基于模态灵敏度分析的客车车身优化

针对提高国产某轻型客车的乘坐舒适性,解决车内振动和噪声剧烈问题,本文首先基于有限元仿真和道路试验的阶次跟踪方法进行振动和噪声原因分析,所确定的原因为轮胎激励引起的车身结构共振。为避免共振,以白车身钣金件和骨架的厚度为设计变量,以提高白车身前两阶固有频率为目的,用模态灵敏度理论对白车身进行优化设计和灵敏度分析。然后结合各钣金件和骨架的模态灵敏度和质量灵敏度,设计最优的改进方案并进行试验分析。对比优化前后的试验结果,验证了该优化方案的有效性与合理性。     

基于车身模态和板块贡献分析的阻尼优化降噪方法研究

车身结构上的阻尼材料优化布置对车内振动和噪声控制有重要的意义。以某实车的白车身为研究对象,基于有限元法和边界元法对车内声腔进行声场分析和车身板块进行声学贡献量分析,找出车内场点噪声声压峰值频率及对应的贡献量较大的板块。进而基于白车身模态振型分析,对车身部件上的局部约束阻尼的敷设位置进行优化配置。分析了阻尼优化布置前后分别在悬置、前悬架和后悬架等不同位置处激励下的车内噪声,确认了降噪优化方案的有效性,并在实车上进行了验证。结果表明,对车身相关板块进行局部阻尼处理后,降低车内噪声2 d B(A),证明了该方法的有效性。     

利用试验模态分析进行残余应力评估的研究

通过试验模态分析实验,对有残余应力的构件和无残余应力的构件进行了对比实验,得出了关于构件固有频率和阻尼变化规律的4点结论,即:(1)有残余应力存在时,构件固有频率发生变化;(2)高阶频率受残余应力影响比低阶频率的大;(3)在其他因数不变时,大尺寸构件的固有频率受残余应力的影响比小尺寸构件的小;(4)构件的阻尼发生变化,高阶阻尼变化量的绝对值一般比低阶阻尼的大。探讨了利用构件固有频率或阻尼的变化量来判断构件残余应力的方法。改进了振动时效的幅频特性监测法。     

运行模态分析中固有模态和谐波模态区分方法研究

摘要：在机械领域存在大量旋转机械,这使得输入激励并不满足运行模态分析（OMA）要求的均值白噪声激励条件。通过对随机信号和谐波信号统计特性的分析,提出一种简单有效的识别响应信号中周期强迫响应的方法,使OMA适用于含有谐波激励的情况,对一块由偏心电机激励的钢板进行了运行模态试验和锤击法传统模态试验,应用该方法成功识别出响应信号中的周期响应成份,通过两种试验结果验证了方法有效性,为OMA中虚假模态的辨别提供了一种新思路。     

基于单元残余能量灵敏度的结构损伤识别

在定义单元残余能量基础上进行单元残余能量的灵敏度分析,提出基于单元残余能量灵敏度分析的结构损伤识别方法,建立结构损伤识别方程组。通过解方程,求得损伤系数向量,便可同时识别结构的损伤位置及损伤程度。仿真结果表明,本文提出的方法对各损伤工况不但能准确定位,而且能有效识别出损伤程度,识别精度较高。     

振动CO2气体保护焊缝残余应力和接头显微组织分析

采用振动CO2气体保护焊对轻型汽车驱动桥壳进行了焊接。对被焊接工件在常规CO2气体保护焊、常规CO2气体保护焊后振动时效处理及不同激振频率下振动CO2气体保护焊三种工艺进行了对比,并就不同条件下的焊缝残余应力、焊接接头显微组织作了分析。结果表明,采用适当振动参数, 在较大振幅时,振动CO2气保焊接能有效减小焊接变形,降低焊接残余应力,最大主动应力降低幅度达到41.74%。熔合区和过度区变窄,焊缝和热影响区晶粒明显细化,由柱状晶转变为等轴晶,魏氏组织减少甚至消失。     

基于模态综合和移频方法的中频段模态计算

采用基于特征约束模态降阶的模态综合方法计算结构中频段振动特性时,针对低阶特征约束模态不能截断的问题,引入了移频方法对子结构动力学方程进行变换,并推导了移频后低阶特征约束模态与系统中频段模态的关系,结果表明：采用移频方法后,低阶特征约束模态可以截断。采用该方法计算了某白车身有限元模型160~190Hz频段内的振动特性,结果表明：采用移频方法后,保留的特征约束模态阶数较少,系统振动特性的计算时间较短,说明该方法有助于提高复杂结构中频段振动特性的计算效率。     

