福岛第一核电厂2号机组严重事故进程模拟分析

本文应用MELCOR程序,通过建立全厂详细的模型,对福岛第一核电厂2号机组在地震发生后4天(96h)内的严重事故进程进行了模拟分析并与电厂实测数据进行了比较。基于文中假设的模拟计算得到的趋势与电厂现有实测数据较为一致,分析结果表明:假设TORUS隔间内海水淹没一半时,作为新增的外部热阱与RCIC系统耦合工作,可有效地将堆芯衰变热排出,并延缓了安全壳压力上升。96h内安全壳压力未达到过滤排放系统开启值;RCIC系统在事故发生后近3天失效,此后4.6h操纵员通过开启主蒸汽泄压阀(SRV)对反应堆进行快速卸压,然而堆芯在消防水注入时接近完全裸露,继而发生强烈锆水反应;6h内产氢量达到近800kg。事故后期堆芯通道依然维持可冷却几何形状,最终操纵员通过开启第2组泄压阀对反应堆进行卸压,消防水泵得以有效向反应堆注入冷却水,堆芯重新淹没并冷却。     

小型堆严重事故下安全壳内氢气行为分析

采用MELCOR程序,对小型堆破口叠加全部电源丧失的典型严重事故进行计算,并对安全壳内发生氢气燃烧、爆炸的可能性进行分析。结果表明:主管道直径3.72%的破口叠加全部电源丧失后,堆芯裸露,出现熔堆事故;同时锆水反应产生的大量氢气进入安全壳,使安全壳内氢气含量上升,在安全壳局部空间、屏蔽水箱内出现氢气燃烧。但由于小型堆安全壳净容积较小,水蒸气含量较高,氧气含量较少,不会导致氢气爆炸。     

严重事故条件下安全壳响应模拟研究

压水堆核电厂发生严重事故期间,从主系统释放的蒸汽、氢气以及下封头失效后进入安全壳的堆芯熔融物均对安全壳的完整性构成威胁。以国内典型二代加压水堆为研究对象,采用MAAP程序进行安全壳响应分析。选取了两种典型的严重事故序列：热管段中破口叠加设备冷却水失效和再循环高压安注失效,堆芯因冷却不足升温熔化导致压力容器失效,熔融物与混凝土发生反应（MCCI）,安全壳超压失效;冷管段大破口叠加再循环失效,安全壳内蒸汽不断聚集,发生超压失效。通过对两种事故工况的分析,证实了再循环高压安注、安全壳喷淋这两种缓解措施对保证安全壳完整性的重要作用。     

重水堆核电厂典型严重事故氢气风险分析

核电厂严重事故下的氢气控制一直是核电厂关注的热点问题之一。本文采用重水堆一体化事故分析程序建立了主热传输系统(PHTS)模型、排管容器及端屏蔽系统、堆腔以及安全壳模型。分别选取代表高压熔堆和低压熔堆的全厂断电及出口集管大破口失水事故始发严重事故序列,从堆芯氧化产氢以及系统热工水力行为出发,对重水堆产氢特性及点火器的消氢效果进行了研究。分析表明:严重事故下随着堆芯冷却恶化,排管容器内发生锆水反应而产生氢气,排管容器和堆腔内的水对氢气产生有较长时间的抑止作用,随着排管容器和堆腔内水的逐渐烧干,排管容器蠕变失效,熔融堆芯落入堆腔发生堆芯熔融物与混凝土的相互作用而产生大量氢气。当氢气点火器失效时,安全壳隔间内氢气体积份额持续增加,存在燃爆风险;点火器开启时,隔间中的氢气混合气体在较低浓度下点燃,氢气燃烧模式处于慢速燃烧区。     

严重事故下氢气风险及氢气控制系统的初步分析

采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对600MWe压水堆核电厂严重事故下氢气风险及拟定的氢气控制系统进行分析。结果表明：相对于小破口失水始发事故和全厂断电始发事故工况,大破口失水始发严重事故堆芯快速熔化,在考虑100%锆 水反应产氢量的条件下,大破口失水始发事故氢气风险较大,有可能发生氢气快速燃烧;在氢气控制系统作用下,发生大破口失水始发严重事故时,安全壳内平均氢气浓度和隔间内氢气浓度低于10%,未达到氢气快速燃烧和爆炸的条件,满足美国联邦法规10CFR中关于氢气控制和风险分析的准则,认为该氢气控制系统是可行、有效的。     

