在于模糊综合评判的机床选择分层决策方法

提出了基于模糊综合评判的机床选择分层决策方法，建立了初选和终选机床的评判模型，详细讨论了隶属度函数的确定方法，并以示例说明了决策方法的应用，所提方法有效地简化了决策过程，运用模糊映射的方法代替知识的规则表示，提高了知识表达的效率，该方法是CAPP系统中机床选择的实用方法。     

基于组合方法的创新

本文首先阐述了组合方法的一些基本原则，原理及实现的方法，然后在这些原理，方法的基础上，运用系统观点，给出了一个组合方法具体应用实例，实例效果表明，正确使用组合方法能快捷，高效地解决实际问题。     

面向ERP实施的评价方法分析与选择

为了提高企业实施ERP的成功率，针对ERP实施过程中评价方法的选择，按不同类别综述了具有代表性的典型评价方法，分析了各种评价方法的特点，比较了各种方法的优劣和适用性，并归纳了评价方法的发展趋势；给出了相应ERP不同实施阶段评价的适用评价方法，以确保评价的准确性与有效性。     

扫描工程图纸的压缩方法研究

首先分析了扫描工程图纸的特征，提出了一种基于游程编码的图像压缩方法，然后给出了该方法具体的算法及实现，最后通过实验比较了该方法与其他方法的压缩效果，实验结果表明该方法较其他方法更适合于扫描工程图纸的压缩。     

三角波信号波形参数的最小二乘评价

本文介绍了三角波信号时域波形参数的一种评价方法，通过使用波形测量手段和最小二乘直线拟合方法，对三角波信号的波峰，波谷，中值，幅度，频率，沿斜率，沿线性度，对称性等指标进行了精确评价，详细讨论了方法的实现过程以及有关技术问题，并对各项参数指标进行了误差分析，实验验证结果表明了该方法的有效性和实用性，该方法可应用到三角波信号源的性能指标评价中。     

带冠整体叶轮加工现状及新方法探索

综述了带冠整体叶轮的特点及国内外研制工作的现状，针对现有工艺方法的不足，提出了一种新的加工方法，即电解加工与电火花加工的组合电加工方法，进而对该工艺方法进行了介绍，分析了其技术特点。通过试验，其可行性得到了验证，有望成为带冠整体叶轮叶片型面的一种有效加工方法。     

供应链建模、仿真与优化问题的研究

研究了供应链建模技术，提出了一种供应链建模方法，并建立相应的供应链运作参考模型，研究了供应链仿真与优化方法，并设计和开发了供应链仿真优化软件。以企业为背景给出了供应链建模、仿真优化方法的应用，结果表明，该方法可用来优化供应链的运营管理过程。     

快速成形容错切片中线段集合自适应连接方法

阐述了一种基于STL文件容错分层边界线段自适应连接的有效方法，将自适应方法应用于快速成形数据处理过程中，恰当地选择自适应变量、评价参数和约束条件，并进行数学公式推导。应用该方法实现了STL文件层面边界线的自适应连接。该方法比STL文件纠错方法减少了计算量和人工操作时间；与已有的裂缝跟踪方法相比，对于交叉情况，通过设不可连接端点的方法避免了全部拆分重新连接，提高了计算速度。该方法已在开发的数据处理软件中得到应用，运行情况良好。     

水电工程行业中数据仓库设计的关键技术

为了提高数据仓库的开发效率，提出了一种复杂报表驱动的设计方法，分析了这种方法与应用驱动和数据驱动两种方法之间的小同，指出了复杂报表驱动方法的4个特点，定义了用这种方法进行数据仓库开发应该遵循的5个步骤。通过对该方法在国内某水电工程集团的应用，详细阐述了在数据仓库开发的需求分析与设计过程中如何执行复杂报表驱动方法的5个步骤，证明了这种方法的优越性。最后，针对水电工程行业中数据析取环节存在的特殊问题，对数据析取的过程进行了研究，并提出了适用于水电工程行业的数据析取解决方案。     

