对二甲氨基苯基五唑和对羟基苯基五唑的低温合成与NMR表征

分别以对二甲氨基苯胺和对羟基苯胺为原料,在-40℃条件下合成出对二甲氨基苯基五唑(p-DMAPP)和对羟基苯基五唑(p-HPP)。用低温1HNMR、13CNMR、1H-13CHMBC、15NNMR和1H-15NHMBC表征了它们的结构。结果表明,其氢谱和碳谱数据与文献值一致。五唑的N信号分别被指配为:p-DMAPP,N-1(δN-80.0),N-2/5(δN-27.3),N-3/4(δN5.1);对p-HPP,N-1(δN-84.1),N-2/5(δN-28.1),N-3/4(δN4.2)。     

含能快递

<正>南京理工大学制备出世界上首个五唑阴离子化合物五唑(HN_5)被认为是一种能量很高的高能密度材料,至今也没合成报道,只见芳基取代五唑有机化合物的合成报道,但它们的分解温度都很低,最高的对二甲氨基苯基五唑也只有50℃。近来,南京理工大学从间/对位含供电基的芳基五唑出发,采用甘氨酸亚铁[Fe(Gly)_2]作稳定剂,创造性采用间氯过氧苯甲酸(m-CPBA)氧化劈断C-N键,首次制备出了五唑阴离子化合物     

两种新型1-取代的5-氨基四唑含能衍生物的合成及性能

以2-氯-4-氨基吡啶为原料,经硝化得到2-氯-4-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶,然后与5-氨基四唑进行缩合反应得到新型含能化合物2-(5-氨基-四唑-1-基)-4-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(1),收率64%;由2-氨基-6-氯-3,5-二硝基吡啶与5-氨基四唑缩合得到新型含能化合物6-(5-氨基四唑-1-基)-2-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(2),收率41%。采用核磁共振、红外、质谱、元素分析对化合物1和2进行了结构表征。计算了化合物1和2的爆速、爆压及氧平衡,利用TG和DSC分析法研究了化合物1和2的热行为。结果表明,化合物1和2具有相同的爆速、爆压及氧平衡,其值分别为8.18 km·s-1,30.7 GPa和-62.9%。化合物1的热失重在280~325℃范围内变化,累计失重71%,热分解峰温为304.5℃;化合物2的热失重在285~415℃范围内变化,累计失重65%,初始分解温度为310.67℃。     

3，5-二氨基-4-硝基吡唑五唑新型含能离子盐合成和性能

以五唑钠盐为原料,与3,5?二氨基?4?硝基吡唑盐酸盐进行复分解反应合成了一种新型五唑非金属盐——3,5?二氨基?4?硝基吡唑五唑盐(3),并采用核磁共振(NMR)、X?射线单晶衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(IR)和元素分析(EA)等分析手段对化合物3进行结构表征;利用差示扫描量热(DSC)和热重(TG)方法研究了化合物3的热分解过程,其初始分解温度为119.5℃,优于DABTT₂⁺(N₅^-)₂、GU⁺N₅^-和AG⁺N₅^-等大部分的五唑非金属盐,并采用Kissinger和Ozawa方法计算其表观活化能;基于实测密度(1.71 g·cm^-3和计算生成焓(503.3 kJ·mol^-1),采用Explo5 V6.05.02软件计算化合物3的爆速和爆压分别为8483 m·s^-1和26.4 GPa;采用BAM法测得化合物3的撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为10 J和216 N。     

7-氨基-6-硝基-[1,2,5]噁二唑并[3,4-b]吡啶-1-氧化物合成及性能

设计了一种新化合物(7-氨基-6-硝基-[1,2,5]噁二唑并[3,4-b]吡啶-1-氧化物)的合成方法。以2-氯-4-氨基吡啶为起始原料,经硝化、叠氮化、热解环化得到目标化合物,总收率为42%,并采用核磁共振、红外、质谱、元素分析对其进行结构表征。利用差示扫描量热法研究了目标化合物的热性能,其分解温度为215.93℃,按GJB772A-1997方法实测摩擦感度和撞击感度都为0,表明7-氨基-6-硝基-[1,2,5]噁二唑并[3,4-b]吡啶-1-氧化物是一种钝感含能化合物。     

