A New Model of Synchronous Machine Internal Faults Based on Winding Distribution

A synchronous machine internal faults model based on the actual winding arrangement is described in this paper. Based on the winding function approach, the machine inductances are calculated directly from the machine winding distribution, thereby the space harmonics produced by the machine windings are readily taken into account. Moreover, the calculation of the machine inductances is made easier by the use of the machine electrical parameters instead of the geometrical ones. Simulation results for internal faults on a laboratory generator are compared with experimental results to verify the accuracy of the proposed model     

Modeling of permanent magnet motor drives

Research has indicated that the permanent magnet motor drives, which include the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the brushless DC motor (BDCM) could become serious competitors to the induction motor for servo applications. The PMSM has a sinusoidal back EMF and requires sinusoidal stator currents to produce constant torque while the BDCM has a trapezoidal back EMF and requires rectangular stator currents to produce constant torque. The PMSM is very similar to the wound rotor synchronous machine except that the PMSM that is used for servo applications tends not to have any damper windings and excitation is provided by a permanent magnet instead of a field winding. Hence the d, q model of the PMSM can be derived from the well-known model of the synchronous machine with the equations of the damper windings and field current dynamics removed. Because of the nonsinusoidal variation of the mutual inductances between the stator and rotor in the BDCM, it is also shown that no particular advantage exists in transforming the abc equations of the BCDM to the d, q frame. Hence the solution of the original abc equations is proposed for the BDCM     

一种新颖的双三相感应电机缺相运行矢量控制

双三相感应电机的绕组开路后,运用传统的旋转坐标变换,不能实现转子磁场定向矢量控制。本文推导出不对称绕组结构的解耦旋转坐标变换,并提出了一种基于不对称绕组结构的转子磁场定向矢量控制新颖策略,运用PI调节器,使得定子侧谐波电流最小化,降低定子侧谐波损耗。在MATLAB MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件下,建立相应的仿真模型,仿真结果验证本文所提出控制策略的正确性和有效性。     

Parallel-Connected Multiphase Multidrive Systems With Single Inverter Supply

Since independent control of an ac machine requires only two currents, additional degrees of freedom that exist in multiphase $(n ≫ 3)$ machines can be used for other purposes. One possibility is the series connection of the stator windings, in an appropriate manner, which enables independent control of a set of machines although a single multiphase voltage-source inverter (VSI) is used as the supply. The concept has been explored recently in a considerable depth. This paper examines an alternative to the series connection, parallel connection of a multitude of multiphase machines supplied from a single VSI. This eliminates a shortcoming of the series arrangement, the requirement to have open-end stator winding machines. The general principles of paralleling the multiphase machines to a single multiphase VSI are at first set forth, with the subsequent development concentrating on the two-motor five-phase drive system. Dynamic and steady-state models of the two-motor drive are developed, and the vector control scheme is explained. Theoretical findings are verified by extensive experimental investigation on a laboratory setup. It is shown that parallel-connected multiphase multimotor drives represent an advanced example of the well-known analogy between series and parallel connection in electrical engineering. The quality of dynamic performance is the same as with series-connected drive systems. However, parallel connection suffers from a number of serious shortcomings that will prevent its application in industry.      

A Study of Influence of Configurations of the Windings on the Performance of Single Phase Induction Motor with Capacitor Start

The single phase induction motors needs two stator windings to produce rotating magnetic field : one main winding and the other auxiliary winding. The aim of the auxiliary winding is to create the rotating electromagnetic field when the machine is started-up and is afterwards turned off, generally through the centrifugal switch coupled together with the shaft of the machine rotor. The main purpose of this document is to evaluate the influence that the two windings have on the external characteristics of the single phase induction motor . For this purpose , two different kinds of windings were carried out and simulated, with the proposal to obtain some benefits. The main winding and the auxiliary winding were prepared and mounted on a prototype. The simulation was done via software based FEM , to make the extraction and results analysis possible. This results are shown at the end this document.     

Winding distribution effects on induction motor rotor fault diagnosis

The sidebands around stator currents harmonics as a potential tool for supporting the diagnosis of rotor faults in induction motors are analyzed in this paper. The presence of broken bars introduces high frequency components in the machine currents spectrum in addition to the characteristic sidebands around the fundamental component. These additional components are due to the interaction between, rotor asymmetry and either the voltage harmonics, or winding distribution, or rotor slots. In particular, the components at frequencies near to fifth and seventh harmonics, produced by the interaction between the rotor faults and the harmonics of the spatial distribution of stator windings, are analyzed in this work. A multiple coupled circuit model of the induction motor is used to evaluate the sensitivity of these components for different stator winding configurations, load level, supply voltage conditions, and different number of broken bars. Simulation results showed that a particular analyzed component near to fifth harmonic depends mainly on fifth harmonic of winding distribution, which remains almost constant for most common distributions. Therefore, it is expected that this component should be found in most motors with broken bars. Finally, experimental laboratory results and two industrial cases that validate the analysis are presented.     

