带锈铸铁与304不锈钢的电偶腐蚀

研究了在3.5% NaCl溶液中带锈铸铁和304不锈钢(SS3 04)之间的电偶腐蚀效应和特性,以及面积比对电偶腐蚀效应的影响.结果表明,SS304(面 积为Ac)与带锈铸铁(面积为Aa)面积比S(Ac/Aa)≤16时,电偶电流大小取决于SS304 表面在耦合电位时的阴极反应速率;随着面积比S的增大,电偶电流密度Ig/Aa 增大,但Ig/Ac降低,而且受限于SS304表面氧扩散极限电流密度;随面积比S 的增大,电偶腐蚀效应增大,但相对来说,电偶腐蚀效应是较小的.面积比S太大时,可能 使本身为钝化态的SS304在偶接活化后发生阴极腐蚀.建议S≤4.     

X65/316L电偶对在模拟油田产出水中的电偶腐蚀行为

采用电化学方法研究了X65/316L电偶对在模拟油田产出水环境中的电偶腐蚀行为。结果表明,在pH值为7.15的模拟油田产出水中,当阴阳极面积比为2、1和0.5时,电偶电位在-708～-735mV之间,随着阴阳极面积比的增大,电偶电位正移,阳极电偶电流密度增大,但阴极电偶电流密度的变化范围不大。(SCE)电偶腐蚀效应随阴阳极面积比的增大而增大。阴阳极面积比为1时,电偶电流密度随pH值的减小而增大。     

G3钢和TP110SS钢在环空保护液中的电偶腐蚀

为预防G3油管钢和TP110SS套管钢之间的电偶腐蚀,并给生产提供指导性建议,采用电化学测试技术研究了环空保护液pH值、温度对G3钢-TP110SS钢电偶腐蚀的影响。结果表明:G3钢和TP110SS钢在环空保护液中将分别作为阴极和阳极发生电偶腐蚀。随着环空保护液pH值的增大,电偶电位的升高,电偶腐蚀速率减小;温度的升高导致电偶电位降低,电偶腐蚀速率增大。     

Al/H62黄铜和Al/304不锈钢在乙二醇溶液中的电偶腐蚀

采用电化学方法研究了浓度、温度、阴阳极面积比的变化对乙二醇水溶液中3A21铝合金/H62黄铜(Al/Cu)、3A21铝合金/304不锈钢(Al/SS)两种电偶对的腐蚀行为的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜观察了电偶对中铝合金局部腐蚀形貌。结果表明:随着乙二醇浓度的升高,Al/Cu和Al/SS电偶对的平均电偶电流密度Ig下降。随着温度的升高或Sc/Sa比例的增大,Al/Cu和Al/SS电偶对的Ig增大;相同条件下,Al/Cu电偶对Ig均大于Al/SS电偶对,Al/Cu和Al/SS两种电偶对具有相似的电偶腐蚀规律。     

间浸工况下紧固件用45钢与B10管材电偶腐蚀行为研究

比较研究了紧固件用45钢与B10铜镍合金材料在海水间浸和全浸环境中的电偶腐蚀行为.结果表明,在全浸工况下偶合电位发生负移并逐渐稳定在-725 mV;偶合电流随着时间的延长逐渐减小,最终稳定在10μA以下.在间浸工况下偶合电位逐渐正移,大约经历3个周期后稳定在-650 mV;偶合电流随时间延长逐渐减小,经过3个周期的干湿交替后最终稳定在20μA左右.失重测量结果表明间浸工况下的电偶腐蚀速率和电偶腐蚀效应均大于全浸工况下的数值,这可能与电极表面状态的变化和"干"态下的去极化效应有关.     

Q235-304L电偶对在Na2S溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为研究

用电化学法和浸泡法研究了Q235-304L电偶对在3种不同浓度的Na2S溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为,用SEM观察试样的表面形貌.结果表明:在3种溶液中Q235钢的阳极过程均为混合控制,而304L的阴阳极过程均为电化学控制;偶接后Q235钢表面阳极金属的溶解过程与阴极过程同时进行,其阳极溶解电流大于电偶电流值;电偶腐蚀效应随阴阳极面积比的增大而增大;随着S2-浓度的升高,电偶对中Q235钢的腐蚀速率减小,电偶腐蚀效应也随之降低.     

