不同围压作用下岩石损伤破坏的数值模拟

利用RFPA2D对岩石在不同围压下损伤破坏演化过程进行了数值模拟 ,基于岩石损伤定义分形维数以描述试样在各种加载条件下微破裂的演化过程。计算结果表明 :分形维数和损伤变量随着荷载的增加逐渐增大 ,岩石的起始损伤随着围压增加而被延迟 ,试样强度随着围压的增加而增加 ,其宏观破坏符合Mohr -Coulomb破坏准则。     

岩石直接拉伸破坏过程及其分形特征的 三维数值模拟研究

通过建立带有残余强度的弹脆性拉伸损伤细观力学模型,运用并行有限元计算手段,模拟不同均匀程度的岩石试样在直接拉伸应力作用下的破坏演化过程,得到拉伸断裂位移-应力全过程曲线,并进行理论和试验对比分析验证.通过分析非均匀性对拉伸过程中非线性力学行为及断裂破坏形态,最后讨论了拉伸断裂破坏的分形特征.数值试验结果表明,非均匀程度对岩石直接拉伸破坏过程中的非线性行为有很重要的影响.岩石细观非均匀程度越高,宏观表现出的直接拉伸强度和初始弹性模量越高,破坏的脆性程度越强,但是残余变形能力和残余强度越低,断口表现出更为光滑的形态.三维空间的破坏分形分析表明,分形维数随着拉伸的进行而逐渐增加,当岩石完全拉伸断裂之后分形维数增加到一个恒定的最大值,而分形维数的变化情况同样反映了岩石的非均匀程度和脆性拉伸破坏程度.     

岩石三维破裂过程的数值模拟研究

采用细观弹性损伤模型和有限元计算方法实现岩石三维破裂过程的数值模拟。考虑到岩石非均匀性的本质特征，通过引入简单直观的单元本构模型，采用细观单元材料性质退化的办法，利用位移加载来实现岩石逐渐破裂过干旱；模拟单轴压缩、单轴拉伸和剪切破裂3种基本试验，得到岩石非线性应力-应变曲线和不同载荷阶段三维损伤破裂演化系列图像；分析细观非均匀性对岩石宏观破裂力学行为的影响。试验研究表明，三维破裂比二维破裂更为复杂，RFPA^3D可以有效地模拟脆性材料的三维破裂。     

大理岩破坏过程的三维细观弹塑性损伤模拟研究

为了考虑岩石细观局部塑性变形,基于应变空间理论导出细观弹塑性损伤模型,采用有限元计算方法实现岩石三维破裂过程的数值模拟。提出细观破坏单元网格消去法,利用位移加载来实现岩石逐渐破裂过程;模拟二维、三维大理岩三点弯曲梁弹塑性损伤破坏试验,得到岩石非线性应力–应变曲线和不同载荷阶段弹塑性损伤破裂演化系列图像;分析细观非均匀性对岩石宏观破裂力学行为的影响。试验研究表明,三维破裂比二维破裂更为复杂,本文所建模型可以有效地模拟岩体的三维破坏过程。     

非贯通裂隙岩体单轴压缩破坏的数值模拟研究

为了研究非贯通裂隙岩体在单轴压缩荷载作用下的损伤破坏情况,采用二维的真实破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D进行了相应的数值模拟研究。数值模拟结果表明:(1)由于RFPA2D软件考虑了岩石材料的非均匀性,所以模拟出的宏观单轴抗压强度小于细观单元平均单轴抗压强度;(2)在弹性加载阶段,最大剪应力的最大值出现在预制的两条裂隙的尖端,随着轴向应力的不断增大,最大剪应力的最大值也随之不断增大,待加载到峰值附近,宏观裂隙形成;(3)破坏过程声发射模拟结果,有效地反映了预制非贯通裂隙岩样在受到单轴压缩荷载时,内部累积损伤、形核、宏观裂纹出现直至断裂失稳的过程。     

高应变率下饱水冻结红砂岩变形破坏分析

以白垩系红砂岩为研究对象,利用SHPB动态冲击试验,研究低温状态下红砂岩的变形破坏和能量传递规律,分析不同程度负温对岩石强度性能、损伤变量及能量耗散规律的影响;通过引入分形维数D,建立冻结红砂岩块度分形计算模型,探究块度分形维数与破碎断裂能之间的关系。研究结果表明,饱水红砂岩在低温状态下的动态强度随温度降低(25℃～-40℃)呈先增大后减小的趋势,这与单轴实验中岩石强度随温度降低逐渐增大的趋势有着较大的差异,而随着温度的降低,红砂岩张拉破裂面积先增大而减小,这说明饱水冻结红砂岩破坏模式由张拉破坏向剪切破坏逐步过渡;冻结岩石试件的宏观破坏与破碎断裂能W_(FD)有着密切的关系,破碎断裂能W_(FD)越大,破碎体数量越多,岩石破坏越严重,而破碎断裂能W_(FD)与分形维数D正相关,破碎过程中耗散的断裂能越多,相应的分形维数就越大,但分形维数D随破坏断裂能W_(FD)增加的速率逐渐放缓。     