不同老化状态粘弹夹层结构的模态分析

Viscoelastic sandwich structure is widely used in sealing, vibration damping and noise reduction of mechanical equipment. However, viscoelastic material may appear aging phenomena in the process of long time storage, transportation and usage. The aging of viscoelastic material will result in the service performance degradation of viscoelastic sandwich structure, thus affect the performance and safe for use of whole mechanical equipment. Therefore, it is greatly required of the engineering practice to research the aging state recognition method of viscoelastic sandwich structure. In this paper, the experimental device of typical viscoelastic sandwich structure is designed. The hot oxygen accelerated aging experiment of viscoelastic material is accomplished, and the specimens with different aging degrees are obtained. The mechanical property test of viscoelastic material is implemented, and the performance indexes under different aging degrees are obtained. By the 3D modeling-importing-preprocessing method, the finite element model of viscoelastic sandwich structure is established. By importing the different parameters of viscoelastic material, the purpose of equivalent models with different aging states is reached. The finite element analysis of viscoelastic sandwich structure under different aging states is carried out, and the corresponding relations between aging state changes and natural frequency changes are built. Through impulse excitation experiment, the effectiveness of finite element model is verified. The research results show that the established finite element model of viscoelastic sandwich structure can reflect the structural aging state characteristics and its change, and can provide theoretical foundation and prior knowledge for the structural aging recognition.     

喷丸过程中的能量转化及残余应力分布研究

本文建立了喷丸表面强化过程的三维有限元模型,研究了靶材的力学性能及弹丸喷射速度对能量转化率和残余应力分布的影响规律。通过对有限元计算结果的分析发现,杨氏模量与屈服强度之比E/&;#61555;y较大,应变硬化率较低的靶材喷丸效率较高。屈服强度的提高使得最大残余压应力变大,残余压应力场深度变小。应变硬化率和喷丸速度的提高均会使最大残余压应力及其深度变大,同时会使表面残余压应力减小并向拉应力转变。本文的研究结果从能量转化的角度为喷丸强化件材料的选择提供了理论基础     

燃气轮机拉杆转子考虑接触效应的扭转振动模态分析

燃气轮机转子一般是由多个层叠的轮盘通过拉杆组合而成,各轮盘接触面由磨削加工形成。粗糙度测试结果表明磨削加工的实验拉杆转子轮盘面具有两个不同分形结构的区域。利用结构函数法计算了这种双重分形面的轮廓曲线的分形维数D1、D2和分形粗糙度参数G1、G2 。采用双重分形几何描述接触表面的拓扑结构,并根据赫兹接触理论导出接触微凸体的切向接触刚度。弹塑性双重分形面的切向接触刚度等于所有微观弹性接触点的切向接触刚度的总和。粗糙层是由相接触的微凸体所构成的,其抗扭刚度模化为接触转子轮盘间的一个抗扭弹簧。通过三维有限元模态分析和实验模态分析得到了拉杆转子在不同预紧力下的扭振模态频率。通过上述计算和实验结果识别了粗糙层的抗扭刚度,实验测试结果和理论计算结果相一致,这表明上述接触层抗扭刚度的双重分形模型实合理的,可以有效地考虑接触效应对拉杆转子扭转振动模态频率的影响。     

Die shape design optimization of sheet metal stamping process using meshfree method

A die shape design sensitivity analysis (DSA) and optimization for a sheet metal stamping process is proposed based on a Lagrangian formulation. A hyperelasticity‐based elastoplastic material model is used for the constitutive relation that includes a large deformation effect. The contact condition between a workpiece and a rigid die is imposed through the penalty method with a modified Coulomb friction model. The domain of the workpiece is discretized by a meshfree method. A continuum‐based DSA with respect to the rigid die shape parameter is formulated using a design velocity concept. The die shape perturbation has an effect on structural performance through the contact variational form. The effect of the deformation‐dependent pressure load to the design sensitivity is discussed. It is shown that the design sensitivity equation uses the same tangent stiffness matrix as the response analysis. The linear design sensitivity equation is solved at each converged load step without the need of iteration, which is quite efficient in computation. The accuracy of sensitivity information is compared to that of the finite difference method with an excellent agreement. A die shape design optimization problem is solved to obtain the desired shape of the workpiece to minimize spring‐back effect and to show the feasibility of the proposed method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simplified approach for incorporating thickness stress in the analysis of sheet metal forming using shell elements

A simplified scheme for considering the thickness stress of shell elements induced by contact is presented which improves the accuracy of sheet metal forming analysis. The yield function formulated on the basis of plane stress conditions is modified to incorporate the effect of transverse normal stress induced by contact forces acting on shell elements and return mapping routine is used to update in‐plane stresses at each time step. The transverse normal stress distributions in the thickness direction are determined using the analytic solution of the cylindrical tube under the internal pressure. As numerical examples, uni‐axial compression, bi‐axial tension and bending tests are treated. The problem of cylindrical cup drawing is also calculated. Each result is compared with the results obtained by the analysis using ABAQUS continuum elements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柱-壳式圆形超声塑料焊接模具的耦合振动及优化

提出一种由圆柱、圆壳、圆盘结构组成的大尺寸圆形超声塑料焊接模具,并对其进行了耦合振动分析,同时给出了基于有限元分析的设计优化方法。分析及优化结果表明：对径向尺寸大于一个波长的圆柱形模具,柱．壳式结构的超声塑料焊接模具能获得良好的振动特性,是一种有效的大尺寸圆形辐射面模具的新结构。     

激光转台芯部结构动态特性研究与优化

以有限元分析与模态分析理论为基础,结合有限元分析软件,建立激光转台芯部结构的有限元分析模型,并分析其动态特性,分析结果表明结构设计基本合理,但需进行优化处理.利用结构优化理论,建立芯部结构的优化数学模型,并对其进行优化.在保证结构的最小一阶固有频率和最大静态变形的基础上,使芯部结构的质量减轻了41.43%,结构的一阶固有频率变化了17.10%.最后,对优化后的模型进行静力学和动力学校核,结果比较理想.     

