Horizontally loaded foundations formed from hollow circular piles

Results are presented for field investigations of groups of hollow circular piles with an open lower end, which can be embedded with a reduced spacing. It is demonstrated that use of these piles permits a reduction in concrete consumption, and an increase the specific bearing capacity of the foundations under a horizontal load.     

岩石厚壁圆筒试验破坏的细观力学机制

 目前采用传统颗粒体模型较难表征岩石内部不规则矿物颗粒的结构特征。以颗粒流理论及PFC程序为平台,采用平面黏结接触模型,构建能反映矿物颗粒结构特征的岩石厚壁圆筒数值模型,从细观力学角度深入探究岩石厚壁圆筒试样在不同内外部围压条件下的破裂机制与规律。研究表明：当内部围压为0时,试样张拉型微破裂占主导优势;层状剥离的破碎颗粒体以轴线为中心形成近似对称的“V”型破坏区域。当内部围压不为0时,随着内部围压不断增大,试样承受的极限外部围压逐渐增大;试样剪切型微破裂逐渐占主导优势,以轴线为中心产生的近似对称的“V”型破坏区域逐渐消退,破坏逐渐从内径岩壁向各个方向扩展。无论内部围压是否为0,试样外部围压、外部体应变等破坏参量演化曲线均可近似划分为3个阶段。     

Protection of pyramidal piles and driven blocks from frost heaving

A method is proposed for protecting pyramidal piles from frost heaving and for regulating the microclimate in the base part of a one-story building under conditions of strongly heaving soils and great depth of freezing, realized by means of a heat-protecting shield combined with a blind area and effective design of the base part of the building. The dimensions of the shield are determined by the iterative method on the basis of solving the two-dimensional steady-state heat-engineering problem by a numerical method.Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 4, pp. 8–11, July–August, 1992.     

Bearing capacity of hollow piles sunk in leader holes

Correction factors that account for the reduction in the resistance of hollow circular piles sunk in leader holes are obtained as a result of experimental investigations. A program is developed for calculation of the bearing capacity of these piles from penetration data. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 3, pp. 19–22, May–June, 1996.     

Selection of spacing in a group of hollow circular piles

Results of field tests of groups of hollow circular piles with an open lower end, which are embedded with a reduced spacing, are presented. It is demonstrated that the reduction in spacing does not lower the bearing capacity of the group. General recommendations are presented for the design of pile groups. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 4, pp. 18–20, July–August, 1996.     

深基坑排桩冻结温度场的数值模拟

为了研究基坑冻结排桩温度场的分布规律,基于传热学理论建立了基坑周围土体的热扩散数学模型,结合边界条件采用MATLAB对其进行了数值求解,获得了其温度场分布。研究结果表明:冻结墙的形成始于中间的冻结孔,而后冻结向两侧冻结孔周围扩展。在冻结孔间土体冻结圈形成的过程中,已冻结墙体周围的温度变化不大。当冻结孔之间的土体冻结完毕,冻土墙初步形成以后,低温开始向冻土墙的两侧蔓延,表现为冻土墙的厚度增加。在基坑的转角处的外侧冻结厚度最小,最大冻结厚度位于冻结墙的中部,而最大负温区出现在冻结墙转角的内侧。     

某工程管桩断裂、偏位事故分析及处理

预应力混凝土管桩因桩身混凝土强度高、桩身质量好、单桩竖向承载力高、造价低、施工快等优点广泛应用于软土地基中。但管桩水平承载力较小,在施工及基坑开挖过程中,如技术措施不到位,很容易发生桩偏位及断裂的事故。结合工程实例分析了管桩偏位、断裂的原因,介绍了桩基补强、加固处理措施,提出了管桩偏位倾斜后的承载力取用标准。     

Stress paths and mechanical behavior of a sandstone in hollow cylinder tests

A series of hollow cylindrical triaxial tests was performed to investigate the potential effect of stress paths on the mechanical behavior of the Pei-Tou sandstone. The tests were carried out with a computer-controlled loading system. The axial loading, outer and inner confining pressures, and torque applied to the specimen were controlled according to a preselected stress path. The stress path moved from the hydrostatic stress axis in principal-stress space and elongated on an octahedral plane, while maintaining a constant angle θ against the projection of the major principal stress axis on the octahedral plane. The proposed hollow cylinder test is shown to be able to follow any designed stress paths in the principal stress space. Thus, it may be used to investigate the effect of stress paths on the mechanical behavior of rock and to construct its failure surface.     