5,5′-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑)及其含能离子盐的合成与表征

以二氨基马来腈为原料,经过与三氟乙酸酐缩合、环化,与叠氮化纳再次缩合,合成得到了新型含能化合物5,5'-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑),收率61.3%;基于该化合物的酸性,设计合成了2种含能离子盐5,5'-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑)的羟胺盐和胍盐。利用红外光谱、核磁共振和元素分析对中间体及产物结构进行了表征。探讨了生成5,5'-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑)过程中影响四唑环化反应的关键因素,确定的最佳反应条件为:反应介质为水,n(2-三氟甲基-4,5-二氰基咪唑)∶n(Na N3)=1∶2.4,反应温度98℃,反应时间4 h。收率最高达86.3%。通过DSC-TG研究了5,5'-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑)的热分解性能,热分解曲线表明化合物直到223.65℃才开始分解,整个分解过程经历了两个主要的放热分解阶段和热失重阶段,最大放热峰温度为285.78℃,说明该化合物结构比较稳定。     

N,N′-双（间氯苯基）-3,4-二氨基呋咱的合成

介绍了新型炸药N,N'-双(2,4-二硝基苯并氧化呋咱基)-3,4-二氨基呋咱的重要中间体N,N'-双(间氯苯基)-3,4-二氨基呋咱的合成.即在碱性介质中,二氯乙二肟与间氯苯胺反应,生成化合物(Ⅲ).化合物(Ⅲ)在乙二醇的氢氧化钠溶液中高温脱水,制得化合物(Ⅳ).根据红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析、质谱等分析数据确定了它们的结构.     

3，5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基五唑的热分解行为

为了探究3,5?二甲基?4?羟基苯基五唑的热分解行为,采用紫外?可见光吸收光谱结合量子化学计算,对3,5?二甲基?4?羟基苯基五唑(HMPP)随温度升高的热分解过程进行了追踪,并通过差示扫描量热仪测试了HMPP的热稳定性。结果表明:HMPP的初始分解温度为-14℃,其在紫外?可见光区域由五唑环所产生的特征吸收峰在284 nm处,3,5?二甲基?4?羟基苯基叠氮(HMPA)上的叠氮基所产生的特征吸收峰在258 nm处;随着温度的升高,整个体系在284 nm处的吸收峰逐渐降低。为了探究HMPP紫外可见光吸收光谱变化的具体原因,采用柱层析的方式分离HMPP的分解产物,利用核磁共振氢谱和X射线单晶衍射的方式对HMPP的分解产物进行了结构表征,确定了HMPP的主要分解产物为2,6?二甲基对苯醌和4?((4?羟基?3,5?二甲基苯基)氨基)?2,6?二甲基环己?2,5?二烯?1?酮;并确定了在HMPP热分解结束后,整个体系的紫外?可见光吸收是由化合物4和5的紫外?可见光吸收叠加导致。     

2，6-二氨基-3，5-二硝基吡啶及其氮氧化物的氧化胺化反应

以氨水为胺化剂,KMnO4为氧化剂,在不同反应条件下实现2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(ANPy)和2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)4位的氧化胺化反应,目标化合物2,4,6-三氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(TANPy)和2,4,6-三氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(TANPyO)的收率分别达到81.5%和85.4%.探讨了溶剂类型、氨水浓度等反应条件对目标化合物产率影响,并讨论了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物)氧化胺化反应结果与3-硝基吡啶不同的原因.采用1H NMR, IR和MS对目标化合物的结构进行了表征.     

N,N′-双(间氯苯基)-3,4-二氨基呋咱的合成

介绍了新型炸药N，N′-双(2，4-二硝基苯并氧化呋咱基)-3，4-二氨基呋咱的重要中间体N，N′-双(间氯苯基)-3，4-二氨基呋咱的合成。即在碱性介质中，二氯乙二肟与间氯苯胺反应，生成化合物(Ⅲ)。化合物(Ⅲ)在乙二醇的氢氧化钠溶液中高温脱水，制得化合物(Ⅳ)。根据红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析、质谱等分析数据确定了它们的结构。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.