A New PWM Strategy Based on a 24-Sector Vector Space Decomposition for a Six-Phase VSI-Fed Dual Stator Induction Motor

This paper presents a new space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) technique for the control of a six-phase voltage source inverter (VSI)-fed dual stator induction machines (DSIM). A DSIM is an induction machine which has two sets of three-phase stator windings spatially shifted by 30 electrical degrees and fed by two three-phase VSIs. Despite their advantage of power segmentation, these machines are characterized by large zero sequence harmonic currents, and in particular those of order 6 k plusmn 1, which are due to the mutual cancellation between the two stator windings. The proposed SVPWM scheme, while easy to implement digitally, reduces significantly these extra stator harmonic currents. Experimental results, collected from a 15 kW prototype machine controlled by a digital signal processor, are presented and discussed.     

Digital Simulation of an Inverter-Fed Self-Controlled Synchronous Motor

This paper describes a digital simulation method for the self-controlled synchronous motor (SCSM) in time domain. A generalized machine model in direct three-phase quantities is used to represent the machine and the fourth-order numerical integration technique of Runge, Kutta, and Gill in [17] is used to solve the machine equations. Performance of the synchronous machine with nonsinusoidal voltages and currents is simulated under both steady-state and transient conditions. The effects of the damper windings and saliency on the torque, and voltage and current waveforms are studied using this digital simulation technique when the machine is operated from a voltage source inverter (VSI) and a current source inverter (CSI).     

Power factor enhancement of induction machines by means ofsolid-state excitation

A novel concept for power factor correction of induction machines is introduced that employs an auxiliary three-phase stator winding together with a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) inverter to supply excitation power to the machine. When the PWM inverter is modeled as an equivalent capacitor, it is shown that two values of capacitance will yield unity power factor at a given operating condition. The effect of machine parameters on the critical value of capacitance is examined. A control algorithm to ensure unity power factor at the terminals of the main stator windings is presented, and its satisfactory operation is verified by means of a detailed analog computer simulation     

一种具有容错功能的无轴承薄片电机的原理及其实现

本文研究了一种可以实现容错功能的无轴承薄片电机的工作原理和结构设计。详细推导了当无轴承薄片电机在采用单绕组结构并采用定子绕组电流功率最优约束下的径向悬浮力和转矩的数学模型,并由此推导出了电机在绕组完整和绕组故障时的不同定子电流模型,同时给出了相应的控制策略和样机系统设计。实验样机调试结果表明：采用单绕组结构的无轴承薄片电机成功实现了转子在径向、轴向和扭转方向上的5自由度全悬浮。     

Stator-flux-oriented vector control of synchronous reluctance Machines with maximized efficiency

This paper presents a position-sensorless vector torque controller designed to achieve maximum efficiency over a range of power and rotational speed for a synchronous reluctance machine. A model of the synchronous reluctance machine is presented which incorporates both winding and core losses. It is then shown that a stator-flux-oriented control scheme can achieve synchronous operation of the machine without a position sensor at medium and high electrical frequencies. For a given speed and torque, power losses in the machine are shown to be a function of only the stator flux magnitude. As the power losses are a convex function of the stator flux level, the optimal flux value can be found using a one-dimensional optimization algorithm, such as the Method of Sequential Quadratic Interpolations. Optimal flux values for a synchronous reluctance machine are determined using an experimental setup that accurately determines losses in the motor/drive system. Experimental results obtained from the test setup confirm the validity of the controller and the optimization algorithm.     

MIT-EEI program on large superconducting machines

A progress report on the program at MIT to demonstrate the feasibility and potentials for the application of superconductors in the rotating field windings of large central station synchronous generators is presented. A brief history of the program and a synopsis of previously reported results are given. The second ex-experimental machine (which will have a rating of about 2 MVA) is described.     

Fault Tolerant and Minimum Loss Control of Double-Star Synchronous Machines Under Open Phase Conditions

In this paper, a new method for filtering the torque pulsations is proposed for double-star permanent magnet synchronous machines under fault conditions. The machine is supplied by two independent electric sources via two voltage source inverters. The proposed method deals with the case where an open-circuit fault occurs. To reduce the torque pulsations, the usual solution consists in supplying only the healthy star winding. Here, we propose to supply not only the healthy winding, but also the two remaining phases of the other star winding by the healthy legs of the faulty inverter. The stator current waveforms can be easily determined to minimize the copper losses while reducing the torque pulsations. Simulation and experimental results confirm the efficiency of the proposed method.     