气动式四向控制空心圆柱扭剪仪的研制与应用

上海交通大学既有的空心圆柱扭剪仪只有扭矩可以进行动态控制,可进行动剪应力扭剪试验。为了研究应力主轴旋转对土体力学特性的影响规律,在仪器采用应力控制模式和考虑经济性的前提下,对既有空心圆柱扭剪仪进行气动化改造,使之具备轴力、扭矩和内外围压都可以独立自动控制的四向振动能力。首先介绍改造后仪器(SJTU-HCA)的组成和技术参数,梳理了气动控制相比于液压控制的优点,推导了进行主轴固定单调剪切试验和纯应力主轴循环旋转试验的基本公式,并且设计了仪器控制程序和自动控制算法。通过对砂土任意主应力角的主轴固定单调剪切试验,初步验证了仪器的静态加载能力。通过保持偏应力q、平均主应力p和中主应力参数b这3个控制参数下的纯应力主轴循环旋转试验,验证了仪器的动态加载能力,说明了改造后仪器具备各种复杂应力路径的工作能力。气动式改造经验可为今后研发土工仪器设备提供参考。     

Deviations of piles during embedment

Conclusions 1. As a pile is embedded, its deviation from the vertical is observed in a soil stratum. The deviation depends on the initial angle of inclineϕ ₀ of the pile, its structural solution (sectional or whole, type of butt joint), and the physicomechanical properties of the soil. 2. Values of tanϕ should not exceed 0.03. To satisfy this condition, it is necessary that tanϕ₀ not exceed 0.01, and tanϕ₁, which characterizes the noncoaxial positioning of the coupled elements of the sectional pile, be no more than 0.005. 3. To provide for monitoring of the vertical alignment of the guide to the pile driver, the latter must be equipped with a special instrument (vertical-alignment indicator). These instruments are designed and fabricated by the Central Scientific-Research Institute for Organization, Mechanization, and Technical Assistance in Construction, State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Construction Affairs, the Scientific-Research Institute of Industrial Construction, Ministry of Industrial Construction of the USSR, and the Kuibyshev Construction-Engineering Institute. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 3, pp. 9–10, May–June, 1982.     

饱和重塑黏土空心圆柱试样的压制技术及应用

由于黏土黏性大、受扰动易产生裂隙,采用常规的击实法和固结法所制备的空心圆柱试样存在整体不均匀、饱和度较低、切削面裂隙丰富等问题。在重塑试样击实器的基础上,研制了一种能制备实心与空心圆柱重塑试样的压样装置,可以很好地模拟天然状态下土体形成过程。依据改进的分层欠压法,试验选取最优初始欠压系数,在每层试样高度相同的条件下,严格控制每层试样的质量,而后采用抽气饱和法将所压制的试样进行饱和。通过应力路径三轴试验和纯主应力轴旋转试验,从可重复性和力学特性两个方面验证了所制备的饱和重塑黏土试样用于研究复杂应力路径下土体变形特性与本构关系的可靠性,为后续重塑土的理论与试验研究提供了重要的保证。     

多排弹性空心管桩屏障对平面SV波的隔离

假定土体和管桩为各向同性的均质弹性体,将多排空心管桩构成的非连续屏障对入射平面SV波的隔离问题简化成二维平面问题,运用复变函数的保角映射方法和波场位移势函数展开法,根据管桩与周围土体介质完全联结(即应力和位移连续)以及管桩内侧自由的边界条件,得到了所研究问题的理论解。通过与有限元软件ABAQUS的模拟结果进行对比,验证了上述理论解及其计算程序的正确性,并进一步分析了管桩的壁厚、排数、数量以及入射SV波的频率等因素对隔离效果的影响,结论表明：隔离效果随着管桩壁厚的减小而提高;管桩由一排增加到两排时,最佳隔离区域向远处扩展,而由两排增加到三排时,最佳隔离区域则向两侧扩展;管桩排数不变,而数量增多时,屏障宽度范围内的隔离效果明显提高;入射频率增大时,隔离效果有所减小。这为多排桩屏障的隔振设计提供了理论依据和参考。     

