成与应用研究

系统归纳了碳氟表面活性剂主要合成方法——电解氟化法、调聚法和齐聚法,对比分析了各种合成方法的优缺点及用于合成碳氟表面活性剂的重要中间体,探讨了其分子结构对生态环境的影响及其发展趋势,具有低生物积累性和低生物毒性的短链碳氟表面活性剂将是未来研究重点。阐述了碳氟表面活性剂在石油、消防等领域的应用现状。根据表面活性剂清洗含油钻屑的作用原理,提出了利用碳氟表面活性剂改变钻屑表面润湿性来清洗细粒含油钻屑的新思路。     

碳氢/碳氟混杂型表面活性剂的研究进展

阐述了分子中同时含有一条碳氢链和一条碳氟链的碳氢/碳氟混杂型表面活性剂的基本概念,介绍了该类表面活性剂的发展历史、研究现状及典型分子的合成方法,归纳了其流变特性、聚集行为及其在乳化、生物医药等领域的实际应用,提出应从分子结构设计入手,有针对性地研发新一代碳氢/碳氟混杂型表面活性剂。     

氟表面活性剂

介绍了氟表面活性剂的主要物理化学性质及合成方法。     

表面活性剂复配规律——第五讲 碳氟表面活性剂与碳氢表面活性剂混合体系的特性

碳氟表面活性剂是各类表面活性剂中表面活性最高的一种。当疏水基碳链长度相同时，碳氟表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度比同类碳氢表面活性剂的低。尤其是在浓度很小时即可将水的表面张力降至极低值，例如15mN     

有机氟表面活性剂的性能,合成与应用

本文从氟的物理性质和氟表面活性剂的化学结构出发阐述了这种特殊表面活性剂的性质和近年的研究进展情况，并介绍了它们的一些特殊用途。     

氟表面活性剂的工业应用

介绍了氟表面活性剂的分类、结构及性质;主要综述了由于氟表面活性剂具有"三高"、"两憎"的独特性能,广泛应用于消防、皮革、石油、造纸、纺织印染及金属材料加工等工业领域,起到普通碳氢表面活性剂所不能的作用;指出了根据应用领域的不同,应从分子结构设计入手,有针对性地、有目的地研发氟表面活性剂新品种新工艺,拓展应用领域,注重氟表面活性剂与普通表面活性剂的复配研究。     

高分子表面活性剂的发展及应用现状

综述了现阶段高分子表面活性剂的类别及特性，高分子表面活性剂的合成及应用。主要介绍了有机硅、氟烃高分子表面活性剂的发展情况以及高分子表面活性剂在石油工业中的应用。     

含氟表面活性剂在纺织行业中的现状及发展前景

介绍了含氟表面活性剂的性能特点,叙述了国内外合氟表面活性剂在纺织行业的研究进展,展望了含氟表面活性剂在纺织行业中的应用和发展前景.对含氟表面活性剂中碳氟链进行化学修饰,并使其具有更多特殊功能;在有机氟结构中引入硅基团或者醚键,使碳氟链具有更好的柔顺性,可以制成含氟柔软剂;含氟表面活性剂可以用于超临界二氧化碳反相胶束染色,也可以用含氟聚合物对材料表面进行等离子体处理等.     

六氟丙烯齐聚物衍生的含氟表面活性剂的特性和应用

1前言含氟表面活性剂是指以氟原子取代普通表面活性剂中碳氢键上的氢，而形成碳氟链的表面活性剂。从碳氢链上的氢被氟原子取代的程度来看，可构成全氟取代型或部分取代型，并可根据基团性质的不同分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性和非离子型。含氟表面活性剂与普通表面活性剂相比，突出的性能是“三高”、“二憎”。“三高”是指高表面活性，高耐热稳定性，高化学惰性。“二憎”是指憎水又憎油。有关研究表明，含氟表面活性剂的高表面活性是由于其分子间的范德华引力小而造成的，分子从水溶液中移至溶液表面，所需的张力小，导致了强烈的表面…     

六氟丙烯二聚体的合成及下游产品的开发

介绍了六氟丙烯二聚体基本性质,叙述了六氟丙烯二聚体的合成、异构化方法,阐述了溶剂极性、介电性质对齐聚反应的影响,介绍了几种六氟丙烯二聚体的用途及下游产品.认为应加强六氟丙烯齐聚物氟表面活性剂的应用技术研究,开拓氟碳表面活性剂新用途.     

