柴油掺水超声乳化

柴油掺水超声乳化是节约能源消耗,减少对环境污染的重要措施之一。同时,掺水燃油的抗爆性强,是一种良好的安全燃料。目前,燃油掺水已在生活取暖炉、锅炉、汽车、火车内燃机、燃气轮机以及飞机、坦克等方面,得到了不同程度的应用,并已取得节油效果和减少对环境的污染。燃油掺水超声乳化及乳化油的燃烧燃油掺水乳化方法主要有:超声波法(包括电超声、流体动力液哨和液哨加电超声),添加剂法,机械混     

乳化燃油静电雾化节能减排的研究与前景

分析了国内外燃油乳化、燃烧技术以及燃油静电雾化的应用与研究情况.从乳化燃油雾化质量与燃烧特性的角度,认为限制该技术进一步全面推广使用的原因为燃油乳化之后的雾化阻力增大引起的雾化质量下降以及固定的掺水比例的乳化燃油无法解决柴油机低负荷不稳定和高负荷高排放的难题.在此基础上首次提出了将静电雾化技术与燃油乳化燃烧技术相结合的构想,并结合国内外研究情况,分析了这2种先进的燃烧技术相结合的可行性以及对节能减排的应用价值.     

渣油乳化改质与设计

渣油掺水乳化燃烧技术是近几年我国正在兴起的一项提高燃料热效率,节约能源,降低烟尘排放,减少污染的有效措施.渣油掺水后对降低凝固点和粘度,提高燃烧的热值都有明显的效果.因此可更充分地利用能源是石化系统今后推广的节能措施之一.本文介绍了在乳化剂作用下,渣油掺水可提高燃烧效率,及实现这一措施的设计方案.     

DK型静态混合器在燃油掺水技术中的应用

<正> 一、前 言 燃料油掺水技术是节能和改善环境的一项有效技术,是国内外大力研究和推广的技术,也是我国“七五”计划期间重点推广的节能技术。由于种种原因,我国的燃油掺水技术推广进展不快。 笔者深感,缺乏高效、价廉、能耗低、安装方便、操作简单的乳化设备是燃油掺水技术难于推广的主要原因之一。     

应用掺水乳化技术提高蒸汽锅炉节油率

<正> 一、概况燃油添加剂掺水乳化技术在各种工业窑炉中的应用已取得较好的效果,一般掺水率在5～10%时,实际节油率为3～7%。以前在燃油掺水工艺中采用簧片哨超声波振动技术以形成油包水的细微颗粒,使燃烧强化,减少了化学不完全燃烧损失。目前,国内外对这项强化燃烧的技术机理说法不一,归纳起来有三个方面。第一是物理作用,经乳化的油包水微粒,在高温下由于水的快速汽化,使油滴爆破,生成的油雾增大了与空气的接触     

表面活性剂与燃油乳化

一燃油掺水乳化技术,是当今世界一项重要的节能技术。用商品汽油、煤油、柴油、重油等燃料,加入一定比例的工业水,另加极少量的乳化剂(表面活性剂中的一类),在特定的乳化工艺条件下即可制成乳化油。燃油乳化技术的推广应用,已被国家经委列为     

燃油掺水技术的新进展

燃油掺水技术的新进展贺占博（天津大学化学系，３０００７２）早在一百多年前，就已有人掺水使用燃油。近二十多年来，燃油掺水技术有了很大的发展，并已出现了一些中文综述［１～３］。燃油掺水技术的应用不仅在于节能，更重要的在于保护环境，减少污染，因而引起了全世...     

应用外加剂重油掺水煅烧白水泥熟料试验

1 引言燃油掺水技术在国外经历了70～80a发展的历史,在我国也有20～30a的发展历史。起初是滴水法,以后是光用机械或超声波来把油水混合,缺点是油水不能均匀稳定的混合,所以不能广泛推广应用。直至80年代进入使用乳化添加剂来制造均匀的、稳定的燃油阶段。现在,燃油掺水技术已从试验到推广应用阶段。已经显示出,它是燃油领域中经济效益和社会效益都较显著     

