Effectiveness of sliding isolators with variable curvature in near‐fault ground motions

Recent studies have revealed that a sliding isolator with variable curvature (SIVC) can mitigate the resonance phenomenon likely to occur in seismic response of a conventional friction pendulum system (FPS) isolator due to its constant isolation frequency. The present study simulates four SIVC isolators and an FPS to find the optimum range of initial isolation period and coefficient of friction and employ them in comparing the effectiveness of SIVC in different peak ground acceleration (PGA) scales of near‐fault earthquakes. Velocity‐dependent coefficient of friction and modified viscoplasticity model have been used to simulate nonlinear friction force of the isolators. Results indicate identical performance of all SIVC isolators in PGA scales up to 0.4 g. When subjected to PGA scales from 0.4 g to 1.0 g, polynomial friction pendulum isolator (PFPI) and variable curvature friction pendulum system (VCFPS) reduce base displacement greatly, while conical friction pendulum isolator (CFPI) and variable frequency pendulum isolator (VFPI) show amplified responses. However, in mitigating structural acceleration, performance of CFPI and VFPI, unlike PFPI and VCFPS, which perform poorly, is excellent. Thus, in a strong near‐fault earthquake, PFPI and VCFPS or CFPI and VFPI can be chosen based on whether reduction of base displacement or super‐structural acceleration is the main concern of designer, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Behaviour of liquid storage tanks with VCFPS under near-fault ground motions

Earthquake response of slender and broad liquid storage steel tanks isolated with variable curvature friction pendulum systems (VCFPSs) is investigated under near-fault motions. The tanks isolated with VCFPS are idealised with three-degrees-of-freedom associated with convective, impulsive and rigid masses. The frictional forces mobilised at the interface of the VCFPS are assumed to be velocity independent. The governing equations of motion of isolated tank are derived and solved in the incremental form using Newmark's method. For comparative study, the seismic response of liquid storage tanks with the VCFPSs is compared with that of same liquid storage tanks isolated using the friction pendulum systems (FPSs). The seismic response of isolated liquid storage tanks is also compared with that of the non-isolated tanks. Further, a parametric study is carried out to critically examine the behaviour of liquid storage tanks isolated with the VCFPSs. The important parameters considered are the friction coefficient of VCFPS, the fundamental period at the centre of the sliding surface of VCFPS and the tank aspect ratio. It is observed that under near-fault ground motions, the VCFPS is quite effective in controlling the seismic response, viz. the base shear, the sloshing displacement and the impulsive displacement, of liquid storage tanks.     

Performance of variable curvature sliding isolators in base‐isolated benchmark building

The performances of variable curvature sliding isolators like variable frequency pendulum isolator (VFPI) and variable curvature friction pendulum system (VCFPS) installed in the base‐isolated benchmark building subjected to bi‐directionally acting seven strong earthquakes have been studied. The shear type base‐isolated benchmark building is modelled as three‐dimensional linear elastic structure having three degrees‐of‐freedom at each floor level. Time domain dynamic analysis of the building has been carried out with the help of constant average acceleration Newmark‐Beta method and non‐linear isolation forces has been taken care by fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta method. The force‐displacement responses of the VFPI and VCFPS are studied under parametric variations of their key characteristics for the comparative performance evaluation. The time history variations of response characteristics and peak response evaluation criteria are also investigated for overall comparison of their performances. The performance of VFPI and VCFPS are observed both in uniform and hybrid isolation systems. The force‐displacement responses of both VFPI and VCFPS subjected to strong near‐field earthquakes show excessively large isolator displacements at higher initial radii of curvature of sliding surface. The large isolator displacements of VFPI and VCFPS can be restrained efficiently by addition of viscous fluid dampers in comparison to the increase in coefficient of friction of isolators. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震动速度脉冲对不同高宽比基础隔震结构抗震性能的影响

为研究近断层地震动的速度脉冲对基础隔震结构地震反应的影响,建立了不同高宽比的传统抗震及基础隔震框架结构有限元模型,选取了6条具有向前方向性效应和滑冲效应速度脉冲的实际近断层强震记录作为结构基础输入地震动,对8个模型进行了非线性动力时程分析,对比分析了传统抗震及基础隔震框架结构模型的层间位移角、支座位移和基底剪力等反应。结果表明：在近断层速度脉冲型地震动作用下,随着结构高宽比的增加,基础隔震结构的层间位移角和基底最大剪力逐渐增加,而隔震支座位移有先增大后减小的趋势,且随着地震动峰值速度与峰值加速度比值的增大,隔震支座位移也逐步增大;基础隔震对高宽比小于3的结构具有较好的减震效果,且高宽比越小其减震效果越好,但是当结构高宽比为4时,基础隔震效果较差;近断层地震动的速度脉冲对基础隔震结构底部楼层的不利影响会导致结构出现倒塌破坏。     