Surfactants as Antimicrobials: A Brief Overview of Microbial Interfacial Chemistry and Surfactant Antimicrobial Activity

In this brief overview of a large and complex subject, as presented at the 2018 Surfactants in Solution conference, the need for, and impact of, hard surface antimicrobial products is demonstrated. The composition of the interfaces of three common classes of pathological microbes, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, is discussed so that surfactant and cleaning product development scientists better understand their interfacial characteristics. Studies of antimicrobial efficacy from the four major classes of surfactants (cationic, anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic) are shown. The need for preservatives in surfactants is elucidated. The regulatory aspects of antimicrobials in cleaning products to make antimicrobial claims are stressed.     

A Novel Study on the Gel Phase Formed in a Catanionic Surfactant System

A novel gel phase was constructed in a catanionic surfactant system with the compositions of 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C₁₄mimCl) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The gel phases were studied through visual observations, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheological measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The visual observation and DSC confirmed the formation of gels and phase transitions from gel to sol. The dynamic rheological results showed the viscoelastic properties of gels. The SEM technique was used to further indicate the microstructure of gels. Finally, the formation mechanisms of gels are proposed based on the critical packing parameter. We expect to develop a new route to construct the gels.     

Review on Anionic/Cationic Surfactant Mixtures

It is commonly known that cationic and anionic surfactants cannot be mixed without the risk of precipitation or instability. However, many studies have shown that not only is it possible to combine cationic and anionic surfactants, but also that this combination can present synergic properties. Mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants have many unique properties that can be very useful when used properly. The aim of this report is to present relevant information concerning the interaction between anionic and cationic surfactants. A bibliographic review on anionic/cationic mixtures is presented here in order to better understand their properties and possible synergic effects, as this is of practical importance for the chemical industry.

Review: Implementing the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation model when formulating detergents and other surfactant-related applications

When designing surfactant formulations using ionic and nonionic surfactants, the hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) is a generalized surfactant characterization parameter that has shown to be useful when designing surfactant formulations, in the case of both ionic and nonionic surfactants (Davies' and Griffin's methods). Microemulsion phase behavior studies have been extensively used to optimize surfactant formulations, but these studies can cover a very wide phase space and can often encounter troublesome non-equilibrium issues such as coacervation. Detailed phase behavior studies can be time-consuming and difficult to apply beyond the specific surfactant-oil system studied. The hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) provides a method to help expedite surfactant formulation research by reducing the number of phase behavior studies required to optimize a given formulation. Detergency experiments have indicated that there is an optimal range of HLD for a given fabric surface. This appears to apply to other applications, as well, for example, surfactant formulations used in enhanced oil recovery have been optimized using the HLD method. These studies found that the HLD can reflect total oil recovery, even if the surfactants were derived from different alcohol feedstocks (e.g., HLD of 0 would describe optimum conditions regardless the type of surfactant). Also with additional parameterization, the HLD method can also be applied to non-ideal surfactant mixtures, specifically ionic/nonionic blends. Overall, the HLD framework has shown to be an effective screening tool for a wide range of surfactant-related applications when appropriate experiments, assumptions, and understanding of surfactant and oil interactions are used to generate the HLD parameters.     

