自然循环蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管流量分配计算

针对自然循环工况下蒸汽发生器部分倒U型管内存在倒流现象,通过对倒U型管内流动传热特性进行分析,获得了倒流发生的判断依据,从而编制了流量分配计算程序。采用该程序对某型蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管流量分配进行了计算,通过将结果与实验值进行对比分析,对程序可信度进行了验证,并采用该程序对蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管主要热工参数随进出口压降变化情况进行了计算分析。结果表明,倒流现象发生在短管内,倒流的发生使得蒸汽发生器一次侧净流量和单位时间输热呈阶梯下降,对反应堆安全产生较大的影响。     

蒸汽发生器U型管倒流现象的数值模拟和实验研究

针对蒸汽发生器U型管倒流现象展开实验研究。基于实验数据,采用CFD方法对倒流进行模拟。结果表明:蒸汽发生器发生倒流后,进口腔室出现显著的温度分层,倒流现象降低了蒸汽发生器U型管的换热能力;发生倒流后,进出口腔室压降绝对值减小,正流管流速增大,流动阻力增大,倒流降低了系统的自然循环能力。     

蒸汽发生器U型管低含气率两相倒流现象研究

针对立式倒U型管自然循环蒸汽发生器传热管内的两相倒流现象,基于均相流模型,建立了U型管内低含气率两相流动传热理论模型,给出了U型管的进出口压降-质量流量曲线,分析了U型管内出现两相倒流现象的机理,研究了二次侧流体温度和入口含气率对倒流现象的影响规律,并与单相倒流进行了对比。利用RELAP5/MOD 3.3程序对相同条件下的倒流问题进行了计算。研究表明,提高蒸汽发生器二次侧工作压力可减少倒流,两相流入口含气率越高,倒流越易发生,两相流较单相流在U型管内更易倒流。     

自然循环条件下蒸汽发生器倒U型管流量分配特性研究

以欧洲压水堆热工实验装置（PWR PACTEL）一回路系统蒸汽发生器为研究对象,首先,基于流体一维流动模型的质量、动量和能量守恒方程建立管道进出口压降以及传热与流体流量之间的关系;其次,以遗传算法为基础开发倒U型管蒸汽发生器流量分配计算程序,采用基准实验对程序正确性和可靠性开展验证;最后,利用流量分配程序计算蒸汽发生器倒U型管管组的流量分布情况,研究管高、管长以及一/二次侧换热系数对蒸汽发生器内流量分配的影响。结果表明,所开发流量分配程序计算结果与实验吻合良好;在选定的自然循环工况下,该蒸汽发生器中长管更易发生倒流,且倒流现象呈现分布范围广、单管流量低的特点;倒U型管内正流流速与管长成反比,与管高成正比,倒流流速随着管长的增加保持不变,与管高呈反比关系;传热系数较低时,总流量与传热系数成反比关系,当传热系数高于特定值后部分管内发生倒流,总流量骤降。      

自然循环蒸汽发生器倒U型管内倒流现象影响因素研究

在某些自然循环工况下,蒸汽发生器部分倒U型管内存在倒流现象。基于一维Oberbeck-Boussinesq方程,建立了蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管内单相水流动传热模型,并以两种尺寸的蒸汽发生器为例进行了计算。计算结果表明,小型蒸汽发生器内短管易发生倒流,大型蒸汽发生器内长管易发生倒流;蒸汽发生器进口水温对倒流现象的发生具有重要的影响。     

蒸汽发生器实验回路倒流特性仿真分析

针对立式倒U型管蒸汽发生器传热管内出现的倒流现象,基于RELAP5/MOD3.3程序,采用新的控制体划分方案对蒸汽发生器实验段进行建模,模拟实验回路中发生的倒流现象。通过与实验数据进行对比分析,验证建模方案的正确性。在此基础上,分析倒流现象对蒸汽发生器实验段流动传热的影响。结果表明:倒流现象发生在较短管内,对于单个U型管,倒流管的流量高于正流管。倒流发生后,系统进入相对稳定状态,但蒸汽发生器实验段的换热功率和进出口腔室负压降绝对值显著降低。     

接管布置方式对UTSG倒流现象的影响分析

蒸汽发生器进出口腔室的流场结构对倒流现象有重要影响,而进出口接管布置方式能改变其腔室流场结构。本文建立了两种不同接管布置方式蒸汽发生器三维模型,采用CFD方法模拟了其在低流量条件下的流动换热和流场结构,分析了接管布置方式对倒流现象的影响。研究结果表明:接管布置方式对腔室流动速度场产生显著影响,进而影响到U型管进出口压降和流量分配。适当改变接管布置方式可使流量分配不均匀性降低、U型管进出口负压降升高,从而使蒸汽发生器倒流发生的临界流量和倒流总流量降低。     