非均匀性岩石破坏过程的三维损伤软化模型与数值模拟

通过建立岩石三维细观损伤软化力学模型,结合统计技术考虑岩石细观非均匀性,编制了岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA3D,模拟了单轴压缩下不同细观残余强度下的三维应力场变形场分布以及破坏形态,分析了细观结构非均匀性和残余强度对岩石损伤软化过程和宏观力学性能的影响。结果表明,岩石损伤破裂过程中应力–应变关系、残余变形特征和峰值强度不仅与结构相关,而且与细观损伤软化模型、细观非均匀性和残余强度紧密相关。     

基于数字岩心的页岩储层岩石细观损伤机制研究

岩石损伤对储层的力学性能及渗流特性等具有显著影响。为研究页岩储层岩石的细观损伤机制,基于CT扫描试验重构三维数字岩心,基于单轴压缩试验及巴西劈裂试验获取岩石力学参数,结合岩石塑性损伤本构模型开展了单轴压缩数值模拟。结果表明：(1)页岩受压时,损伤从孔隙密集区开始发展,后损伤值升高,损伤范围扩展,直到各损伤区贯通,形成剪切斜裂缝。(2)压缩损伤和拉伸损伤存在不同的应力阈值,页岩受压时,压应力先达到压缩损伤的应力阈值,压缩损伤最先产生;拉伸损伤在压缩损伤较大处产生,且表现出滞后性,其损伤体积小于压缩损伤。(3)研究区页岩的孔隙等效直径分布范围为0～200μm,其中,等效直径为10～40μm的孔隙对孔隙度的贡献最大。随着孔隙度的增加,峰后强度的下降速度变缓,岩石延性逐渐增大。(4)孔隙空间分布对页岩的损伤扩展形式及破坏形式存在极大影响,引入分形维数表征孔隙空间分布的复杂程度,发现孔隙的分形维数仅在孔隙度较大时才影响岩石的峰值强度,相同孔隙度下,分形维数越大,峰值强度越低;分形维数对岩石弹性模量的影响极小;孔隙度和分形维数对岩石的损伤体积均存在较大影响,孔隙度和分形维数越大,损伤体积越大。     

基于数字图像技术的深埋隧洞围岩 卸荷劣化破坏机制研究

 ：卸荷状态下围岩的破坏机制比较复杂,受到多种因素影响,与传统的加载模式有本质区别。以锦屏地区板岩为研究对象,进行岩石力学性质试验和细观结构试验,研究卸荷后板岩力学性质变化和微裂纹细观结构参数的统计规律。通过采用Monte Carlo模拟,形象地再现了卸荷后板岩微裂隙的空间分布,最后得到不同围压、不同阶段卸荷破坏的岩石细观损伤的分形维数。将卸荷岩体的力学性质参数和细观损伤分形维数联系起来,为从传统力学方法研究岩石的损伤和破坏过程提供依据。研究结果表明,随着围压增大,卸荷岩体分形维数增大,相同围压下的岩体,峰后卸围压的分形维数大于峰前卸围压的分形维数。     

岩石破坏全过程的连续–离散耦合分析方法

 在变形体离散元的框架内引入界面单元,提出模拟岩石等准脆性材料破坏过程的连续–离散耦合分析方法。假定损伤和断裂只发生在界面单元上,实体单元只产生弹性变形,采用带拉断的Mohr-Coulomb准则和标量损伤因子来模拟界面单元的损伤、失效过程,实现岩石由连续性向非连续性转换的物理过程。在数值试验中,岩石细观尺度上单元的弹性模量和单轴抗压强度服从Weibull概率分布并满足一定的相关性。数值模拟结果表明：本文方法能反映岩石在加载过程中的线弹性、非线性、软化、残余4个阶段和主要特点;能显式地模拟微裂缝的萌生、扩展直至贯通形成宏观裂缝的全过程;反映岩石强度的围压依赖性和脆–延–塑转换力学特性。     

