石蜡相变微胶囊的热学性能与红外隐身性能

本研究以石蜡（PW）为芯材、三聚氰胺脲醛树脂（MUF）为壁材,采用原位聚合法制备石蜡相变微胶囊（PM）。通过ESEM、FTIR、DSC、红外热成像仪、热循环实验和破碎率测试与分析微胶囊的微观形貌、化学结构、储热性能、红外隐身性能和热稳定性。结果表明,PM1（芯壁比3∶2）和PM2（芯壁比2∶1）具有良好的储热性能,包封率分别为74.82%和75.12%,相变潜热分别为140.54 J/g和141.10 J/g。PM2具有良好的热稳定性,质量损失率为8.8%,破碎率为2.5%。掺PM2的环氧树脂具有良好的红外隐身性能,在80℃水浴加热12 min,PMER-40%(m微胶囊∶m环氧树脂=4∶6)的表面温度比环氧树脂降低了12.9℃。     

三聚氰胺-甲醛相变微胶囊制备及性能

以三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(MF)为壁材,石蜡为芯材,通过原位聚合法制备了芯壁比分别为2∶1、3∶1、4∶1的相变微胶囊,并对微胶囊进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、热重分析(TG)及热循环测试。结果表明,在制备过程中,微胶囊的壁材不与芯材发生反应,制备的微胶囊为比较完整的球形。当相变微胶囊芯壁比为4∶1时,潜热值高达到162.7 J/g,与计算值非常接近,经过100次热循环后潜热值损失3.63%;当芯壁比较小时,微胶囊的耐热性及包裹较好。     

红外隐身用石蜡微胶囊的制备与表征

以石蜡,丙烯酸单体为原料,采用原位聚合法制备了红外隐身用石蜡微胶囊材料。利用XRD、SEM、IR和激光粒度仪等表征了所制备石蜡微胶囊的物相、形貌、化学结构和粒径等。结果表明,在搅拌速度一定(320r/min)的情况下,当乳化剂与石蜡质量比为0.05∶1,芯壁质量比为1∶1时所制备的石蜡微胶囊成囊效果最好、粒径最小,成球状。石蜡和石蜡微胶囊热性能的DSC测试表明,两者的相变温度均在65℃左右,相变潜热均在132J/g左右,说明石蜡微胶囊保留了石蜡的储热性能,达到了红外隐身所要求的较高热焓值。所制备的球状石蜡微胶囊材料为红外隐身涂层提供了一种较好的控温填料。     

木材太阳能干燥用石蜡相变微胶囊的制备及性能研究

以石蜡为芯材、三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂为壁材制备相变微胶囊。设计正交试验对石蜡相变微胶囊的制备参数进行优化,并计算微胶囊的包覆效率和囊芯百分率。结果表明,在芯壁质量比为2:1,尿素、三聚氰胺质量比为9:12.6,乳化剂用量为芯材质量8%,转速为1200r/min条件下,制备的石蜡相变微胶囊表现出良好的储热性能。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、热重分析仪对石蜡相变微胶囊进行热性能表征,为相变微胶囊在木材太阳能干燥中的应用提供理论基础。     

石蜡-脲醛树脂微胶囊相变材料制备与性能研究

通过改变pH值、芯壁比等,用电子显微镜、激光粒度仪和差热分析仪来测量观察和比较它们对石蜡-脲醛树脂微胶囊的表面形貌,粒径分布及储热性的影响。结果表明:制备石蜡-脲醛树脂微胶囊材料时,整个体系的最佳pH值在2~3之间,这段区间内胶囊呈球形,粒径分布较均匀,少有团聚现象,表面较为光滑并且胶囊的包裹效率较高;实验较适合的芯壁比为2∶1,此条件下合成的微胶囊材料主要相变峰的相变温度为53.20℃、包裹相对较好。用尿素和三聚氰胺作为复配单体所制得的相变微胶囊材料在储热性能和表面形貌上效果很好,并且产率和包裹效率的提升很大,包裹效率高达80.3%。     