AP1000严重事故分析

AP1000设计中考虑了以下几类严重事故：堆芯和混凝土相互反应;高压熔堆;氢气燃烧和爆炸;蒸汽爆炸;安全壳超压;安全壳旁通。本工作给出了AP1000在设计时对严重事故的考虑和发生严重事故后的最终结果。     

非能动安全壳严重威胁状态下的氢气风险分析

以全球首个采用非能动设计的三代核电技术的三门核电厂为分析对象,结合电厂现行严重事故管理导则(SAMG),研究安全壳严重威胁状态下的氢气风险控制。使用一体化事故分析程序建立了电厂模型,分析了热段2英寸破口叠加专设安全设施失效导致产生超过100%活性区锆水反应产氢量的严重事故序列。在此假想工况下安全壳水冷功能失效导致事故后安全壳处于惰化环境中,而产生了安全壳超压风险和氢气风险并存的不利情况。对比分析了仅执行严重威胁导则-2(SCG-2)恢复安全壳水冷和执行SCG-2后执行SCG-3控制安全壳氢气风险的两种情况,结果表明开启/关闭安全壳水冷功能在一定程度上缓解了安全壳的超压风险和氢气风险,可为严重事故管理导则的具体实施提供技术支持。     

百万千瓦级压水堆严重事故下氢气源项及氢气控制有效性分析

针对百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂大型干式安全壳在严重事故情况下的氢气风险控制,建立了一体化事故分析模型,分别对大破口失水事故(LB-LOCA)、中破口失水事故(MB-LOCA)、小破口失水事故(SB-LOCA)、全厂断电事故(SBO)、蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管破裂事故(SGTR)以及主蒸汽管道破裂事故(MSLB)进行事故进程计算以及氢气源项分析。相对于其他事故序列,LB-LOCA下堆芯快速熔化,锆-水反应产生氢气的速率快,可以作为安全壳内氢气风险控制有效性分析的代表性事故序列。分析表明,严重事故情况下在安全壳中安装一定数量的非能动氢气复合器(PARs)能够有效去除安全壳中的氢气,消除氢气燃烧或爆炸的风险,保持安全壳的完整性。     

百万千瓦级压水堆严重事故后再注水的有效性评价

根据现有的设计资料,使用一体化严重事故分析程序MELCOR1.8.6建立了核电厂一、二回路系统,非能动堆芯冷却系统和安全壳系统的模型,并模拟冷段2英寸(5.08cm)小破口叠加重力注入失效的严重事故发生后,将冷却剂注入堆芯的情形,分析其对严重事故进程的缓解能力。本文选取3个严重事故的不同阶段,将冷却剂分别以小流量(10kg/s)、中流量(50kg/s)和大流量(200kg/s)的速率注入堆芯,通过比较氢气产生量、堆芯放射性产生量及堆芯温度等数据来评估在严重事故不同阶段再注水的可行性。结果表明:在堆芯损伤初期,可认为10kg/s以上的流量足以冷却百万千瓦级事故安全。而当严重事故发展到堆芯开始坍塌阶段,200kg/s的注水流量可认为是基本可行的,而小于此流量的注水应慎重考虑。     

AP1000小破口叠加重力注射失效严重事故分析

应用新版MELCOR程序,建立了AP1000一二回路、非能动安全系统及安全壳隔室的热工水力模型,并以热段小破口叠加重力注射系统失效事故为例,对该严重事故进程在压力容器内阶段进行模拟计算,对缓解措施的功能进行了分析和评价。结果表明：自动卸压系统（ADS1～4）的成功实施,可使来自堆芯补水箱和安注箱的冷却水快速有效地注入堆芯,在冷却水完全耗尽前,堆芯始终处于淹没的状态。ADS4爆破阀开启后,使回路压力快速与安全壳压力平衡;非能动安全壳冷却系统对抵御严重事故下由于衰变热和非冷凝气体带来的缓慢升温升压是行之有效的措施;点火器在氢气浓度较低时点火,缓解了安全壳大空间发生全局燃爆而引发安全壳超压失效的风险,但连续点火燃烧会引起局部隔室温升远超出设计温度而危及后备缓解设施的存活。     

Integral analysis of large LOCA beyond design basis accident scenario in RBMK-1500

The integral analysis of severe accident scenario for RBMK-1500 was performed using combined approach with RELAP5, RELAP/SCDAPSIM, ASTEC and COCOSYS codes. The performed analysis covered response of the reactor core, the reactor cooling system and the confinement. There were performed several analyses: the first analysis assumed that operators take no action or their actions are not successful to provide the coolant injection to the reactor core; the other analyses were performed to investigate the accident management measures to restore the core cooling at different temperatures of the reactor core. The results of performed analyses showed that the operators have ∼5 h before the ruptures of fuel claddings occur and ∼8 h before the onset of exothermic steam-zirconium reaction. The coolant injection to the reactor core should be restored as soon as possible in order to prevent high hydrogen concentrations in the confinement and significant release of the fission products to the environment.     

