有机污染物运移的动力学预测模型及模型参数分析

本文提出了有机污染物迁移转化的动力学环境预测耦合模型 ,给出了耦合模型的有限元格式 ,并对填埋场垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物迁移问题进行了模拟分析 ,探讨了模型参数kd、λ1、λ2及Dz 的变化对有机污染物运移的影响 ,为定量研究土壤中有机污染物在土壤 水环境中分配与去向提供理论依据 ,同时可为实验室内模型参数的测定提供可靠的根据     

环境中金属离子与有机污染物复合污染研究进展

金属离子与有机污染物可通过多种方式同时存在于环境中,形成复合污染。由于金属离子与有机污染物的相互作用,二者的物理化学性质、迁移转化规律以及生态毒性效应都发生了变化,给污染物的水处理过程以及污染物的生态毒性评估带来极大的挑战。综述了环境中金属-有机物复合污染的来源、金属离子与有机污染物之间的相互作用、共存对二者去除效率的影响以及复合污染的生态毒性研究,以期为复合污染的防治与处理工艺研究提供参考。     

基于过程模拟法研究的热电厂地下水污染风险评价

通过对热电厂事故时泄露污染物污染地下水过程的系统分析,构建以观测井作为评价对象对地下水污染进行评价的方法。确定地下水污染风险评价因子,建立污染物基于过程模拟法的迁移转化模型。分别以高锰酸钾指数、石油类污染物及液氨作为水污染风险评价因子对热电厂地下水进行了水污染风险评价。利用建立的热电厂地下水污染风险评价方法,对葫芦岛大唐国际热电厂进行了地下水风险评价。污染源与污染物迁移转化的共同作用决定了地下水污染范围和程度。地下水污染风险评价方法的构建,为热电厂发生事故泄漏时污染物对地下水污染范围和程度的判别提供了有效的监管方法和防治依据。     

非饱和粉质砂土中铜离子迁移的离心模型试验研究

本文利用土工离心机进行了非饱和土中重金属铜离子迁移的模拟研究,考察在污染物泄漏后的6个月、12个月和24个月时土壤中铜离子的变化和污染物的迁移机理及其对地下水的影响,同时也研究了土性对污染物迁移机理的影响。     

石油类污染物对土壤、地下水环境影响模拟分析

某油田利用干化池蒸发处理联合站排放的含油污水,部分干化池存在轻微渗漏,下渗的污水会对地下水产生污染。为掌握污染物在地下水中的迁移转化规律,建立含油废水的一维竖向迁移模型,并利用Hydrus—1D计算程序对地下水中污染物浓度随时间、运移距离衰减的情况进行模拟分析。分析结果对于控制干化池含油废水中石油类污染物对地下水环境的污染具有一定的参考价值。     

地下水中持久性有机污染物研究综述

持久性有机污染物具有长期残留性、生物蓄积性、半挥发性和高毒性,能够在大气环境中长距离迁移并能沉积回地球,对人类健康和环境具有产重危害。持久性有机污染物对地下水的污染已引起了包括中国在内的许多国家的重视,为保障地下水水质安全,文章介绍了地下水受持久性有机物污染情况,地下水中持久性有机污染物的来源,提出源头控制与污染后处理的控制技术,就当前存在的问题提出了对策与建议。     

多场耦合理论在污染物运移过程中的应用

污染物在多孔介质中的传输过程,不仅是地下水渗流场和浓度场相互耦合的问题,而且介质的变形及内部温度的改变对污染物浓度的分布起着重要的控制作用,是一个多场耦合动力学问题.论述了污染物在多孔介质中运移的几类环境污染问题,并对引发环境污染的地质环境因素进行研究和分析,初步探讨污染物在多孔介质中迁移转化的动力学行为,详细阐述了多场耦合理论在污染物运移过程中的应用,并提出需要进一步解决的问题.     