近断层地震动作用下基础隔震结构的一体化动力优化设计

首先讨论了近断层地震动的脉冲运动特征和特性参数,并以台湾集集地震实际脉冲型近震记录作为地震动输入,以上部结构最大层间位移和构件体积最小化为目标,应用含潜在约束策略的序列二次规划算法,对安装铅芯橡胶隔震支座的钢筋混凝土框架隔震结构进行一体化优化设计,同步确定隔震器参数和上部结构构件截面几何尺寸。然后输入ElCentro(1940)、Hachinohe(1968)非脉冲型近断层地震动记录进行隔震结构一体化优化设计。计算结果表明,本文隔震结构优化设计得到的结果是合理的,与其他作者通过参数分析确定的隔震器最优参数具有可比性;对考虑脉冲型近断层地震动作用的隔震结构进行参数优化设计后,该隔震结构能同时满足脉冲型和普通非脉冲型近震作用的结构设计需求。反之,对非脉冲型近断层地震动作用的隔震结构进行参数优化设计后,该隔震结构不能满足脉冲型近震作用的设计需求。     

近断层脉冲型地震作用下防屈曲支撑-钢筋混凝土框架结构的抗震性能

具有向前方向性效应和滑冲效应的近断层脉冲型地震动对建筑结构的破坏已受到工程界的广泛关注。为了解设置防屈曲支撑（BRB）的混凝土框架在近断层脉冲型地震动激励下的抗震性能,采用基于能量平衡的塑性设计方法完成了3个V形BRB支撑的RC框架结构的抗震设计。分别选取具有向前方向性效应和滑冲效应的脉冲型以及非脉冲型三组共36条近断层地震动,对结构进行罕遇地震作用下的非线性动力分析,研究了结构的最大层间位移角、最大顶点加速度、最大顶点位移和BRB的轴向性能;分析和评估了结构在3条典型地震动激励下的地震响应。结果表明：近断层脉冲型地震动比非脉冲型地震动对结构会产生更大的地震响应,且响应显著集中于速度脉冲时刻;BRB能充分发挥其耗能特性,提高RC框架结构体系的抗震性能。     

水平双向地震作用对摩擦摆基础隔震结构隔震支座位移的影响

对不同场地条件下、不同周期的摩擦摆基础隔震结构在水平双向和单向地震作用下的隔震支座位移进行了对比分析,表明水平双向地震作用下隔震支座的总位移均明显大于水平单向地震作用下的支座位移。因而,在简化设计中确定摩擦摆基础隔震结构隔震支座位移时,可将水平单向地震作用下的隔震支座位移增大30%,以考虑水平双向地震作用对摩擦摆基础隔震结构隔震支座位移的影响。     

近断层水平-竖向地震作用下基础隔震结构的动力响应

基础隔震技术在目前的结构分析和设计过程中,对于冲击性较强的近断层地震作用考虑甚少,特别是竖向分量考虑更少.通过选取1999年台湾集集地震中,含有完整水平与竖向地震分量的近断层记录、远场地震记录以及断层附近非脉冲型地震记录作为地震输入,分析基础隔震结构在近断层水平-竖向地震分量共同作用下的动力响应,以及隔震支座的受力状态...     

近断层/远场地震动作用下隧道结构易损性研究

以川藏铁路线控制性工程——折多山隧道为研究对象,建立隧道动力时程分析模型.结合场地地震动设计反应谱,选取近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动记录,用于增量动力分析隧道工程结构的抗震性能水平.初步探讨适用于隧道结构的地震动强度指标IM,分析不同特征部位隧道结构易损性,对比分析近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动作用下隧道结构的地震易...     

近断层地震动特征及其对工程结构影响的研究进展

简要介绍近断层方向性效应、滑冲效应、上盘效应和显著竖向地面运动等近断层地震动主要特征及成因;概括总结近断层水平和竖向地震作用下工程结构地震响应的研究进展;在此基础上,对目前国内外抗震设计规范中考虑近断层地震影响有关规定进行了介绍和概况总结。提出关于近断层上盘效应引起的脉冲特性以及地震动的随机特性的发生机理等问题的研究仍不够深入,近断层地震作用下已有的结构振动控制技术的安全性和有效性有待进一步确认和验证。建议关注近断层加速度脉冲、竖向及转动分量作用下的工程结构地震响应,可结合地震断层破裂过程的数值仿真技术来弥补近断层地震记录数量的不足,以更好地研究近断层地震动特性及工程结构地震响应,为未来结构抗震设计及评估中考虑近断层地震动效应的影响和规范修订提供参考。     