汽车覆盖件冲压成形灰色关联选材法研究

汽车覆盖件形状结构复杂,冲压时经常多发性地产生不同的成形缺陷,为了解决冲压选材问题,分析了以往选材研究的技术思想,通过试验检测冲压板料的性能数据,揭示当前冲压选材中仍然存在的问题,并使用灰色系统理论表征了冲压成形性能的灰色系统性质,提出应用灰色关联分析对覆盖件进行冲压选材的新方法,且针对行李箱盖内板实例性地说明使用这种方法进行冲压选材的决策过程.研究表明,采用本文方法可以解决传统冲压选材中离散性评判冲压板料各种性能指标的问题.     

Evolutionary thickness design with stiffness maximization and stress minimization criteria

A shape or topology design with the stiffness maximized and the maximum stress minimized is usually of practical significance in structural optimization. This paper proposes a thickness based evolutionary procedure for such multicriteria design problems. To make the multicriteria optimization suit to more realistic structural situations, multiple maximum stress locations and multiple load cases are taken into account in this paper. To balance the stiffness and stress criteria, a weighting average scheme is adopted to identify the overall effects on the two components of design objective due to varying an element's thickness. Adopting the proposed optimization procedure, a design with maximized static stiffness and minimized peak stress is achieved by gradually shifting material from the under‐utilized regions onto the over‐utilized ones. The examples show the capabilities of the proposed method for solving multicriteria size and topology designs for both single and multiple load cases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical sensitivity analysis of welding-induced residual stress depending on variations in continuous cooling transformation behavior

The usage of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams in numerical welding simulations is state of the art. Nevertheless, specifications provide limits in chemical composition of materials which result in different CCT behavior and CCT diagrams, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the influence of variations in CCT diagrams on the developing residual stresses. In the present paper, four CCT diagrams and their effect on numerical calculation of residual stresses are investigated for the widely used structural steel S355J2+N welded by the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Rather than performing an arbitrary adjustment of CCT behavior, four justifiable data sets were used as input to the numerical calculation: data available in the Sysweld database, experimental data acquired through Gleeble dilatometry tests, and TTT/CCT predictions calculated from the JMatPro and Edison Welding Institute (EWI) Virtual Joining Portal software. The performed numerical analyses resulted in noticeable deviations in residual stresses considering the different CCT diagrams. Furthermore, possibilities to improve the prediction of distortions and residual stress based on CCT behavior are discussed.     

Shape optimization of the initial blank in the sheet metal forming process using equivalent static loads

In the sheet metal forming process, forming the final desired shape is difficult to obtain due to wrinkling, tearing, failure of material, etc. Various conditions of the forming process should be controlled for the desired shape. These conditions are the velocity of the punch, the friction factor, the blank holding force, the initial shape of the blank and others. Many researchers have conducted studies to predetermine the initial blank shape. The structural optimization technique is one of them. Non‐linear response structural optimization is required because non‐linearities are involved in the analysis of the metal forming process. When the conventional method is utilized, the cost is extremely high due to repeated non‐linear analysis for function and sensitivity calculation. In this paper, the equivalent static loads (ESLs) method is used to determine the blank shape which leads to the final desired shape and reduced wrinkling. The ESLs method is a structural optimization method where non‐linear dynamic loads are transformed into ESLs, and these ESLs are utilized as external loads in linear response optimization. The design is updated in linear response optimization. Non‐linear analysis is performed with the updated design and the process proceeds in a cyclic manner. An optimization formulation is defined for the examples, the formulated problems are solved to verify the proposed method and the results are discussed. Non‐linear analysis is performed using the commercial software LS‐DYNA, NASTRAN is used for calculating the ESLs and linear response optimization, and an interface program for LS‐DYNA and NASTRAN is developed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光学元件的模态分析与模型修正

为了建立可靠的光学元件动力学计算模型,以光学镜座动力学计算模型为例,开展模态测试实验,进行相关模态分析,验证动力学计算模型的可靠性。为了减小理论模型与实际情况的偏差,对动力学计算模型进行修正,分析讨论了动力学计算模型材料密度、泊松比、弹性模量、几何尺寸等参数对频率的相对灵敏度,找出模型的最敏感参数,进行模型修正。修正后模型的动力学特性更加接近于实测值,模型频率与实测值的偏差明显减小,保证了动力学计算模型的准确性。