石油污染物在地下环境系统中运移的多相流模型研究

博士学位论文摘要:石油污染物造成的环境污染问题已引起了国内外水文地质学者和环境学者的广大关注,并成为地下环境污染控制研究中的热点和焦点问题。基于前人研究成果的基础上,借助相关学科的研究成果,研究了石油污染物在地下环境系统中迁移转化的规律、时空分布特征、控制多相流系统的本构模型以及污染去污过程滑逸耦合模型等方面的问题,通过编制的计算软件实时定量预测预报有机污染迁移转化的动态及过程,对于更科学地、更有效地控制石油泄漏带来的环境污染问题具有更重要的科学意义和实际应用价值。其主要研究内容和结果如下:(1)采用室内…     

基于DRASTIC模型的地下水污染特征及迁移规律研究

针对上饶市的地下水污染实例，运用DRASTIC模型对地下水水污染特征和迁移规律进行评估。研究结果表明：本研究区的地下水脆弱性属于中等水平，说明地下水具有一定的抗污染能力，不易受到自然表面入渗的影响。由于室内空气流通性较差，挥发有机污染物在被清理出地下水时，地下水饮用要加强管理，并且要减少室内空气吸入，降低人体健康受危害的风险。地下水的对流作用是推动二氯乙烷的迁移的主要因素。     

环境科学中的渗流力学问题

针对环境科学研究中的渗流力学问题,从环境科学理论和渗流力学理论出发,探讨了挥发性有机污染物在土壤中的迁移机制和规律、地下水多组分反应溶质的迁移模型和规律;分析了垃圾填埋场气体迁移和二次污染问题。在此基础上,提出了挥发性有机物的迁移过程及控制机制的不确定性的两个方面和多组分水化学模型与水动力迁移模型的耦合模型建立的必要性。文中分析对环境科学与渗流力学交叉研究问题的深层次认识具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。     

Ableitung der Reaktivität von organisch gebundenem Kohlenstoff in redoxzonierten Grundwasserleitern – Hydrogeochemische Modellierung kinetisch angetriebener Reaktionssysteme

Within a multitude of groundwater catchment areas, ground- and raw water quality depend foremost on the reaction between organic carbon and dissolved oxidants, in particular O_2(aq), nitrate und sulphate. Although the redox reactions between organic carbon (as the reductive agent) and the oxidants follow the principles of chemical thermodynamics, they are often kinetically inhibited. Modelling of concentration changes in ground- and raw water quality using hydrogeochemical reactive transport models therefore requires an imple-mentation of the kinetically-limited oxidation of organic carbon. As illustrated by the case study at Forstwald (Krefeld, Germany), it is demonstrated how organic carbon reactivity can be derived from routinely measured groundwater data and implemented in a reactive transport model using the program PhreeqC. Based on equilibrium chemistry of aqueous solutions including minerals and gases, equilibrium calculations are coupled with a dual Michaelis-Menten-kinetic model to simulate the sequential oxidative degradation of solid-state, non-mobile organic carbon along the flow path. The model is verified by com-paring measured and modelled data of temporal and spatial development of groundwater quality.     

Effects of pH, ionic strength, dissolved organic matter, and flow rate on the co-transport of MS2 bacteriophages with kaolinite in gravel aquifer media

Viruses are often associated with colloids in wastewater and could be transported with colloids into groundwater from land disposal of human and animal effluent and sludge, causing contamination of groundwater. To investigate the role of colloids in the transport of viruses in groundwater, experiments were conducted using a 2 m long column packed with heterogeneous gravel aquifer media. Bacteriophage MS2 was used as the model virus and kaolinite as the model colloid. Experimental data were analyzed using Temporal Moment Analysis and Filtration Theory. In the absence of kaolinite colloid, MS2 phage traveled slightly faster than the conservative tracer bromide (Br), with little differences observed between unfiltered and filtered MS2 phage (0.22 μm as the operational cut-off for colloid-free virus). In the presence of kaolinite colloids, MS2 phage breakthrough occurred concurrently with that of the colloidal particles and the time taken to reach the peak virus concentration was reduced, suggesting a colloid-facilitated virus transport in terms of peak-concentration time and velocity. Meanwhile mass recovery and magnitude of concentrations of the phages were significantly reduced, indicating colloid-assisted virus attenuation in terms of concentrations and mass. Decreasing the pH or increasing the ionic strength increased the level of virus attachment to the aquifer media and colloids, and virus transport became more retarded, resulting in lower peak-concentration, lower mass recovery, longer peak-concentration time, and greater apparent collision efficiency. Increasing the concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) or flow rate resulted in faster virus transport velocity, higher peak-concentrations and mass recoveries, and lower apparent collision efficiencies. The dual-role of colloids in transport viruses has important implications for risk analysis and remediation of virus-contaminated sites.     