近断层/远场地震动作用下控制性岩体结构对地下洞室地震稳定性影响研究

 当前地下岩石工程地震响应研究中,缺乏对近断层地震动的影响机制的研究,也较少考虑地下岩石工程赋存环境中的地质结构。采用一种非线性节理本构模型模拟不利地质结构面,结合从NGA-West2数据库中选取的近断层脉冲型、近断层无脉冲型、及远场地震记录,分析近断层地震动对不利地质结构地震破坏现象的影响机制,并讨论、提出不利地质结构的地震动潜在破坏势,最后针对受层间错动带C2切割控制的白鹤滩水电站左岸尾水系统1#尾调室,揭示其在近断层脉冲型、无脉冲型、远场地震动作用下的动力响应与稳定性的差异。初步研究结果表明：(1) 仅有近断层脉冲型地震动才具有较大的速度、位移峰值和反应谱长周期值的特点,而近断层无脉冲型地震动特性与远场地震动近似;(2) 相对于近断层的大幅值,速度脉冲才是导致近断层地震动具有较大破坏能力的根本原因,速度脉冲使得岩体结构面两盘产生不可接受的剪切位移,成为洞室在近断层地震动作用下独特的失稳机制;(3) 对于地下工程中的不利地质结构而言,相比最常用的地震动强度参数PGA,PGV,PGD和PGV/PGA是为更理想的地震动潜在破坏势,且近断层/远场地震动可适用一种破坏势;(4) 提出的潜在破坏势参数在白鹤滩尾水系统1#尾调室的地震响应分析中得到了较好的验证,若受近断层脉冲型地震动的影响,洞室可能处于不稳定状态,可能需要针对性的抗震支护措施。结论可供地下洞室的抗震设计与分析参考。     

摩擦摆隔震支座在地震反应中的影响分析

本文以一座7层框架结构作为研究对象,运用有限元分析软件SAP2000,对摩擦摆基础隔震结构进行地震反应分析,输入地震波EI-Centro波,通过调整摩擦摆支座的摩擦系数,分析在不同的摩擦系数下结构的周期、基底位移、楼层加速度的影响变化,表明随着支座摩擦系数的增大,结构自振周期逐渐变小,楼层的滑动位移反应也呈减小的趋势,但楼层加速度反应会逐渐变大,为滑移隔震技术应用到实际工程提供了参考依据。     

水平双向地震作用下基础隔震结构支座位移的确定

对不同场地条件下,不同周期的基础隔震结构在水平双向和单向地震作用下的隔震支座位移进行了对比分析,表明水平双向地震作用下隔震支座的总位移均明显大于水平单向地震作用下的支座位移,其比值的平均值为1.187,因而,在简化设计中确定基础隔震结构隔震支座位移时,可将水平单向地震作用下的隔震支座位移增大20%,以考虑水平双向地震作用对基础隔震结构隔震支座位移的影响。     

不同震源机制的近断层脉冲型地震动频谱特性及强度指标研究

将不同场地类别和震源机制上的118条近断层地震记录进行分类,基于基础隔震结构的双自由度体系简化模型,利用状态空间法及四阶龙格-库塔法对结构的弹塑性反应谱进行求解,研究了场地类别和震源机制对反应谱频谱特性的影响。通过分析近断层地震记录的3个强度指标与基础隔震结构最大弹塑性响应的相关性,探讨了基础隔震结构地震反应分析时强度指标的选取问题。结果表明,三种场地类别条件中,速度反应谱规律不明显,但逆断层地震动的平均加速度反应谱和逆斜断层地震动的平均位移反应谱均最大。场地类别和震源机制不同,地震动强度指标与结构响应的相关程度不同。因此在进行近断层脉冲型地震动作用下基础隔震结构地震反应分析时,建议考虑结构所在场地及地震动的震源机制后采用不同地震动强度指标来选择和调整地震动输入。     

Comparison of dynamic response of isolated and non-isolated continuous girder bridges subjected to near-fault ground motions

The dynamic response of seismic isolated continuous girder bridges subjected to either near-fault or far-field ground motions is compared to the non-isolated ones. Near-fault earthquake ground motion data are collected from the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. The earthquake data recorded at the same sites from other events serve as far-field ground motions. Typical three-span continuous concrete box girder bridges designed under Taiwan seismic design specifications of highway bridges are adopted for this study. These bridges are assumed straight, founded on rigid rock and only the longitudinal response is considered. Parametric studies for the dynamic responses of isolated bridges by input near-fault ground motions are developed. The PGV/PGA value of near-fault earthquake records is identified as the key parameter governing the bridge response.     