Synthesis and Surface-Active Properties of a Homologous Series of Star-Like Triple-Chain Anionic Surfactants Derived from 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane

A novel homologous series of trimeric anionic surfactants, 3C_nTE3CNa (where n is a fatty acid chain length of 7, 10, or 12), with three hydrocarbon chains and three carboxylate heads connected via tri‐etheric bonds were synthesized from long‐chain α‐bromo fatty acids and a triol, 1,1,1‐tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane. The obtained trimeric carboxylic acids were esterified and purified by silica gel column chromatography, then hydrolyzed with dilute sodium hydroxide solution to form a series of trimeric carboxylate surfactant products. All prepared compounds were analyzed by IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy to confirm their chemical structures. Their surface‐active properties were investigated. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of 3C_nTE3CNa were in the range of 0.12–0.71 mmol/L, and the surface tensions at the cmc (γ_cmc) were 29.3–34.8 mN/m.     

磺酸盐类表面活性剂合成进展

本文主要综述了磺酸盐类表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,同时综述了类型新颖的磺酸盐表面活性剂的结构与性能的关系。对今后的磺酸盐表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,希望能对磺酸盐表面活性剂的发展起到一定的积极作用。     

The Irritant Effects of Pharmaceutically Applied Surfactants

Dermal or transdermal medication may lead to irritant contact dermatitis. However, little information is available on the irritant effect of surfactants which are applied in topical formulations. Our aim was to examine the irritant effect of the most frequent compounds in topical products. A murine model was applied. The following compounds were examined: sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), polyethoxylated (40EO) hydrogenated castor oil and sucrose laurate. SLS led to severe erythema, increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and induced necrosis and accumulation of neutrophylic granulocytes and lymphocytes. Exposure to sucrose laurate resulted in an elevation of TEWL, but histology did not reveal impairment of the skin structure. Application of polyethoxylated (40EO) hydrogenated castor oil was not accompanied by tissue damage. Special attention should be paid to the irritant effect of SLS. Polyethoxylated (40EO) hydrogenated castor oil seems to be a non-irritant agent and sucrose laurate is also a promising candidate for application in topical preparations.     

The Effect of Counterions of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate on Skin Compatibility

Interactions of a widely used commercial anionic surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, with zein protein, a water insoluble protein, was studied to better understand the effects of the counterion on skin irritation of anionic surfactants. The neutralizing ions used were inorganics: Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and NH₄⁺ and organics: monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. According to the results obtained, the influence of counterions of anionic surfactants on zein solubilization is significant; with magnesium counterions showing lower zein solubilization. In aqueous solutions, zein solubilization by anionic surfactant is related to the effect of the counterion on the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant for the inorganic counter‐ions; for the organic counter‐ions, effects of tighter anionic binding in the micelle also contribute to zein solubilization trends.     

Surfactant Enhanced Oil Recovery in a High Temperature and High Salinity Carbonate Reservoir

The goal of this work was to find an effective surfactant system for enhanced oil recovery after water injection substituting for oil at a vuggy fractured reservoir with a high temperature and high salinity (220,000 mg/L). Four types of surfactants with concentrations (less than 0.2 %) were screened. Washing oil experiments were conducted in Amott cells. A surfactant system was established by mixing a surfactant with best ultimate recovery and one with best recovery rate. The optimized surfactant system could recover 50 % of remaining oil. To study the mechanism of enhanced oil recovery after water injection substituting oil, interfacial tension (IFT) and contact angle were measured. Experimental results showed that surfactants with good washing ability had low IFT, but surfactants with low IFT may not have a good washing ability. IFT had no obvious relationship with the increased oil recovery or washing ability. The optimized system could not alter carbonate to decrease the oil‐wetting capability. Though octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride had a good ability wet the carbonate with water, it could not recover much oil. Therefore, except for interfacial tension and wettability alteration, there must be other parameters dominating oil recovery after water injection substituting for oil.     

表面活性剂分子设计（续完）

正3硅表面活性剂硅表面活性剂通常也被称为硅氧烷表面活性剂,它是以全甲基化的硅氧烷为疏水主链,在其中间位或端位接一个或多个有机极性基团而构成的一类表面活性剂。常见的硅表面活性剂结构有3种:耙型(又叫梳型或接枝型)、ABA型(B代表硅氧烷部分)和三硅氧烷型~([33])。按亲水基的不同,硅表面活性剂可分为非离子型、阴离子型、阳离子型和两性