Verbal-performance IQ discrepancies on the WAIS-R: An examination of the old-age standardization sample.

Compared base rate information on verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) discrepancies for the old-age standardization sample of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) and 130 normal volunteers (aged 75+ yrs). VIQ–PIQ difference was 0.13 and was similar to the original WAIS—R standardization. Inspection of frequency distributions revealed that 38.5% of the Ss had VIQ–PIQ discrepancies greater than or equal to 9 points and 32.3% had differences greater than or equal to 12 points. The variables of gender, age, and race did not influence VIQ–PIQ differences. However, trends for educational attainment and level of full scale IQ did emerge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-appraisal, personal desirability, and perceived social desirability of personality traits.

200 college sophomores took the MMPI 3 times. Analysis showed the following results: (1) Variation of order or time of testing in the personal or social condition seemed to make no difference. (2) Intercorrelations between the 3 forms were low enough to show that the 3 tasks were different. (3) Variance on all 3 forms was lower than in the standardization of the MMPI. (4) The mean profiles were highly similar in all 3 groups. (5) The clinical scales were in general highest on self, as were the Si, A, and obvious scales. The L, K, and subtle scales were in general lowest on self. (6) Results based on analysis of item discrepancies rather than scale comparisons showed that the discrepancies tended to be very sizable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Percentage of WAIS-R standardization sample obtaining verbal-performance discrepancies.

Computations were performed to determine the frequency in the standardization sample of specific Verbal–Performance discrepancies on the WAIS-R. All values were computed for each of 9 age groups and the average of the entire sample as reported in the WAIS-R manual. Results suggest that an examination of frequency data should be a routine procedure when interpreting Verbal–Performance discrepancy scores. The importance and possible applications of such frequency data are discussed. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Frequency of discrepancies between deviation quotients on the WISC-R: A table for clinicians.

J. M. Sattler (1982) presented tables for determining the statistical significance of discrepancies between various WISC-R quotients corresponding to factors. However, the frequency with which a given discrepancy occurs may be a more meaningful statistic for clinicians. Data are presented on the frequency with which given discrepancies occur (in the standardization sample) between the deviation quotient of the Freedom from Distractibility factor and other quotients. Similar data are given for Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WISC performance in acting-out and delinquent children with and without EEG abnormality.

To evaluate the relationship between EEG status and intelligence test performance, the WISC scores of 139 nondefective, acting-out and delinquent children referred for psychiatric evaluation were examined. The distribution of Verbal IQ-Performance IQ (VIQ-PIQ) discrepancies was compared with that reported for the WISC standardization population. Girls did not differ significantly from the standardization population, but boys showed a significantly larger proportion with PIQ > VIQ than in the standardization population. Neither boys nor girls showed significant differences in scores between groups with abnormal EEGs and those with normal and borderline EEGs. (18 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"On WAIS—R difference scores in the standardization sample": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by L. Atkinson (Psychological Assessment, 1991[Jun], Vol 3[2], 292–294). In Table 1, SEest(d) of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) difference scores for the standardization sample is incorrect; the corrected table is presented. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1991-26153-001.) Prior tables (Atkinson, 1991) describing WAIS and its revision, WAIS-R, subtest scores did not account for the fact that the best estimate of the "true' difference between 2 scores obtained by an individual is not the one actually obtained, but one based on the obtained difference and regressed toward the mean difference. Furthermore, the previously published WAIS-R table is based on a psychiatric sample. This article examined the WAIS-R standardization sample (N?=?1,880) using regressed difference scores to derive statistics describing subtest discrepancies. Results indicated improved difference score reliability in the WAIS-R, as compared with the WAIS, although reliability remained poor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reducing self-discrepancies or maintaining self-congruence? Uncertainty orientation, self-regulation, and performance.

Reducing discrepancies between performance and goals was predicted to motivate uncertainty-oriented people, but maintaining congruence was predicted to be more motivating for certainty-oriented people. Being motivated should lead to better performance when a person is focused on positive outcomes, or to worse performance if he or she is focused on negative outcomes (success-oriented vs. failure-threatened in Studies 1 and 2, ideal vs. ought discrepancy in Study 3). Three studies tested these hypotheses: an experiment that used bogus performance feedback, a field study of examination performance as a function of prior discrepancies from desired grades, and an experimental priming of standards associated with a discrepancy or with no discrepancy. All 3 studies revealed the predicted interaction, supporting the hypothesis that there are individual differences in motivation as a function of goal discrepancy or congruence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