自然循环蒸汽发生器倒U型管内的倒流计算

采用同时表示正流和倒流的全水动力特性曲线分析了自然循环压水堆一回路系统蒸汽发生器倒U型管内发生倒流的机理。针对蒸汽发生器内倒U型管数量巨大问题,提出了一种集总-分布参数模型。该模型用于计算实际自然循环蒸汽发生器倒U型管内的倒流时,具有计算快捷且精度高的优点。利用该模型对自然循环蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管内的正、倒流进行计算,并将计算结果与所有倒U型管逐根进行正、倒流计算的结果进行比较,结果十分接近,验证了本文模型的可靠性。     

海洋条件下自然循环蒸汽发生器U型管内倒流特性研究

当压水堆处于自然循环工况时,蒸汽发生器U型管内可能发生倒流现象,导致一回路流动阻力增大、自然循环流量降低,为反应堆安全运行带来不利影响。基于RELAP5程序建立了海洋条件下的附加力模型及控制体空间坐标求解模型,对蒸汽发生器所有U型管进行建模和节点划分,计算了海洋条件下蒸汽发生器内U型管的倒流临界质量流量及进出口压差,最后分析了3种海洋条件对U型管内流体倒流的影响。结果表明,倾斜条件下有可能会改变倒流现象;而在航行过程中可能遇到的起伏条件都无法改变倒流现象;当摇摆条件比较剧烈时有可能改变倒流现象。      

管长对UTSG倒流管空间分布的影响分析

自然循环条件下,自然循环U型管蒸汽发生器(UTSG)并联倒U型传热管内存在非均匀流动,部分传热管出现倒流;现有研究对倒流管的空间分布存在不同认识。通过建立一维、稳态条件下的传热管内流动换热模型,发现传热管管长对并联倒U型管间的流量压降对比关系产生影响,进而对倒流管的空间分布产生影响。传热管管长较小的UTSG,短管将先于长管发生流量漂移;反之,长管将先于短管发生流量漂移。采用最佳评估程序RELAP5/MOD3.3对研究结果进行了验证。     

Standard Gibbs energy of formation of Cs2CdI4

The vapor pressures of CdI₂ and Cs₂CdI₄ were measured below and above their melting points, employing the transpiration technique. The standard Gibbs energy of formation Δ_fG° of Cs₂CdI₄, derived from the partial pressure of CdI₂ in the vapor phase above and below the melting point of the compound could be represented by the equations Δ_fG°Cs₂CdI₄ (±6.7) kJ mol⁻¹=−1026.9+0.270 T (643 K≤T≤693 K) and Δ_fG°{Cs₂CdI₄} (±6.6) kJ mol⁻¹=−1001.8+0.233 T (713 K≤T≤749 K) respectively. The enthalpy of fusion of the title compound derived from these equations was found to be 25.1±10.0 kJ mol⁻¹ compared to 36.7 kJ mol⁻¹ reported in the literature from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The standard enthalpy of formation Δ_fH°_298.15 for Cs₂CdI₄ evaluated from these measurements was found to be −918.0±11.7 kJ mol⁻¹, in good agreement with the values −920.3±1.4 and −917.7±1.5 kJ mol⁻¹ reported in the literature from two independent calorimetric studies.     

Volume added surface barrier discharge plasma excited by bipolar nanosecond pulse power in atmospheric air: optical emission spectra influenced by gap distance

In this paper, volume barrier discharge with different gap distances is added on the discharge border of high-voltage electrode of annular surface barrier discharge for generating volume added surface barrier discharge (V-SBD) excited by bipolar nanosecond high-voltage pulse power in atmospheric air. The excited V-SBDs consist of surface barrier discharge (d=0 mm) and volume added surface barrier discharges (d=2 mm and 3 mm). The optical emission spectra are recorded for calculating emission intensities of N₂ (C ³Ⅱ_u →B³Π_g ) and N₂⁺ (B ²Σ_u⁺ → X ²Σ_g⁺ ), and simulating rotational and vibrational temperatures. The influences of gap distance of V-SBD on emission intensity and plasma temperature are also investigated and analyzed. The results show that d=0 mm structure can excite the largest emission intensity of N ₂ (C ³ Π_u →B ³Π_g ), while the existence of volume barrier discharge can delay the occurrence of the peak value of the emission intensity ratio of N₂⁺ (B ²Σ_u⁺ → X ²Σ_g⁺ )/N ₂(C³Π_u →B³Π_g ) during the rising period of the applied voltage pulse and weaken it during the end period. The increasing factor of emission intensity is effected by the pulse repetition rate. The d=3 mm structure has the highest threshold voltage while it can maintain more emission intensity of N₂(C³ Π _u →B ³Π_g ) than that of d=2 mm structure. The structure of d=2 mm can maintain more increasing factor than that of the d=3 mm structure with varying pulse repetition rate. Besides, the rotational temperatures of three V-SBD structures are slightly affected when the gap distance and pulse repetition rate vary. The vibrational temperatures have decaying tendencies of all three structures with the increasing pulse repetition rate.     

Standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation of PbO(s) over a wide temperature range from EMF measurements

The EMF of the following galvanic cells,

(render)

Kanthal,Re,Pb,PbOCSZO₂ (1 atm.),Pt

(render)

Kanthal,Re,Pb,PbOCSZO₂(1 atm.),RuO₂,Pt

were measured as a function of temperature. With O₂ (1 atm.), RuO₂ as the reference electrode, measurements were possible at low temperatures close to the melting point of Pb. Standard Gibbs energy of formation, Δ_fG⁰_mβ-PbO was calculated from the emf measurements made over a wide range of temperature (612–1111 K) and is given by the expression: Δ_fG⁰_mβ-PbO±0.10 kJ=−218.98+0.09963T. A third law treatment of the data yielded a value of −218.08 ± 0.07 kJ mol⁻¹ for the enthalpy of formation of PbO(s) at 298.15 K, Δ_fH⁰_mβ-PbO which is in excellent agreement with second law estimate of −218.07 ± 0.07 kJ mol⁻¹.     

MW级空间核反应堆系统热管式辐射散热器分析及优化

空间核反应堆是空间核电源和核推进的研究基础,大功率核反应堆的体积和质量一直是限制航空航天设计的重要因素。针对这一问题,本文对MW级空间核反应堆系统热管式辐射散热器进行建模和分析,建立热管式辐射散热器的热阻模型,利用穷举法和遗传算法在给定工况下探讨裸碳纤维翅片长度L_f和厚度δ_f、冷却剂质量流量m、辐射散热器入口温度T_f1对散热器质量M的影响。结果表明,当T_f1＝800 K、L_f＝5 cm、δ_f＝0.16 mm、m＝9 kg/s时,M达到最优,为906.593 kg,优化了0.63%的系统质量。     

Interaction between energetic-ions and internal kink modes in a weak shear tokamak plasma

Based on the conventional tokamak HL-2A-like parameters and profiles, the linear properties and the nonlinear dynamics of non-resonant kink mode (NRK) and non-resonant fishbone instability (NRFB) in reversed shear tokamak plasmas are investigated by using the global hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic nonlinear code M3D-K. This work mainly focuses on the effect of passing energetic-ions on the NRK and NRFB instabilities, which is different from the previous works. It is demonstrated that the NRFB can be destabilized by the passing energetic-ions when the energetic-ion beta β_h exceeds a critical value. The transition from NRK to NRFB occurs when the energetic-ion beta β_h increases to above a critical value. The resonance condition responsible for the excitation of NRFB is interestingly found to be satisfied at ωt + ω_p ≈ ω, where ωt is the toroidal motion frequency, ω_p is the poloidal motion frequency and ω is the mode frequency. The nonlinear evolutions of NRFB's mode structures and Poincaré plots are also analyzed in this work and it is found that the NRFB can induce evident energetic-ion loss/redistribution, which can degrade the performance of the plasmas. These findings are conducive to understanding the mechanisms of NRFB induced energetic-ion loss/redistribution through nonlinear wave-particle interaction.     

Vibrational Temperature of Excited Nitrogen Molecules Detected in a 13.56 MHz Electrical Discharge by Sheath-Side Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Optical emission spectroscopy parallel to the axis of a low-pressure radio-frequency discharge in nitrogen was realized,i.e.end-on instead of customary side-on measurements.A specially designed optical feedthrough was fabricated and installed co-planar with the anode electrode,allowing non-invasive observations perpendicular to the plasma sheath.The principal excited species flowing towards the grounded electrode were identified and,by assuming Boltzmann distributions,the vibrational temperature of the molecules on the X1∑+g and C3Πu levels was estimated under various operating conditions.     