Simulation of the chernobyl accident

An analysis of the April 26, 1986 accident at the Chernobyl-4 nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union is presented. The peak calculated core power during the accident was 550 000 MW_t. The analysis provides insights that further understanding of the plant behavior during the accident. The plant was modeled with the RELAP5/MOD2 computer code using information available in the open literature. RELAP5/MOD2 is an advanced computer code designed for best-estimate thermal-hydraulic analysis of transients in light water reactors. The Chernobyl-4 model included the reactor kinetics effects of fuel temperature, graphite temperature, core average void fraction, and automatic regulator control rod position. Preliminary calculations indicated the effects of recirculation pump coast down during performance of a test at the plant were not sufficient to initiate a reactor kinetics-driven power excursion. Another mechanism, or “trigger” is required. The accident simulation assumed the trigger was recirculation pump performance degradation caused by the onset of pump cavitation. Fuel disintegration caused by the power excursion probably led to rupture of pressure tubes. To further characterize the response of the Chernobyl-4 plant during severe accidents, simulations of an extended station blackout sequence with failure of all feedwater are also presented. For those simulations, RELAP5/MOD2 and SCDAP/MOD1 (an advanced best-estimate computer code for the prediction of reactor core behavior during a severe accident) were used. The simulations indicated that fuel rod melting was delayed significantly because the graphite acted as a heat sink.     

压水堆严重事故下封头热斑计算

压水堆堆芯熔化事故情况下,下封头热斑会造成压力容器局部过热,导致临界热流密度发生。利用FLUENT软件对堆芯熔化事故时的下封头热斑进行计算,从流动和换热角度预测热斑导致的下封头薄弱环节。计算结果表明:堆芯熔化事故时,压力容器下封头存在两处最薄弱的位置,分别为下封头正下方正对外部冷却水位置和氧化壳与压力容器交界处。特别是在氧化壳与压力容器交界处,由于多种原因导致临界热流密度发生,使得该处熔化严重。通过设置延伸小管和附加冷却水可延迟压力容器壁面熔穿的时间。     

Ductility Loss of Zircaloy Cladding by Inner-Surface Oxidation during High Temperature Transient

Under a LOCA transient in LWRs, ruptured Zircaloy clad tubes would be oxidized at the inner surface as well as outer surface by steam flowing in reactor core. In order to determine whether the inner-surface oxidation influences mechanical properties of clad tubes during the reflood stage of a LOCA, the ring compression tests were conducted on oxidized tube specimens and segments sectioned from ruptured claddings obtained from rod-burst/oxidation tests ranging from 1,200 to 1,500 K.

The degradation of the fracture load and the deflection at 373 K are largely influenced by the hydrogen absorption during the inner-surface oxidation. The oxidation temperature and the time dependence of the ductility loss of Zircaloy clad tubes can be represented by iso-deflection lines. The iso-deflection lines due to the hydrogen absorption limit the permissible oxidation condition to a lower temperature and shorter period of exposure time, comparing with sole oxygen uptake.     

复杂混合气体组分在低温活性炭表面的吸附特性

为实现大体积气体中微量放射性气体Kr、Xe同位素的测量,须将混合气体进行浓集并将目标气体吸附于10 mL左右的活性炭源盒中。本实验对混合气体中各组分在活性炭分离柱上的吸附性能进行研究,建立了通过去除其他杂质气体、浓集大体积气体制备放射性Kr和Xe活度源的方法。根据反应堆流出气体和核爆可能生成的气体组分,配制了模拟气体,使用活化的4A分子筛对其中的水和CO₂进行模拟去除,获得了流程中去除水和CO₂的实验条件;选择5个低温点(273、264、255、246、238 K),在低温活性炭柱上对H₂、CO、CH₄、Kr和Xe的吸附特性进行研究,测定了各气体在不同温度下的吸附穿透曲线。结果表明,室温下4A分子筛对水和CO₂有较好的吸附效果。低温下,H₂、CO不易在活性炭表面吸附;CH₄、Kr吸附性质相似;Xe吸附能力较强。低温下难以去除的CH₄可在高温下氧化去除。因此,可根据混合气体中各组分性质的不同实现杂质气体的去除和目标气体Kr、Xe的回收测量。     