火花放电原子发射光谱分析全流程正确度控制方法研究

火花放电原子发射光谱法以临界差CD_0.95为正确度验证上限值符合标准,测量偏倚不大于临界差,表明测量正确度合格。当实验室采用更精细的内控手段如类型标准化时,应采用更小的正确度临界差。在光谱分析流程中,未经类型标准化,采用CD_0.95验证正确度。若仪器经类型标准化样品A测量n₁次,正确度验证样品B测量n₂次的临界差形式为$r \cdot \sqrt{(\frac{1}{2n_1}+\frac{1}{2n_2})}$,当(n₁,n₂)组合为(3,2)或(4,2)时,临界差值为0.65r或0.61r(r为重复性限)。经类型标准化后,如果测量持续较长时间(1h以上),正确度验证的临界差为含时间因素的CD_0.95(R_w),其数值约为CD_0.95/2。月度平均值-标准偏差控制图中两倍标准偏差2S“警告限”可作为实验室的CD_0.95(R_w)。当考虑类型标准化样品A和验证样品B扩展不确定度(U)时(包含因子k=2),样品B正确度验证临界差为$\sqrt{r^2(\frac{1}{2n_1}+\frac{1}{2n_2})+U_A^2+U_B^2}$。除火花放电原子发射光谱法外,任何采用类型标准化的方法短时间内都可以用相应的临界差验证正确度。     

辉光放电原子发射光谱法测定高锰钢中多元素的影响因素探讨

在厂家建立校准曲线的基础上,通过对辉光放电原子发射光谱法测定过程中的一些影响因素进行探讨,实现了对高锰钢中多元素的测定。实验表明,为确保分析准确性,需注意以下几个方面:(1)每天在进行任何标准化前或分析前须运行一次光谱描迹,一方面要保证描迹试样为含量均匀的铁基试样,另一方面通过光谱描迹可调整辉光光谱仪的出口狭缝位置至最佳位置,确保最大强度的光通过;(2)严格按照GB/T20066—2006的规定取样,确保取样无夹杂、裂纹、气孔、油污、粉尘、氧化物;(3)参照GB/T4336—2016及GB/T22368—2008来制样,制成的试样要双面平整,分析面仔细打磨,确保光滑清洁无污染;(4)所用氩气要确保其纯度和流量:氩气纯度在99.999%以上,氩气分表压力为280kPa;(5)虽漂移校正并不一定每天都发生变化,但每天在进行任何标准化前或分析前须运行一次漂移校正。采用优化的实验方法分析了3块高锰钢有证标准物质,测得各元素的含量与认定值一致,误差均在标准物质证书的允许差范围内,平行11次测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.81%~9.7%。     

Wood dust from jelutong (Dyera costulata) causes contact allergy

Although measures of colonic cell proliferation are being used as potential intermediate markers in chemoprevention studies, measurement standardization is still ongoing. This study was designed to assess the reproducibility of the labeling index quantification, as measured by bromodeoxyuridine, across four laboratories experienced in its use. Each institution submitted 10 slides, with one circled area of each slide to be scored. Each site followed its standard procedures for scoring colonic crypts; no attempts to standardize these procedures were made. There was high concordance among the laboratories on whether scorable crypts were present on a particular slide, but only two pairs of laboratories demonstrated agreement statistically greater than that predicted by chance. The overall difference among the sites on the number of scorable crypts was marginally significant (P = 0.083), and there was a highly significant overall difference in the magnitude of the labeling index (P < 0.0001). Sites 1 and 2 tended to have similar results, as did sites 3 and 4, most likely due to common training. Even with these discrepancies, high correlation (r > 0.75) was observed among the reported labeling index values for each pair of laboratories. Without standardized training, these laboratories may differ in the crypts considered appropriate for counting and in whether cells are counted as labeled or unlabeled. These results suggest that standardized training in scoring across all sites performing labeling index determinations is required to assure reproducibility across sites or studies. These results may also help explain discrepancies in the average values of the labeling index reported in the literature.     

Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies on the WISC-R: One more time.

The formula that R. J. Piotrowski (see record 1979-12366-001) used to determine the abnormality of Verbal–Performance IQ discrepancies on the WISC-R gave results that differed greatly from the actual values reported by A. S. Kaufman (see record 1977-07179-001). Since the assumption on which the formula is based, bivariate normality, is met by the WISC-R standardization data, the disparity is puzzling. It is suggested that Piotrowski erred in applying the formula not to IQs but to sums of scaled scores. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Infants' detection of visual-tactual discrepancies: Asymmetries that indicate a directive role of visual information.

Infants' cross-modal functioning was investigated in two studies. In Study 1, 11-month-old infants were confronted with five different visual–tactual discrepancies created with a mirror arrangement. The infants' behavioral reactions to the discrepancies were compared with their behavior on matched control trials with a forced-choice judgment procedure. Infants detected discrepancies in which they saw an egg and felt a cube, saw a fur-covered cube and felt an egg, and saw a cross and felt a fur-covered cube. However, they provided no evidence that they detected discrepancies in which they saw a cube and felt a cross or saw a cube and felt a fur-covered cube. In Study 2, infants were confronted with discrepancies that were the converse of those which seemed to go unnoticed in Study 1: They saw either a cross or a fur-covered cube and felt a plain cube. Both of these new discrepancies were detected according to the forced-choice judgment procedure. The results indicate that texture as well as shape can serve as a basis for cross-modal matching for infants. The asymmetries in cross-modal matching that were observed across Studies 1 and 2 are interpreted as evidence that visual information plays a directive, goal-setting role for infants' manual explorations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is ultrasonography a reliable way to confirm the diagnosis of Morton''s neuroma?