Probabilistic seismic response and uncertainty analysis of continuous bridges under near-fault ground motions

Performance-based seismic design can generate predictable structure damage result with given seismic hazard. However, there are multiple sources of uncertainties in the seismic design process that can affect desired performance predictability. This paper mainly focuses on the effects of near-fault pulse-like ground motions and the uncertainties in bridge modeling on the seismic demands of regular continuous highway bridges. By modeling a regular continuous bridge with OpenSees software, a series of nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis of the bridge at three different site conditions under near-fault pulse-like ground motions are carried out. The relationships between different Intensity Measure (IM) parameters and the Engineering Demand Parameter (EDP) are discussed. After selecting the peak ground acceleration as the most correlated IM parameter and the drift ratio of the bridge column as the EDP parameter, a probabilistic seismic demand model is developed for near-fault earthquake ground motions for 3 different site conditions. On this basis, the uncertainty analysis is conducted with the key sources of uncertainty during the finite element modeling. All the results are quantified by the “swing” base on the specific distribution range of each uncertainty parameter both in near-fault and far-fault cases. All the ground motions are selected from PEER database, while the bridge case study is a typical regular highway bridge designed in accordance with the Chinese Guidelines for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges. The results show that PGA is a proper IM parameter for setting up a linear probabilistic seismic demand model; damping ratio, pier diameter and concrete strength are the main uncertainty parameters during bridge modeling, which should be considered both in near-fault and far-fault ground motion cases.     

基于中国规范的近断层区抗震设计谱研究

采用211条脉冲型地震动计算得到了保证率分别为50%(平均谱)和84%(平均谱+1倍标准差谱)的近断层地震动反应谱,将得到的反应谱与GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》中推荐的近断层区设计谱进行了比较。结果表明,我国抗震规范中针对近断层区给出的设计谱幅值调整方法不能保证近断层区的结构具有足够的安全性,表现为调整后的设计谱值在某些周期段上仍小于实际的近断层地震动反应谱值。根据比较结果,提出了基于我国抗震规范设计谱形式的近断层区抗震设计谱修正方法,通过提高设计谱幅值和限制特征周期最小值来实现修正,将我国抗震规范中的设计谱幅值增大1.5倍、特征周期下限取0.75s(多遇地震)和0.80s(罕遇地震),所提的近断层区抗震设计谱,保证率可达到84%。所提出的抗震设计谱及变形验算的设计建议简单且易于在工程中使用,研究结果可为近断层区的结构抗震设计提供参考。     

近断层向前方向性地震动作用下RC框架结构易损性研究#br#

向前方向性效应是近断层地震动的重要特征之一，使得在垂直于断层方向上表现出明显的速度脉冲分量，引起结构的严重破坏。为考察该类特殊地震动作用下RC框架结构的损伤程度，基于传统的增量动力分析方法，建立考虑材料不确定性和输入地震动不确定性的结构-地震动样本，对一个12层框架结构进行地震易损性研究。利用易损性分析结果计算出结构的破坏状态概率，结合群体结构震害评估中的震害指数经验值，得到多遇地震、设防地震和罕遇地震的易损性指数。研究结果表明：近断层向前方向性地震动作用下，依据我国抗震规范设计的RC框架结构能够满足小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒的抗震设防目标。尤其在大震作用下，结构仍处于中等破坏水平，表明结构在发生倒塌之前具备充分的富裕度。     

近场地震下框架剪力墙高层结构地震易损性分析

结合已有的研究成果,总结近场地震动的主要特点;根据中国规范给出结构4个性能水平定义及相应的量化指标限值;根据断层距等因素选取近场、远场各20条地震波并对地震波记录进行调幅。考虑地震波的不确定性,对2栋不同高度框架剪力墙结构进行地震易损性分析,得到相应的地震易损性曲线,并对两结构的抗震性能进行对比。结果表明:20层结构的层间位移地震动需求大于30层结构;近场地震波将引起结构损伤且大于远场地震波。     

滑移摩擦型隔震结构考虑竖向地震作用影响的分析

摩擦滑移型隔震支座具有较好的减震效果和经济性能,越来越多地应用于结构隔震.这种支座屈服力取决于滑动摩擦力,与摩擦系数和支座竖向压力有关.地震动是多维的,本文考虑双向地震动,分析了采用摩擦滑移型支座隔震的质量块、基础隔震结构和顶层隔震结构,在不同摩擦系数和地震烈度情况下竖向地震作用对结构水平地震反应的影响.计算表明,在大摩擦系数、高烈度情况下,竖向地震作用对基础隔震和设备隔震有一定影响,建议考虑竖向地震作用的影响;而在小摩擦系数时则可忽略.并且,适当的屈服后刚度可以减小竖向地震作用的影响.