Features of a control blade degradation observed in situ during severe accident conditions in boiling water reactors

In the present paper, new results using in situ video are presented regarding boiling water reactor (BWR) control blade degradation up to 1750 K at the beginning of a nuclear severe accident. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) mapping indicated stratification of the absorber blade melt with formation of a chromium and boride-enriched layer. High-content-B- and C-containing material with increased melting temperature acted like a shielding and was found to prevent further relocation of control blade claddings. The interacted layers around the B₄C-granules prevented direct steam attack of residual B₄C. The results provide new insights for understanding of the absorber blade degradation mechanism under reducing conditions specific to Fukushima Dai-Ichi Unit 2 resulting from prolonged steam starvation.     

钠冷快堆蒸汽发生器小钠水反应现象数值模拟

蒸汽发生器（SG）是钠冷快堆二回路主冷却系统的关键设备之一,其传热管破损会导致钠水反应事故,产生大量氢气、腐蚀性产物并放出热量,严重影响SG的安全运行。本文用FLUENT对小泄漏钠水反应区的瞬态现象进行数值模拟,计算得到泄漏孔径为0.2 mm时反应区最高温度可达1 564 K,最高温度随泄漏率的增加而升高,但保持在一定范围内,结果均与日本实验结果吻合,并且泄漏率会影响产物NaOH和H₂的扩散与分布。本文采用的数值模拟方法可用于小钠水反应现象分析,可得到不同泄漏率下小钠水反应能达到的最高温度、反应区任意位置的NaOH浓度和H₂浓度,以预测邻管损耗和失效时间,有利于进一步开展小钠水反应事故安全分析。     

超临界水冷堆典型非失水事故模拟

基于修改后的最佳估算程序ATHLET-SC建立了典型的超临界水冷反应堆系统模型。对3种典型的非失水事故（失去给水加热、汽轮机失去负载且旁排未开启、给水泵卡轴）进行了模拟和敏感性分析,得到了堆功率、质量流量、最高包壳温度和最高燃料中心温度随时间变化的计算结果。结果表明,上述事故中系统压力、最高燃料包壳温度和最高燃料中心温度均可满足事故安全准则。     

Integrated MELPROG/TRAC analyses of a PWR station blackout

A complete, coupled, mechanistic analysis of the entire reactor coolant system during a station blackout accident (TMLB') has been completed using the MELPROG/TRAC code. The analysis includes the failure of the seal on all coolant pumps at 100 min into the accident; in all other respects the case is identical to a previous station blackout calculation. Both cases started at accident initiation and continued through boiloff of the water, failure of the control and fuel rods, oxidation of the zircaloy and the formation of U---Zr---O eutectics, failure of the vessel internal structures due to melting and loading, massive core disruption, and subsequent vessel failure. The two cases reached significantly different end conditions. The basic TMLB' resulted in a high pressure (15 MPa) vessel failure approximately 4 h after accident initiation. The addition of a 12.5-mm hole in each pump seal caused the water in the loop seal to clear and resulted in a significantly lower pressure (0.27 MPa) at vessel failure, which occurred almost 10 h after accident initiation. Therefore, high pressure melt ejection (HPME) and the potential for subsequent direct containment heating (DCH) were predicted not to occur in the TMLB' accident scenario with pump seal failure.     

整体式除氚催化剂的制备及催化氧化性能

针对大型核设施产生的大流量废气的处理,发展低气阻的整体式催化剂尤为必要。本工作在整体式堇青石载体上生长分子筛涂层,以离子交换法负载活性组分Pt,获得的整体式催化剂具有高的金属分散度,达到了60%。使用该催化剂,在15℃、体积空速为10 000～40 000 h^-1、1.0%(体积分数)H₂的条件下实现大于99.9%的H₂转化率;在25℃、体积空速为50 000 h^-1、1.0%H₂的条件下实现H₂的完全转化。在更低的H₂浓度下(0.1%H₂和0.5%H₂),该催化剂在湿条件下的H₂转化率低于干条件下的H₂转化率,表明水蒸气会抑制室温催化活性。由于分子筛涂层较Al₂O₃涂层具有更低的吸水性,整体式Pt/sil-cord催化剂在湿条件下具有比Pt/Al₂O₃高得多的...