岩石破坏声发射平静期及其分形特征研究

 通过岩石加载的室内试验方法,测试不同岩石破裂全过程的力学特征及其声发射特性,得到岩石破坏全过程力学特性——岩石的全应力–应变曲线、声发射事件累积数、声发射事件率等相关曲线及参数,给出声发射事件数、事件率与应力水平、时间之间的关系。着重讨论一次性加载过程中塑性变形阶段明显的岩石在加载接近峰值强度时单位时间内的应力增长速度减小,也即这一阶段出现明显的“耗时”现象;并且在此阶段监测到的声发射事件率出现明显下降,出现声发射相对平静阶段;而对于塑性变形阶段不明显的岩石来说,这一阶段则基本不存在明显的“耗时”现象,声发射的监测中也没有发现声发射相对平静期现象。另外,还运用分形理论,研究分析处于不同加载应力比的岩样在各个阶段的声发射分形维数,特别是研究声发射平静期维数变化情况。指出在加载初期分形维数处于较低值,且分形维数随加载应力增加而逐步增加;在加载到峰值应力的40%左右时,分形维数开始下降;在加载接近到峰值应力时,即处于声发射平静期阶段时分形维数逐步降到最低,且此时预示着岩石的破坏。此外,结合室内试验,还对现场岩体失稳破坏声发射监测中的一些实际问题进行总结和分析,为更好地应用声发射手段进行岩体稳定性现场监测预报提供理论依据、方法和手段。     

岩石破坏声发射强度分形特征研究

通过对岩石单轴受压破坏全过程的声发射实验,建立了岩石破坏声发射强度分维模型,研究了岩石破坏全过程各个应力水平声发射分形特征以及分形维值随实验时间的变化规律。研究结果表明:加载初期岩石试件声发射强度分形维值变化不稳定,分形维值的大小变化有反复,但从分形维值总的变化趋势来看,这一阶段的分形维值还是处于较大水平;加载中后期声发射强度分形维值出现较强的规律性,其值逐渐由大变小,试件破坏前的分形维值最小。由于实际应用中最小分形维值点(临界值点)难以确定,故提出将岩石破坏前声发射强度分形维值的持续降维作为岩石破坏的前兆特征,从而对利用声发射参数进行岩体稳定性现场监测预报提供理论依据、方法和手段。     

含预制裂隙大理岩破坏过程声发射特征研究

采用含预制裂隙大理岩块试件 ,对压剪应力场中试件破坏过程声发射特征进行研究 ,试验表明预制裂纹对试件的影响是显著的。试验观测到不同试件的不同声发射特征 ,这表明它们的损伤断裂过程的不同机制 ,对于一些以张拉型翼裂萌生、扩展为破坏机理的岩样 ,还表现出明显的二次峰值现象。锯齿型裂纹的情况较为复杂 ,其破坏具有不同于其他试件的特征 ,破坏之前有相当长一段时间 ,声发射也较为活跃 ,且增幅越来越大 ,破坏时出现最高峰值 ,破坏一瞬间的振铃累积数几乎达到全过程的一半 ,这表明含锯齿形裂纹的材料的破坏更具有突然性和不可预测性 ,对岩石材料强度以及岩体稳定性有关键的影响     

Rock salt dilatancy boundary from combined acoustic emission and triaxial compression tests

This paper presents an experimental investigation of rock salt dilatancy boundary based on combined acoustic emission and triaxial compression tests carried out on the rock salt samples from the Asse Salt Mine, Germany. The experimental results were evaluated to determine the dilatancy boundary under specified stress, stress loading rate and pore pressure. Pore volume changes caused by deviatoric stresses were measured during triaxial compression tests. The dilatancy boundary was then determined from the maximum compression on a stress–strain curve which separates the compression and dilatancy regions. Variations in acoustic emissions that occur during microcrack development under triaxial compression were recorded with ten sensors mounted on the outer surface of the cylindrical samples. A spontaneous increase observed in the cumulative number of acoustic events is consistent with the dilatancy boundary determined from the minimum pore volume. It is confirmed that the dilatancy boundary depends on both stress loading rate and pore pressure. The dilatancy boundary slightly decreases with increasing the loading rate, but increases with increasing the minor normal stress. High pore pressures accelerate the dilatancy. A Biot coefficient of 0.25 for Asse rock salt was determined from the dilatancy boundary. An analysis of two-dimensional (2D) fractal dimensions determined for several samples shows that the samples with smaller dimensions have slightly higher dilatancy boundaries. The dilatancy boundary values of Asse rock salt are lower than those reported for crystalline rocks, although both rock types show similar dilatancy behaviour.     

节理岩体强度的分形统计分析

岩体中存在大量节理、裂隙，导致岩体力学性能弱化。基于岩体节理断裂扩展和剪切滑移2种失稳破坏机制，运用分形和统计断裂力学方法探讨了2种破坏方式下节理岩体的统计强度。结果表明，岩体强度与岩体中节理分布的分形维数密切相关，分形维数增大导致岩体强度非线性降低。     

Fractal property of spatial distribution of acoustic emissions during the failure process of bedded rock salt