循环荷载下铁精矿动力特性试验研究

利用空心圆柱扭剪仪（HCA）施加竖向#x02014;环向耦合循环荷载模拟波浪荷载的作用,对船载散装铁精矿进行了动力特性试验。通过对动应变、动强度和孔隙水压力变化曲线进行分析,探讨了含水率、动应力和振动周数等因素对铁精矿动力特性的影响。试验表明：含水率是影响铁精矿动力特性的关键因素。铁精矿存在临界含水率,如果超过这一临界含水率,铁精矿即使在较小的动应力、足够长的振动周数下,也会缓慢发展达到破坏状态。而高含水率的铁精矿试样即使在较小的动应力作用下也会迅速发生破坏。对比常规动三轴试验,可以发现竖向-扭向循环耦合剪切试验得出的铁精矿动强度随含水率的增加而迅速降低。研究可为实际船载铁精矿提供安全的含水率范围。     

冻融循环作用下单裂隙类砂岩局部化损伤效应及端部断裂特性分析

 寒区饱水裂隙岩体受反复冻融作用影响,沿裂隙端部出现裂纹萌生、延展、偏转、分叉等现象,造成裂隙端部局部化区域损伤,进而诱发端部断裂造成岩体整体失稳。现采用相似材料配制0°,30°,45°,60°,90°的单裂隙类砂岩试样,并对裂隙内部充分饱水,展开10,20,30,50次冻融循环试验,而后观测裂隙端部区域在不同裂隙倾角、冻融循环次数下局部化损伤效应差异规律。藉此,对裂隙岩体在冻融循环作用下的局部化损伤效应进行分析,并结合断裂力学应力叠加理论,验证了因局部化损伤效应造成的裂隙端部断裂特性及扩展路径规律。结果表明：(1) 冻融循环作用下单裂隙岩体存在局部化损伤效应,按照局部区域宏观裂纹发育状况,可将裂隙端部划分为：断裂区、渐进损伤区、系统损伤区;(2) 随着裂隙倾角增大,冻融循环过程造成的局部化损伤效应越不显著,对应的声波波速值越大;(3) 冻融循环过程中,主要在30°,45°,60°斜裂隙岩体出现主裂纹分叉、偏转现象;(4) 裂隙角度愈缓,冻融循环作用造成的主裂纹偏转现象越早产生,偏转方向逐渐趋于水平,且沿初始裂隙走向的延展长度越短;(5) 冻融循环引起局部化损伤在上下端部存在差异,裂隙下端部较早发生宏观断裂,且倾角越大,差异现象越明显。研究将为冻融作用下裂隙岩体局部损伤及端部断裂演化规律提供技术参考。     

Experience with the use of hollow reinforced-concrete circular piles and pile shells and means of improving their effectiveness

Conclusions 1. Use of reinforced-concrete HCP and PS on many projects involving industrial and civil construction may significantly lower material consumption for the construction of foundations and labor outlays for their installation. 2. Methods that prevent crack formation in PS during their embedment and while in service have been developed and implemented for the broader practical implementation of substantially refined HCP and PS designs; a vibratory procedure (vibratory pile drivers, vibrating grab buckets), which ensures the embedment of hollow circular piles and pile shells to a depth of up to 40–50 m has been created. 3. For broader implementation of HCP and PS, it is necessary to adjust their manufacture at plants run by interested ministries, bringing its volume to 10–15% of the volume of prismatic shells; and, to tool the manufacturers' plants with the required production equipment, which will provide for the manufacture of high-quality HCP and PS. The solution of these problems may increase the efficiency of pile-foundation constructions, save metal, cement, mineral resources, and energy, and lower labor outlays required for their installation. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 4, pp. 2–4, July–August, 1989.