Sources and transport of selected organic micropollutants in urban groundwater underlying the city of Halle (Saale), Germany

In this study, we used isotopic (delta18O, delta2H, delta34S-SO4) and chemical tracers (boron) to assess the sources and transport processes of the micropollutants carbamazepine, galaxolide, and bisphenol A in groundwater underlying the city of Halle (Saale), Germany. Their ubiquitous presence in urban groundwater results from a combination of local river water infiltration, sewer exfiltration, and urban stormwater recharge. Attenuation during transport with infiltrating river water increased from carbamazepine (0-60%) to galaxolide (60-80%) in accordance with their increasing sorption affinity and decreasing recalcitrance against biodegradation. Distinctly higher attenuation during transport was found for carbamazepine (85-100%) and galaxolide (95-100%) if micropollutants originated from sewer exfiltration. Most likely, this is related to higher contents of organic matter and higher transit times of the respective flow paths. Although attenuation undoubtedly also affects the transport of bisphenol A, quantification is limited due to additional contributions from the urban stormwater recharge. As a consequence, micropollutant loads in groundwater indicate that groundwater discharge may dominate the export of bisphenol A from urban areas.     

Evaluation of data from the literature on the transport and survival of Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms in aquifers under saturated conditions

Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms are of major importance as indicators of fecal contamination of water. Due to its negative surface charge and relatively low die-off or inactivation rate coefficient, E. coli is able to travel long distances underground and is therefore also a useful indicator of fecal contamination of groundwater. In this review, the major processes known to determine the underground transport of E. coli (attachment, straining and inactivation) are evaluated. The single collector contact efficiency (SCCE), eta0, one of two parameters commonly used to assess the importance of attachment, can be quantified for E. coli using classical colloid filtration theory. The sticking efficiency, alpha, the second parameter frequently used in determining attachment, varies widely (from 0.003 to almost 1) and mainly depends on charge differences between the surface of the collector and E. coli. Straining can be quantified from geometrical considerations; it is proposed to employ a so-called straining correction parameter, alpha(str). Sticking efficiencies determined from field experiments were lower than those determined under laboratory conditions. We hypothesize that this is due to preferential flow mechanisms, E. coli population heterogeneity, and/or the presence of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater possibly affecting bacterial attachment characteristics. Of equal importance is the inactivation or die-off of E. coli that is affected by factors like type of bacterial strain, temperature, predation, antagonism, light, soil type, pH, toxic substances, and dissolved oxygen. Modeling transport of E. coli can be separated into three steps: (1) attachment rate coefficients and straining rate coefficients can be calculated from Darcy flow velocity fields or pore water flow velocity fields, calculated SCCE fields, realistic sticking efficiency values and straining correction parameters, (2) together with the inactivation rate coefficient, total rate coefficient fields can be generated, and (3) used as input for modeling the transport of E. coli in existing contaminant transport codes. Areas of future research are manifold and include the effects of typical wastewater characteristics, including high concentrations of organic compounds, on the transport of E. coli and thermotolerant coliforms, and the upscaling of experiments to represent typical field conditions, possibly including preferential flow mechanisms and the aspect of population heterogeneity of E. coli.     

Analytical model for coupled consolidation and diffusion of organic contaminant transport in triple landfill liners

A triple-layer composite liner consisting of a geomembrane liner (GMB), a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and a compacted clay liner (CCL) is commonly used at the landfill bottom liner system to isolate the contaminated leachates. In this paper, one-dimensional quasi-steady-state small deformation model (SDSS) was developed to investigate the behavior of organic chemicals transport in landfill composite liner system considering coupled effect of consolidation, diffusion and degradation. The first and second type bottom boundary conditions are used to derive the analytical solutions. The generalized integral transform technique (GITT) is adopted to derive the analytical solutions. The effect of consolidation on the performance of GMB/GCL/CCL with intact or leaking GMB is investigated. The triple liner under double drainage boundary condition (DDBC) has better performance compared to the case under single drainage boundary condition (SDBC). This is because the velocity induced by consolidation under DDBC is lower than that under SDBC. The effect of GCL consolidation shows an opposite trend compared to CCL consolidation. Considering GCL consolidation can increase the breakthrough time. The effective diffusion coefficient of GCL can be two magnitude orders smaller after consolidation, which provides a better diffusion barrier for the chemical transport. The effects of adsorption and degradation have been analyzed as well. Increasing the adsorption capacity of a deforming composite liner can increase the steady-state bottom flux, which shows the opposite tendency compared to the case without considering consolidation. This is due to the fact that for the case of a deforming composite liner, the advection induced by consolidation includes a new term due to the solid velocity. This velocity will result in the increase the mass of chemical migration through the composite liner.     