A rock mechanics test system and the acoustic emission (AE) test system were employed to perform experiments on bedded rock salt samples under uniaxial compression and indirect tension. Based on the basic theory of fractal geometry, a column covering method is proposed to analyze the fractal property of the spatial distribution of acoustic emissions during the rock damage and failure process. The experimental results indicate obvious differences in failure features for different parts of a sample due to the structural differences in bedded rock salt. The consistency between the failure state and the AE spatial distribution is confirmed. The relationships of the stress and energy release with the fractal dimension of the AE spatial distribution are established. An increase in the fractal dimension corresponds to a decrease in the stress and an increase in the energy release, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis. When the fractal dimension obtained from uniaxial compression and indirect tensile tests is less than 2.20 and 2.57, respectively, the stresses in the bedded rock salt sample are over 80% of the peak stress. A great amount of accumulated damage occurs, leading to the global failure of the bedded rock salt sample. Therefore, it is possible to forecast the failure state of bedded rock salt by inspecting the variation between the stress or the energy release and the fractal dimension of the AE spatial distribution.     

大直径钻孔卸压机理室内及数值试验研究

钻孔卸压能够有效降低巷道上方及其周围岩体弹性能量的积聚,降低区域冲击危险性。因此,对大直径钻孔卸压机理及其合理参数的深入研究具有工程应用价值。通过室内试验研究孔径、孔间距及孔深等参数对试样强度的影响,以及分析不同参数影响下试样破坏形态;同时借助颗粒流PFC研究不同参数条件下试样裂纹扩展形态及裂纹数量。研究表明:裂纹扩展贯通导致的应力释放是钻孔产生卸压作用的根本原因,且孔径、孔深越大,钻孔周围裂纹数量越多,主控裂纹纹路越清晰,钻孔卸压效果越好;同样随着孔间距越小,试样破坏形态由独立型破坏转变为贯通型破坏,试样破坏强度明显降低,卸压效果明显。     

Effects of high temperatures on dynamic rock fracture

The dynamic fracture toughness of Fangshan gabbro and Fangshan marble subjected to high temperature was measured by means of the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. The specimens for measuring the fracture toughness were manufactured according to the requirements for the Short Rod (SR) specimen suggested by ISRM. Two cases were investigated: (1) the SR specimens of the gabbro and marble were fractured at high temperature (100–330°C), and (2) the specimens of the rocks were first pre-heat-treated at 200°C for the marble and 600°C for the gabbro, and then fractured at room temperature. The experimental results showed that under dynamic loading the fracture toughness of both the gabbro and the marble tested in the above-mentioned cases increased with increasing loading rates. The relationship between the fracture toughness and the loading rates in the two cases is similar to that obtained in the room temperature environment, i.e., without high temperature. (This is defined as the third case.) It can be concluded that temperature variation affects the dynamic fracture toughness of the two rocks to a limited extent within the temperature ranges tested. This is different from the results obtained under the static loading condition. Furthermore, by means of the scanning electronic microscope (SEM), the vertical sections of the fracture surfaces for some gabbro specimens were examined. In addition, the fractal dimensions of the fracture surfaces of some specimens were measured by means of fractal geometry. The results showed that under dynamic loading: (1) macro-crack branching near the fracture surfaces was universal; (2) the fractal dimensions increased with increasing loading rates; (3) in the sections of the specimens tested at high temperature there were many micro-cracks that were probably induced by thermal cracking. On the basis of the above macro- and micro-experimental investigation, an energy analysis of the process of dynamic rock fracture was performed. The results showed that the energy utilisation in dynamic fracture was much lower than that in static fracture.     

泥岩压剪破坏裂隙演化规律及其分形特征

 运用非线性分形理论,通过对自然含水状态泥试样品的变角剪切压模试验,研究泥岩压剪破坏裂隙演化规律和破裂块体分布的分形特征。研究结果表明：(1) 使用变角剪切压模试验数据绘制莫尔强度包络线可获得满意的岩石材料黏聚力和内摩擦角参数;(2) 压剪破坏的载荷–加载点位移曲线形状类似于岩石的全程应力–应变曲线,分为压密阶段、弹性阶段、塑性阶段和破坏阶段等4个阶段,可真实反映压剪耦合作用下岩块的变形破裂过程;(3) 压剪破坏是能量耗散的非线性动力学过程,破裂块体分布具有明显的自相似性,可用分形维数值表征破裂块体的块度分布特征;(4) 受破裂类型由张性破裂为主转变为剪切破裂为主的影响,随剪切角的增大,破裂块体分布的分形维数值呈对数关系递减。     

岩石显微空隙粒度分布的分形特征与岩石强度的关系

研究了大同燕子山煤层顶板岩石的显微空隙,粒度分布的分形特征及其与岩石强度的关系,显微镜下的统计分析与岩石力学实验表明,岩石的显微空隙与粒度分布都是自然界的分形,可用分维定量描述其复杂程度,同时,它们又都是影响岩石强度的重要因素,其分形维数与岩石强度具有显著的相关性,可据之估计岩石强度。