Analyse eines neuen Stromrichter- und Flussregelkonzepts zur Realisierung hochdynamischer Asynchronmaschinenantriebe mit extrem weitem Feldschwächbereich

The paper presents an inverter concept for the realization of an induction machine drive with an extremely wide constant power range. The stator winding of the induction machine is split up into two isolated and quasi-bifilar wound three-phase winding systems. The series operation of the two winding sets provides very high torque at low stator frequencies while keeping the machine terminal and the inverter DC link current relatively low. However, due to the high number of turns field weakening is necessary at low frequencies (approximately at 50% of rated speed) already. Nevertheless, with the help of an electronic transition from series to parallel stator winding arrangement the machine flux can be restored to its nominal value as given for rated machine speed. Consequently, the break-down torque is increased by a factor of 4 which gives the basis for a high maximum speed with constant machine power.     

Eccentricity Fault Diagnosis of a Dual-Stator Winding Induction Machine Drive Considering the Slotting Effects

To point out the effects of eccentricity within a dual-stator winding induction machine, one needs to detect the high frequency corresponding to the interaction of both eccentricity and slotting effects. In this paper, a model of this kind of machine, whose rotor is mixed–eccentric, has been suggested. One considers slotting effects. This induction machine has two sets of stator three-phase windings electrically shifted by an angle $alpha$. This model will be used to analyze the impact of the defect on the machine. It will be seen that the analytical expression of inductances can be directly exploited to predict the eccentricity-related frequencies. First, the impact of the defect will be investigated under an open-loop condition, i.e., the motor will be supplied by the volt-per-hertz control mode. Second, the motors will be supplied by using the indirect rotor field-oriented control. One will see the fault propagation on the control variables, which can be used as a tool for diagnosis under closed-loop conditions. Comparisons between simulation and experimental results will be performed to evaluate the effectiveness of this experiment.      

A model of asynchronous machines for stator fault detection and isolation

This paper presents a new model of asynchronous machines. This model allows one to take into account unbalanced stator situations which can be produced by stator faults like short circuits in windings. A mathematical transformation is defined and applied to the classical abc model equations. All parameters which affect this new model can be known online. This makes the model very useful for control algorithms and fault detection and isolation algorithms. The model is checked by comparing simulation data with actual data obtained from laboratory experiments.     

Independent field-oriented control of two split-phase induction motors from a single six-phase inverter

Split-phase (six-phase) induction motor stator windings consist of two sets of three phase windings, which are spatially phase separated by 30 electrical degrees. Due to mutual cancellation of the air gap flux for all the 6n/spl plusmn/1 (n=1,3,5...) order harmonic voltages, called zero sequence components, large harmonic currents are generated in the stator phases. Only the 12n/spl plusmn/1 (n=0,1,2,3...)-order harmonic voltage components contribute toward the air gap flux and electromagnetic torque production in the machine. In this paper, a novel scheme is proposed where two six-phase induction motors are connected in series with proper phase sequence so that the zero sequence component voltages of one machine act as torque and flux producing components for the other. Thus, the two six-phase motors can be independently controlled from a single six-phase inverter. A vector control scheme for the dual motor drive is developed and experimentally verified in this paper.     

IPM synchronous machine drive response to a single-phase open circuit fault

This paper investigates the steady-state and dynamic response of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machine drive to a single-phase open-circuit fault. This fault results in rotational electromagnetic asymmetry on both the stator and rotor, making it difficult to analyze using classical dq-transformation techniques. This paper presents a new dq synchronous-frame machine model that is capable of handling this highly asymmetrical fault condition, including the effects of q axis magnetic saturation. Fault responses with two alternative post-fault control strategies are investigated: (1) opening all of the inverter switches so that the machine behaves as an uncontrolled generator (UCG), with the two unfaulted phases connected to the inverter DC link via the antiparallel diodes; and (2) shorting the two remaining unfaulted phases together using the inverter switches. Results of this investigation show that the fault response is generally more benign using the UCG control strategy, with significantly lower phase currents and pulsating torque than corresponding values delivered using the phase-shorting strategy.     

Additional Losses in the Damper Winding of Large Hydrogenerators at Open-Circuit and Load Conditions

Large salient-pole synchronous machines are typically equipped with a damper winding. At steady-state conditions, parasitic voltages are induced in the damper bars which lead to a current flow with associated power losses. This paper describes an analytical algorithm for the calculation of currents and corresponding losses in the damper winding. The presented method is based on an equivalent network of the damper winding containing all the bars of a repetitive section of the machine. The inductances are calculated with an air-gap permeance model. Contrary to similar existing approaches, the induced damper-bar voltages are computed using a numerical integration. This allows more precise results when it comes to higher harmonics. In order to validate the analytical computation, the results are compared with the results of 2-D transient finite-element studies and with a conventional analytical method based on the d-and q -axis equivalent circuits of the machine.     

Active and reactive power control for doubly-fed wound rotorinduction generator

A power control system for a doubly fed wound rotor induction generator has been developed. This power control system applies a control method using a rotating reference frame fixed on the gap flux of the generator, and can control active and reactive power independently and stably. The characteristics of the control system have been proved by experiment. Harmonic currents fed to the rotor windings are transmitted to the stator winding changing its frequency. The transmitting characteristics of the harmonic currents have been analyzed and verified by experiments