机械系统动力学建模的联结方法（Ⅱ）联结方法与拉格朗 …

引入了位移联结，速度联结和加速度联结，从而使联结理论适用于非线性机械系统的动力学建模，为机械系统动力学建模提供了一种新的方法，也为联结理论在其它领域的完善和发展提供了参考和借鉴。将联结方法与拉格朗日法进行了对比，证明了联结方法的正确性，也显示了联结方法的优越性。     

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NOVEL ACTIVE ACTUATOR TO CONTROL LOW FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS OF SHAFT SYSTEM

Aiming at providing with high-load capability in active vibration control of large-scale rotor system, a new type of active actuator to simultaneously reduce the dangers of low frequency flexural and torsional vibrations is designed. The actuator employs electro-hydraulic system and can provide a high and circumferential load. To initialize new research, the characteristics of various kinds of active actuators to control rotor shaft vibration are briefly introduced. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the preliminary results via presenting the structure, functions and operating principles, in particular, the working process of the electro-hydraulic system of the new actuator which includes a set of high speed electromagnetic valves and a series of sloping cone-shaped openings, and presenting the transmission relationships among the control parameters from control signals into the valves to active load onto shaft. The course of the work is dynamic, and a series of spatial forces and moments are put on the shaft to get an external resultant force to reduce excitations that induce vibration of shafts. By checking states of vibration, the actuator can control the impulse width and the interval of injection time for applying different control force to a vibration shaft in two circumference directions through the regulating action of a set of combination directional control valves. The results from simulating analysis and experiment show evidence of that this design can satisfy the case of active process of decreasing of flexural and torsional vibrations.     

Effects of prebuckling deformations on the elastic flexural-torsional buckling of laterally fixed arches

The effect of the prebuckling in-plane deformations on the elastic flexural-torsional buckling of laterally fixed circular arches is studied in this paper. The finite strains and the energy equation for the flexural-torsional buckling of arches have been derived based on an accurate orthogonal rotation matrix. A closed form solution for the elastic flexural-torsional buckling resistance of laterally fixed arches in uniform bending, including the effects of the prebuckling deformations, is obtained. It is found that the notion that the prebuckling deformations increase the flexural-torsional buckling moment of an arch or of a beam is not necessarily correct for a laterally fixed arch or beam in uniform bending, in deference to a laterally pinned arch. When a laterally fixed arch is subjected to positive uniform bending, the effects of the prebuckling deformations decrease the buckling moment, and the reduction of the buckling moment increases with an increase of the included angle and of the out-of-plane slenderness ratio of the arch. When a laterally fixed arch is subjected to negative uniform bending, the effects of the prebuckling deformations decrease the absolute value of its buckling moment when the included angle is very small, but increase the absolute value of the buckling moment when the included angle exceeds a certain value. The increase in the absolute value of the buckling moment increases with an increase of the included angle and of the out-of-plane slenderness ratio of the arch. When the ratio of the out-of-plane to the in-plane second moments of area of the cross-section is not small, both the reduction of the buckling moment of a laterally fixed arch in positive uniform bending and the increase of the buckling moment of a laterally fixed arch in negative uniform bending, are substantial.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

A method for TEM visualization of the extracellular matrix three-dimensional organization in tissues

A method for obtaining high-resolution three-dimensional images of the extracellular matrix organization in tissues is described. It consists of TEM observation of rotary-shadowed platinum–carbon replicas obtained from critical-point dried resinless sections of polyethylene glycol-embedded specimens. The procedure is simple and rapid, with high rates of sample recovery. An example of its application to EM immunocytochemistry (fibronectin localization) is presented. The utilization of the method to demonstrate cell-extracellular matrix relationships, and its limitations in the study of cells are discussed.     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.     