柔性石墨网与镀锌钢在模拟土壤环境中的电偶腐蚀行为

模拟了河南典型土壤介质环境,研究了典型“金属引下线(镀锌钢)-石墨接地网”之间的电偶腐蚀行为。结果表明：在模拟土壤介质工况条件下,金属引下线和石墨接地网之间的电位差约为700 mV,具有显著电偶腐蚀倾向,其中,引下线镀锌钢的自腐蚀电位更负,为电偶腐蚀阳极,腐蚀进程将被加速;电导率和含氧量对这两种材料间的电偶腐蚀行为均有显著影响;随着电导率和含氧量的升高,电偶电流密度均增大,在含氧量15%和电导率1 000μS/cm条件下,相比无偶接试样,其电偶腐蚀加速倍率分别达到13.36和5.18,电偶加速效应明显;面积比的升高对电偶腐蚀也具有明显的促进作用;本研究条件下上述两种材料间的电偶腐蚀敏感性等级均达到最高级E级。在新型石墨接地网装置中,镀锌钢引下线存在较高电偶腐蚀风险,在实际使用中应尽量避免上述两种材质的组合,在无法避免的情况下,应对其采取合理的防护措施。     

饱和CO_2盐溶液中镍基合金和碳钢的电偶腐蚀行为

在油田中管材应用种类繁多,难免存在不同材料的耦接使用。应用电化学法和溶液浸泡方法研究了P110SS-Inconel 718两种材料耦接的电偶对在含高Cl-的饱和CO2溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察电偶对材料浸泡后的腐蚀形貌。结果表明:在Cl-浓度不变的情况下,随着溶液介质温度的升高,两种材料的自腐蚀电位均有不同程度的降低;耦接后,电偶对的电偶电流密度随着温度的升高而增大,表面腐蚀坑明显增深。浸泡试验表明:耦接后作为阳极的P110SS的腐蚀程度相比单独浸泡时加剧。     

激光选区熔化Inconel 718合金在NaOH溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用开路电位、动电位极化、电化学阻抗、恒电位极化、Mott-Schottky和X射线光电子能谱等测试技术研究了激光选区熔化增材制造Inconel 718合金（SLM Inconel 718）在0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液中的腐蚀行为,并与商用轧制Inconel 718合金（R Inconel 718）进行对比。结果表明,SLM Inconel 718合金与R Inconel 718合金均发生点蚀,SLM Inconel 718合金的点蚀优先发生在熔池边界和孔隙部位。相比R Inconel 718合金,SLM Inconel 718合金的活性更低、腐蚀速率更小、耐蚀性能更优,其主要原因在于：SLM Inconel 718合金表面生成的钝化膜中多孔NiO的含量更低,致密Cr₂O₃的含量更高,钝化膜更加致密,并且钝化膜的载流子密度更低,因此,SLM Inconel 718合金的钝化膜保护性能更好,耐蚀性能更优。     

B10铜镍合金与Tup紫铜的电偶腐蚀及电绝缘

通过电位监测、极化曲线测试考察了船舶海水冷却系统中B10铜镍合金与Tup紫铜间的电偶腐蚀倾向;通过两种材料不同面积比下的电偶腐蚀试验,考察了其电偶腐蚀特征和偶合效应;通过串联不同阻值电阻的模拟电绝缘试验,考察了阻值变化对电偶腐蚀的影响,测定了两种材料偶合的电绝缘判据。结果表明,两种材料间存在明显的电偶腐蚀倾向,B10/Tup面积比为5∶1时,随浸泡时间延长出现阴阳极反转现象;随串联电阻增大,电偶腐蚀效应先增大后减小,当串联电阻R≥20 kΩ时,可基本上消除两种材料间的电偶腐蚀。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.