石油掺水 节约燃料

目前国内外对石油掺水试验研究工作进展很快。国内有些单位在烧锅炉所用的燃料油当中掺水之后燃烧不但燃烧稳定、消烟情况良好,而且节约燃料油25％-30％,有的单位还将燃料油掺水应用到玻璃熔窑熔化玻璃。燃料油掺水一般采用“液哨式超声波乳化器”等方法进行乳化。美国目前已经在75％的石油中加入25％的水,用频率为200,000赫芝的超声波进行乳化,作为锅炉燃料进行燃烧试验。其效能与燃烧100％的石油所发出的能量相同,而节约石油,同时废烟气当中有害成分相应的减少,即公害相应的减少。日本也在汽油、煤油、重油中加1-30％的水(因利用表面活性剂的不同     

重油乳化技术的应用分析

论述了重油乳化技术机理，讨论了重油乳化技术的设计和要求，分析了燃油锅炉掺水乳化燃烧时对提高燃烧效率、节约油耗的主要形响因素。应用结果表明重油乳化技术具有较好的节油效果和经济效益，具有一定的推广和应用价值。     

乳化柴油研究及其应用进展

介绍了乳化柴油的节能降污机理,阐述了乳化剂的选择和用量、极性物、掺水率和乳化设备对柴油乳液的影响,对乳化柴油的稳定性、燃烧性能、腐蚀性、节能和环保等性质在应用中的发展进行了概述．认为通过添加少量有机极性物(如乙醇)制成微乳液可以改善乳液的稳定性、降低乳液黏度以改善其燃烧性能。并对乳化柴油的发展趋势进行了展望,指出生物微乳化柴油是今后乳化柴油发展的一个重要方向。     

Effects of emulsification variables on fuel properties of two- and three-phase biodiesel emulsions

Biodiesel has attractive fuel properties such as excellent biodegradability and lubricity, almost no emissions of sulfur oxides, PAH and n-PAH, reduced CO₂, PM and CO emission, superior combustion efficiency, etc. However, burning of biodiesel generally produces higher levels of NO_x emissions, primarily due to its high oxygen content. In this study, the emulsification technology has been considered to reduce the NO_x emission level of fossil fuel. Biodiesel, produced by means of transesterification reaction accompanied with a peroxidation process, was emulsified to form two-phase W/O and three-phase O/W/O emulsions. The effects of the emulsification variables such as hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB), and water content on the fuel properties and emulsion characteristics of W/O and O/W/O emulsions were investigated in this study. The experimental results show that the surfactant mixture with HLB = 13 produced the highest emulsification stability while HLB = 6 produced the lowest emulsification stability and the most significant extent of water–oil separation among the various HLB values for O/W/O biodiesel emulsion. The kinematic viscosity, specific gravity and carbon residual of the biodiesel emulsions were larger than those of the neat biodiesel. In addition, the W/O biodiesel emulsion was found to have a smaller mean droplet size, lower volumetric fraction of the dispersed phase than the O/W/O biodiesel emulsion, and the highest heating value among the test fuels, if the water content is deducted from the calculation of the heating value.     

中小型焦化厂煤焦油的综合利用

介绍了国内外煤焦油深加工技术水平,根据国内中小型焦化厂的现状,提出了3种简单、经济、风险小、可行的煤焦油利用方式,即乳化煤焦油作燃料、洗油直接或乳化后用于浮选、三混馏分或萘残油代替工业萘合成萘系高效减水剂。     

复配型水基乳化液的研制

以400SN润滑油为基础油,加入适量的乳化剂制得乳化油,并加入防锈剂,再与水按一定比例混合形成乳化液。考察了乳化剂的选择、乳化温度、乳化时间、乳化水的用量、防锈剂的种类及防锈剂的用量对乳化液稳定性和分散性的影响,最后确定出最佳配方。最佳工艺如下：乳化剂选用复配型的乳化剂,乳化温度为90—95℃左右,乳化时间为40min,乳化用水量为50％以上,选用复配型防锈剂,防锈剂用量为4％。     

Comparison of fuel properties and emission characteristics of two- and three-phase emulsions prepared by ultrasonically vibrating and mechanically homogenizing emulsification methods