车门静态强度的有限元分析模拟

轿车门系统结构设计与优化是整车开发过程中的重要环节。车门的强度直接关系到整车在冲击、碰撞等载荷下的安全问题,车门结构静态强度的计算分析,在车门结构设计进程中非常重要。文中首先简要介绍了静态强度所涉及到的非线性有限元的基本理论,然后以某中高级轿车前车门为例,利用计算机辅助分析车门的静态强度,考虑变形的非线性因素,通过对车门的非线性有限元求解来分析车门强度,由计算所得到的车门强度性能指标来指导车门的结构设计。     

NON-EQUILIBRIUM STATIONARY STATE IN CHEMICAL REACTION OF SiO_2/Fe AT INTERFACE OF SLAG/METAL AND ITS STABILITY DURING ARC WELDING

For characteristics of open and far from thermodynamic equilibrium in welding chemical reaction, a new kind of quantitative method, which is used to analyze direction and extent for chemi- cal reaction of SiO_2/Fe during quasi-steady state period, is introduced with the concept of non-equilibrium stationary state. The main idea is based on thermodynamic driving forces, which result in non-zero thermodynamic fluxes and lead to chemical reaction far away from thermodynamic equilibrium. There exists certain dynamic equilibrium relationship between rates of diffusion fluxes in liquid phase of reactants or products and the rate equation of chemical reaction when welding is in quasi-steady state. As result of this, a group of non-linear equations containing concentrations of all substances at interface of slag/liquid-metal may be established. Moreover the stability of this non-equilibrium stationary state is discussed using dissipative structure theory and it is concluded theoretically that this non-equilibrium stationary state for welding chemical reaction is of stability.     

Blind deconvolution of 3D transmitted light brightfield micrographs

The blind deconvolution algorithm for 3D transmitted light brightfield (TLB) microscopy, published previously ( Holmes et al . Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy (1995), is summarized with example images. The main emphasis of this paper is to discuss more thoroughly the importance and usefulness of this method and to provide more detailed evidence, some being quantitative, of its necessity. Samples of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-stained pyramidal neurones were prepared and evaluated for the ability to see fine structures clearly, including the dendrites and spines. It is demonstrated that the appearance of fine spine structure, and means of identifying spine categories, is made possible by using blind deconvolution. A comparison of images of the same sample from reflected light confocal microscopy, which is the conventional light microscopic way of viewing the 3D structure of these HRP-stained samples, shows that the blind deconvolution method is far superior for clearly showing the structure with less distortion and better resolution of the spines. The main significance of this research is that it is now possible to obtain clear images of 3D structure by light microscopy of absorbing stains. This is important because the TLB microscope is probably the most widely used modality in the life-science laboratory, yet, until now, there has been no reliable means for it to provide visualization of 3D structure clearly. The main importance of the blind deconvolution approach is that it obviates the need to measure the point spread function of the optical system, so that it now becomes realistic to provide a 3D light microscopic deconvolution method that can be pervasively used by microscopists.     

Imaging applications of synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast microtomography in biological morphology and biomaterials science. I. General aspects of the technique and its advantages in the analysis of millimetre-sized arthropod structure

Synchrotron‐generated X‐rays provide scientists with a multitude of investigative techniques well suited for the analysis of the composition and structure of all types of materials and specimens. Here, we describe the properties of synchrotron‐generated X‐rays and the advantages that they provide for qualitative morphological research of millimetre‐sized biological organisms and biomaterials. Case studies of the anatomy of insect heads, of whole microarthropods and of the three‐dimensional reconstruction of the cuticular tendons of jumping beetles, all performed at the beamline ID19 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), are presented to illustrate the techniques of phase‐contrast tomography available for anatomical and structural investigations. Various sample preparation techniques are described and compared and experimental settings that we have found to be particularly successful are given. On comparing the strengths and weaknesses of the technique with traditional histological thin sectioning, we conclude that synchrotron radiation microtomography has a great potential in biological microanatomy.