The constitution of the uranium-tin-palladium system

The Pd-rich region of the isothermal section of the ternary U---Sn---Pd system at 1050°C was investigated by metallography, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. The fcc -Pd(Sn, U) solid solution dissolves up to 16 at.% Sn and 15 at.% U. The AuCu₃ type phases SnPd₃ and UPd₄ are the end members of a single-phase region. SnPd₂ and UPd₃ are in equilibrium with this solid solution of the composition U_0.68Sn_0.32Pd₃ and with the ternary phase USnPd₂. The Gibbs energies of formation of SnPd₂, SnPd₃ and UPd₄ were used and ideal behaviour of the (Sn, U) Pd_3+x solid solution was assumed to calculate the Gibbs energy of formation of UPd₃ which gives Δ_fG° = −312 kJ/mol at 1050°C. In addition, the annealing experiments in the Pd-rich region of the binary U---Pd system were extended to 950°C which confirm the phase-field distribution established at 1050°C in earlier work.     

Thermodynamic studies on Cs4U5O17(s) and Cs2U2O7(s) by emf and calorimetric measurements

The oxygen potentials over the phase field: Cs₄U₅O₁₇(s)+Cs₂U₂O₇(s)+Cs₂U₄O₁₂(s) was determined by measuring the emf values between 1048 and 1206 K using a solid oxide electrolyte galvanic cell. The oxygen potential existing over the phase field for a given temperature can be represented by: Δμ(O₂) (kJ/mol) (±0.5)=−272.0+0.207T (K). The differential thermal analysis showed that Cs₄U₅O₁₇(s) is stable in air up to 1273 K. The molar Gibbs energy formation of Cs₄U₅O₁₇(s) was calculated from the above oxygen potentials and can be given by, Δ_fG⁰ (kJ/mol)±6=−7729+1.681T (K). The enthalpy measurements on Cs₄U₅O₁₇(s) and Cs₂U₂O₇(s) were carried out from 368.3 to 905 K and 430 to 852 K respectively, using a high temperature Calvet calorimeter. The enthalpy increments, (H⁰_T−H⁰₂₉₈), in J/mol for Cs₄U₅O₁₇(s) and Cs₂U₂O₇(s) can be represented by, H⁰_T−H⁰_298.15 (Cs₄U₅O₁₇) kJ/mol±0.9=−188.221+0.518T (K)+0.433×10⁻³T² (K)−2.052×10⁻⁵T³ (K) (368 to 905 K) and H⁰_T−H⁰_298.15 (Cs₂U₂O₇) kJ/mol±0.5=−164.210+0.390T (K)+0.104×10⁻⁴T² (K)+0.140×10⁵(1/T (K)) (411 to 860 K). The thermal properties of Cs₄U₅O₁₇(s) and Cs₂U₂O₇(s) were derived from the experimental values. The enthalpy of formation of (Cs₄U₅O₁₇, s) at 298.15 K was calculated by the second law method and is: Δ_fH⁰_298.15=−7645.0±4.2 kJ/mol.     

Thermodynamic stability of Na2ZrO3 using the solid electrolyte galvanic cell technique

The sodium potential in the test electrode (a) Pt,O₂,Na₂ZrO₃,ZrO₂ was measured by using the emf technique employing Na-β^″-alumina as the solid electrolyte in conjunction with (b) Pt,O₂,Al₂O₃,NaAl₁₁O₁₇, (c) Pt,O₂,Na₂MoO₄,Na₂Mo₂O₇ and (d) Pt,Na₂CO₃,CO₂,O₂ as the reference electrodes over the ranges 880–1045, 700–800 and 850–940 K, respectively. The emf results between electrodes (b) and (c) were utilized for internal consistency checks. From the results on cells formed between (a) and (b) and those on (a) and (c), the standard Gibbs energy of formation, Δ_fG^o (kJ/mol) of Na₂ZrO₃ was determined to be −1699.4+0.3652T (K) valid over the temperature range 700–1045 K. The break in the emf data at 1045 K was corroborated by independent TG/DTA measurements carried out on Na₂ZrO₃ which exhibited an endotherm at 1055 K indicative of a phase transition in Na₂ZrO₃.     

蒸汽发生器U型管单相流动不稳定性分析

自然循环条件下,蒸汽发生器并联U型管束内存在单相流动不稳定性,部分U型管内存在倒流现象,对反应堆非能动安全产生负面影响。本文通过对基本守恒方程无量纲处理,采用线性扰动分析理论,获得了Ｕ型管内流动不稳定性判断准则(特征格拉晓夫数)。结果表明,当U型管格拉晓夫数高于特征格拉晓夫数时,管内流动是不稳定的,会出现倒流现象。以某型蒸汽发生器为对象,对U型管束流动不稳定性进行判断,通过与现有判别方法进行对比,验证了建立的U型管内流动不稳定性的判别方法。在此基础上,分析了蒸汽发生器一次侧流体入口密度对倒流现象的影响,发现当入口密度降低时,倒流现象更容易发生。本文结论可为蒸汽发生器优化设计提供一定的理论支持。