Transport of mineral oil components to groundwater—II influence of lime, clay and organic soil components on the rate of transport

The adsorption of a model compound and of oil components on lime, clay and organic soil components is discussed. It is demonstrated that adsorption may reduce the total amount of oil transport to groundwater, reduce concentrations and delay transport. It is further shown that persistent smells, originating from these physical processes, are to be expected mainly when oil components in a boiling range of 175–350°C (gas oil) are involved.     

Modellbasierte Berechnung der Abfluss- und Stofftransportprozesse in hierarchisch organisierten Karstnetzwerken

Karst systems fed by an allogenic inflow often show a complex network of interacting conduits that effects groundwater flow and pollutant transport. The combined evaluation of multi-tracer experiments performed at different flow conditions provide information about the hydrodynamic functioning of the karst network. Building on this, a conceptual model to quantify groundwater flow and mass transport has been developed and is presented in this study using the example of the Tanneben Massif, Austria. Within the model, groundwater flow is subdivided into several flow-paths with discrete flow velocity and capacity. As a consequence, model results reveal a dampen but also extended karst response to storm events. Upon exceeding the flow capacity, backwater accumulates at the inflow causing a prolongation of high discharge into the system. Additionally, adjacent karst systems are affected by the activation of interconnecting flow paths at high flow conditions.     

岩石流体反应–流动耦合试验装置的开发

 原地溶浸采矿过程是一个典型受化学反应、流体流动以及物质迁移等多种因素非线性耦合作用的复杂过程。原地溶浸采矿过程中,伴随溶浸过程,矿层的渗透性分布会发生非常大的变化,这可能加剧矿层的非均匀性,使得溶浸剂和溶浸液在矿层中会发生非均匀流动现象,降低溶浸的范围和矿层的采收率。国内外现有的溶浸试验装置侧重于化学分析,不能很好地反映地浸现场条件下的高应力、高流体压力条件和流体流动的特点,同时在测量范围、精度上也不能满足科学研究的要求。为此研制岩石流体反应–流动耦合试验装置,该装置可以严格控制岩体应力和流体温度,实时在线监测系统内的流体压力、流量以及温度,实时分析流体的化学成分和岩芯的渗透性,通过分析手段可获得溶浸过程中的反应动力学参数和岩体成分等性质,实现对岩石流体反应流动耦合过程的全面分析。结合新型天然成因试剂地浸采铀法,在该试验装置上进行原状砂岩地浸试验,分析地浸过程中砂岩的渗透性、溶浸流体化学成分及铀矿采收率的变化情况。其中,当液固比为4时,铀的采收率接近60%,地浸过程中岩芯的渗透系数变化跨越3个数量级。这些试验数据显示,该装置的试验效果良好,加氧条件下矿层原地液地浸采铀是可行的,但渗透性的高度变异会影响到现场地浸的采收速率和采收率。     

衡水市地下水流数值模拟

通过对衡水市地下水系统特征的分析,建立了水文地质概念模型,并用FEFLOW建立三维地下水流数值模拟模型。应用识别与校正后的模型预测不同开采方案下的地下水动态。对于浅层地下水,方案1水位下降速率最慢,方案4水位下降速率最快;对于深层地下水,方案2水位最高,下降速率最慢,方案3水位最低,下降速率最快。从地下水资源可持续利用角度考虑,按方案2规划开采比较合理。     

Interpretation und Bewertung der Rückhalte- und Abbauvorg?nge im Abstrom der Deponie Monte Scherbelino, Frankfurt a.M.

Changes in advection and dispersion caused by retardation and degradation were studied at the landfill site “Monte Scherbelino” near Frankfurt/Main, Germany. In terms of groundwater transport, the site is considered as non-steady state and the effect of retardation and degradation on advective-dispersive transport is pivotal. By applying a technique named as “breakthrough stage analysis (BTSA)”, ratios of conservative and reactive compounds were determined along specific flow paths. Depth-specific samples were also collected during this study. Results were evaluated using reference graphs. The data set consists of long-term groundwater quality monitoring data including major ions, field parameters, heavy metals, adsorbable organic halides (AOX) and some organic trace compounds. The data set consists of hydrochemical analyses from 1968 until the construction of a cut-off trench in 1995. The BTSA tool opens additional possibilities for interpretation of groundwater plumes from landfill leachates beyond numerical transport models.