石蜡/聚脲相变微胶囊的制备及表征

以固体石蜡和液体石蜡熔融混合进行复配,复合石蜡的相变温度和相变焓都随固体石蜡含量的增加而升高,以固液比3∶7制备的复合石蜡熔点为28.3℃,相变潜热为100.04kJ/kg。以此复合石蜡作为微胶囊的芯材,以甲苯2,4二异氰酸酯(TDI)和乙二胺为单体,OP-10为乳化剂,采用界面聚合法在复合石蜡表面包覆聚脲囊壁材料制备石蜡/聚脲相变微胶囊,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了乳化搅拌速度和反应温度对相变微胶囊表面形貌的影响,并用红外光谱(FTIR)、热重(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对相变微胶囊进行了表征。实验结果表明:在乳化搅拌速度2000r/min、反应温度70℃时制备的石蜡/聚脲相变微胶囊颗粒呈球形分布,平均粒径在3~4μm范围内,分散均匀,颗粒表面光滑、致密,熔点为28.1℃,相变潜热为58.4kJ/kg,包覆效率为87.5%。     

安全脲醛树脂相变微胶囊制备及性能

采用原位聚合法以脲醛树脂为壁材,正十六烷为芯材,制备了有机相变微胶囊(OMPCMs)。优化了影响OMPCMs中甲醛含量的合成条件:尿素与甲醛摩尔比、尿素分批加料方式、固化终点pH值、反应时间及三聚氰胺与聚乙烯醇的用量。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、透射电镜、热重分析仪、差示扫描量热仪分别对OMPCMs的组成、外貌形态、热稳定性及热焓值进行表征。实验结果表明,尿素与甲醛摩尔比为1∶1.6,尿素分65%,30%,5%共3批加料,固化终点pH为1.0~1.5,反应时间为4h,三聚氰胺与聚乙烯醇的用量均为尿素用量3%时所制备的OMPCMs为类球形,具有核壳结构,游离甲醛含量约为0.392g/kg,符合欧洲E3级标准(甲醛含量小于0.6g/kg)的规定。同时,OMPCMs的包埋率为56%,相变潜热为115.6J/g,耐热温度达到160℃。     

石蜡为芯材的微胶囊的直接原位聚合法制备和性能

采用直接原位聚合法制备了以石蜡为囊芯的脲醛树脂微胶囊,并利用激光粒径分布仪、X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和傅立叶转换红外光谱仪分别分析了微胶囊的粒径分布、热稳定性、热焓值和壳结构.结果表明,所得微胶囊粒径分布均匀,并具有良好的热稳定性和较高的相变潜热;影响石蜡微胶囊相变潜热和平均粒径的主要因素包括芯壁材料比、搅拌速度、温度、系统改性剂PVA(聚乙烯醇)用量等;最佳工艺条件为囊壁比 0.78:1 ,反应温度70 ℃,搅拌速率2500r/min,系统改性剂PVA用量0.26g,pH=2.0～3.0.     

MUF/石蜡的微胶囊制备

以低熔点石蜡为芯材,三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂(MU F)为囊材,用原位聚合法合成了低熔点石蜡相变材料微胶囊,石蜡含量为w(石蜡)=46.15%。通过乳化稳定性实验确定了O/W乳化体系的乳化剂为OP乳化剂,水油比为4∶1。正交实验表明反应温度和壳芯比是影响微胶囊石蜡含量的主要因素。用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)考察了微胶囊相变材料的热性能,其相变温度和焓值分别为14.74℃、98.59 J/g。     

用于血液隔热相变材料微胶囊的制备及研究

研究采用了以三聚氰胺-甲醛为壁材,正十四烷为芯材原位聚合法制备微胶囊相变材料.通过SEM、DSC、Zeta激光粒度测定仪观察分析了微胶囊相变材料的表面形态、粒径分布[1].分析了乳液制备过程中乳化剂、系统调节剂、pH等对微胶囊工艺的影响,并对制成的微胶囊进行了血箱保温方面的实验,可以有效地在极限条件和室温下保持血液的所需温度.实验表明当系统调节剂SMA分子量为4万、非离子型OP-10为乳化剂和体系pH控制在3.5时能制得粒径分布为0.5～10 μm、实际应用较理想的微胶囊相变材料.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...