Emulsions have long been considered as an alternative fuel for combustion equipment in order to achieve better fuel economy and pollution reduction. While a mechanical homogenizing method is frequently used to prepare emulsions, the use of an ultrasonic emulsification method to do so is still rather limited, and is mostly applied to two-phase emulsions only. Hence, two-phase W/O and three-phase O/W/O emulsions, prepared by a mechanical homogenizer and an ultrasonic vibrator, respectively, were prepared and used as engine fuel. The emulsion properties, engine performance, and engine emission characteristics between these two emulsification methods were measured and compared. The potential of the ultrasonic emulsification method was also evaluated. The experimental results show that the emulsions prepared by the ultrasonic vibrator appeared to have more favorable emulsification characteristics such as smaller dispersed water droplets that were distributed more uniformly in the continuous oil phase, lower separation rate of water droplets from the continuous phase of diesel fuel and thus a lower separating rate of the dispersed water droplets from the emulsion, larger emulsion stability, and larger emulsion viscosity than the emulsions produced using a mechanical homogenizer. In addition, a larger content of water was emulsified when the emulsion was prepared using the ultrasonic vibrator than the mechanical homogenizer. The emulsions prepared by the ultrasonic vibrator also had a lower fuel consumption rate, lower bsfc, and significantly lower CO emission while at the same time having a larger black smoke opacity. When comparing the two-phase W/O and the three-phase O/W/O emulsions prepared by either the ultrasonic vibrator or the mechanical homogenizer, the two-phase W/O emulsions appeared to have a lower fuel consumption rate, bsfc, CO, and a lower black smoke opacity than the three-phase O/W/O emulsions, regardless of whether they were prepared by ultrasonic vibrator or mechanical homogenizer.     

高温隧道窑用油水焦浆的开发及研究

石油焦研制成为水焦浆,在此基础上进一步研究水焦浆与重油混合成为新燃料——油水焦浆。作为油水焦浆技术的核心,重油的加入量和乳化液的用量起着举足轻重的作用。通过一系列的实验确定了重油、乳化水和水焦浆加入量的最佳配比。同时研究得知,油水焦浆中增加重油加入量,其燃烧热值、燃烧产物量、理论燃烧温度和实际燃烧温度都不断增加。预热600℃的油水焦浆的燃烧温度可达到1800℃以上,预热400℃、重油加入量大于50％的油水焦浆的燃烧温度可达到1750℃以上。     

重质燃料油掺水的研究

本文简述了乳化油的制备方法及其热值的测定法以及复合乳化剂的组成，并论述了乳化油热值与其它因素的关系。研制的ＥＡ－３型重油乳化剂生产工艺简单。实验结果表明，在节能，防止环境污染等方面，它是一种性能良好的重油乳化剂。     

催化裂化用原料油乳化的研究

将掺渣蜡油乳化后作为催化裂化原料 ,在微爆作用下可显著改善原料油雾化状况 ,降低结焦和干气收率。研究了掺渣蜡油的乳化过程以及乳化油的物性测定 ,包括乳化剂的选择和乳化工艺条件的确定 ;不同温度下原料油乳化前后表面张力、界面张力和粘度等物性数据的变化 ,并分析了引起这些变化的原因。结果表明以烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚 M- 2为主的三元复配乳化剂具有比较良好的乳化性能 ;在 60～ 90°C范围内 ,乳化原料油油水界面张力比原料油表面张力下降 67.0 4 %～87.77%     

柴油乳化的进展

柴油机的尾气中颗粒物、氮氧化物和碳氢化合物含量的很高，对环境造成了严重危害。为了节约石油资源和保护环境，乳化柴油和微乳化柴油作为清洁燃料和代用燃料中的一种，得到快速发展。介绍了（微）乳化柴油的研究及应用情况，分析了柴油乳化技术中存在的问题，指出了研究方向。     

Characterization of light duty Diesel engine pollutant emissions using water-emulsified fuel

In this work, the effect of water–oil emulsions on the engine performance and on the main pollutant emissions, NO_x, total hydrocarbons (THC), soot, particulate matter (PM) and its composition, was studied. A turbocharger intercooler indirect injection (IDI) Diesel engine was tested under five different steady state operating conditions, selected from the transient cycle for light duty vehicles established in the European Emission Directive 70/220. Tests were performed using a commercial fuel as a reference and an emulsified fuel for each operating condition. Results reported here suggest that the water emulsification has a potential to slightly improve the brake efficiency and to significantly reduce the formation of thermal NO, soot, hydrocarbons and PM in the Diesel engine.