We conducted a survey of all defibrillators currently on the European market that offer synchronized cardioversion. The mode after cardioversion can be classed into one of four categories: (1) remain in synchronized mode; (2) defer to asynchronized mode; (3) 'intelligent'; and (4) configurable. The different modes and the lack of standardization present a potential hazard because they cause confusion among the user of the defibrillator. Uniformity should be obtained after broad agreement between clinicians and manufacturers of defibrillators.     

The equivalence of measures and the correction for attenuation.

In literature reviews and critiques, measures are often evaluated in regard to their conceptual equivalence. In making this evaluation, the empirical correlation between the 2 measures being compared should be corrected for attenuation at least approximately. Unless this correction is applied, alternative measures may be presumed to be importantly different when giving due weight to the unreliabilities present, it may be seen that the identical underlying dimension is being reflected. In psychology, where enough discrepancies already characterize our findings, this interpretive error should not deny us the occasional equivalences that come along. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Research on refractory compounds in france: Advances in testing industrial refractory products

Conclusions Current attempts to standardize control methods are assisting technical and commercial exchange between countries which are undertaking this standardization (recommendations of PRE and standards of ISO).In contrast to the drive to standardize control methods, there is a desire in all laboratories to improve methods and apparatus. Thus, certain standardized methods have been rejected, and it is proposed to replace them by new, more accurate, or cheaper, techniques. A compromise between these two trends should be included in the program laid down for the development of control methods, the active period of which should be, for example, at least three years.The changes should have been made by thoroughly representative commissions. It would have been accordingly more desirable that Soviet instrument and control workers should have played an active part in the work of international standardization.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 3 (63), pp. 106–110, March, 1968.     

Quality assurance from the viewpoint of the surgeon

The problem of global standardization, clinical documentation, and confidentiality of methods in quality control are discussed. It is concluded that conventional methods of quality assurance should be further developed in order to avoid investments into administration tools that have not yet proved any effectiveness worldwide. Future developments should be orientated to achieve benefits for the patient and to promote surgical excellence.     

Proneness to prejudiced responses: toward understanding the authenticity of self-reported discrepancies

Three studies investigated the authenticity of prejudice-related discrepancies. A comprehensive discrepancy questionnaire was developed (Study 1), which yielded small as well as large discrepancy scores. Study 2 indicated that discrepancy scores were stable, and personality could not account for the relation between discrepancies and their affective consequences. In Study 3, low-prejudice participants responded to jokes about Blacks under high or low distraction. Behavioral validation for self-reported discrepancies was found, such that participants with larger discrepancies evaluated the jokes more favorably under high than low distraction, but participants with smaller discrepancies provided equally unfavorable evaluations in both distraction conditions. Implications for understanding people's abilities to avoid potentially prejudiced responses and their self-insight into such abilities are discussed.     

WAIS—R abbreviated forms in the elderly: A comparison of the Satz-Mogel with a seven-subtest short form.

The Satz-Mogel abbreviation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) was compared with a 7-subtest short form (L. C. Ward, see record 1991-00137-001) in samples of normal and neurologically impaired elderly persons 75 yrs and older. The normals were 130 Ss from the old-age WAIS—R standardization sample, and the brain-damaged group consisted of 40 men with medically diagnosed brain dysfunction (average age 79.5 yrs). The short forms were highly similar in administration times, correlations with the WAIS—R IQs, estimation of the average IQ scores, and in classification of intelligence for both the normal and neurologically impaired Ss. Finally, both short forms correctly estimated significant Verbal IQ–Performance IQ discrepancies about 75% of the time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Typology and prevailing composition of core profiles in the WAIS—R standardization sample.

The structure and membership of ability profiles found most representative among the 1,880 16- to 74-year-old Ss comprising the standardization sample for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) were analyzed. Scaled score profiles for the 11 (WAIS—R) subtests were grouped according to similar level and shape using sequential minimum-variance cluster analyses with independent replications. A final solution of 9 core profile types met all formal heuristic and statistical criteria. Core types were described according to relative population prevalence, ability level, and unusual subtest configuration, and each type was assessed for prevailing composition by members' demography, birth order, abnormal IQ discrepancies, and hand preference. Procedures are given for determining the relative uniqueness of WAIS—R patterns in research and clinical work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)