共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 265 毫秒
1.
Pt, Pd and PtxPdy alloy nanoparticles (Pt1Pd1, Pt1Pd3, atomic ratio of Pt to Pd is 1:1, 1:3, respectively) supported on carbon nanotube (CNT) with high and uniform dispersion were prepared by a modified ethylene glycol method. Transmission electron microscopy images show that small Pt and PtxPdy nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed on the outer walls of CNT, while Pd nanoparticles have some aggregations and comparatively larger particle size. The average particle sizes of Pt/CNT, Pt1Pd1/CNT, Pt1Pd3/CNT and Pd/CNT obtained from the Pt/Pd (2 2 0) diffraction peaks in the X-ray diffraction patterns are 2.0, 2.4, 3.1 and 5.4 nm, respectively. With increasing Pd amount of the catalysts, the mass activity of formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) on the CNT supported catalysts increases in both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) tests, although the particle size gets larger (thus, the relative surface area gets smaller). The CV study indicates a ‘direct oxidation pathway’ of FAOR occurred on the Pd surface, while on the Pt surface, the FAOR goes through ‘COads intermediate pathway’. Pd/CNT demonstrates 7 times better FAOR mass activity than Pt/CNT (2.3 mA/mgPd vs. 0.33 mA/mgPt) at an applied potential of 0.27 V (vs. RHE) in the CA test. 相似文献
2.
Ethylene decomposition was performed over supported Pt catalysts to fabricate composites of Pt metal nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). All supported Pt catalysts (Pt/carbon black, Pt/CNT, Pt/MgO, Pt/Al2O3 and Pt/SiO2) showed catalytic activity for ethylene decomposition at 973 K to form CNTs. Pt metal particles were found at tips of CNTs. These results indicate that Pt metal particles have catalytic activity for growth of CNTs through hydrocarbon decomposition. A broad range (5-50 nm) of CNT diameters were formed from the use of supported Pt metal catalysts although Pt metal particles in the catalysts before ethylene decomposition were relatively uniform in size (2-5 nm). These results imply that Pt metal particles in the catalysts aggregated during ethylene decomposition at 973 K. Aggregation of Pt metal particles in catalysts during ethylene decomposition could be suppressed by covering catalysts with silica layers that were a few nanometers thick. Silica-coated Pt catalysts showed high activity for ethylene decomposition to form CNTs with uniform diameters (8-10 nm) despite the uniform coverage of Pt metal particles with silica layers. 相似文献
3.
A novel method with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA‐2Na) as a stabilizing agent was developed to prepare highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to use as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell catalysts. These nanocatalysts were obtained by altering the molar ratio of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt to chloroplatinic acid (EDTA‐2Na/Pt) from 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 to 3:1. The well‐dispersed Pt nanoparticles of around 1.5 nm in size on CNTs were obtained when the EDTA‐2Na/Pt ratio was maintained at 1:1. And the Pt/CNT catalyst exhibited large electrochemical active surface areas, very high electrocatalytic activity and excellent stability in the oxidation of methanol at room temperature. The Pt/XC‐72R catalyst with narrow size distribution was also prepared by this method for comparison purposes. Comparison of the catalytic properties of these catalysts revealed that the activity of the Pt/CNT catalyst was a factor of ∼3 times higher than that of the Johnson Matthey catalyst and ∼2 times higher than that of our Pt/XC‐72R catalyst, which can be assigned to the high level of dispersion of Pt nanoparticles and the particular properties of the CNT supports. 相似文献
4.
We describe the fabrication of a carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid wrapped by pyridine-containing polybenzimidazole (PyPBI). PyPBI acts as an efficient dispersant for CNT wrapping and produces a stable complex after removal of the unbound PyPBI. We found that the wrapped PyPBI serve as a glue for immobilizing Pt nanoparticles onto the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) without any strong oxidation process for the MWCNTs, which is often used to produce sites where metallic nanoparticles are immobilized. Based on this method, a highly homogeneous and remarkably efficient Pt loading onto the surface of MWCNTs through a coordination reaction between Pt and PyPBI has been achieved. Cyclic voltammogram measurements have revealed that the Pt nanoparticles deposited on the PyPBI-wrapped MWCNTs have a high electrochemically active surface area. Present results provide useful information for the design and fabrication of triple-phase interface structures of fuel cell electrode catalysts with high efficient performance. 相似文献
5.
To improve the stability and activity of Pt catalysts for ethanol electro‐oxidation, Pt nanoparticles were selectively deposited on carbon‐nanotubes (CNTs)‐supported‐SnO2 to prepare Pt/SnO2/CNTs and Pt/CNTs was prepared by impregnation method for reference study. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the crystalline structures of Pt/SnO2/CNTs and Pt/CNTs. The stabilities of Pt/SnO2/CNTs and Pt/CNTs were compared by analyzing the Pt size increase amplitude using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images recorded before and after cyclic voltammetry (CV) sweeping. The results showed that the Pt size increase amplitude is evidently smaller for Pt/SnO2/CNTs, indicating the higher stability of Pt/SnO2/CNTs. Although both catalysts exhibit degradation of electrochemical active surface area (EAS) after CV sweeping, the EAS degradation for the former is lower, further confirming the higher stability of Pt/SnO2/CNTs. CV and potentiostatic current–time curves were recorded for ethanol electro‐oxidation on both catalysts before and after CV sweeping and the results showed that the mass specific activity of Pt/CNTs increases more than that of Pt/SnO2/CNTs, indicating that Pt/CNTs experiences more severe evolution and is less stable. The calculated area specific activity of Pt/SnO2/CNTs is larger than that of Pt/CNTs, indicating SnO2 can co‐catalyze Pt due to plenty of interfaces between SnO2 and Pt. 相似文献
6.
Novel nitrogen‐doped carbon layer surrounding carbon nanotubes composite (NC‐CNT) (N/C ratio 3.3–14.3 wt.%) as catalyst support has been prepared using aniline as a dispersant to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and as a source for both carbon and nitrogen coated on the surface of the CNTs, where the amount of doped nitrogen is controllable. The NC‐CNT so obtained were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms. A uniform dispersion of Pt nanoparticles (ca. 1.5–2.0 nm) was then anchored on the surface of NC‐CNT by using aromatic amine as a stabilizer. For these Pt/NC‐CNTs, cyclic voltammogram measurements show a high electrochemical activity surface area (up to 103.7 m2 g–1) compared to the commercial E‐TEK catalyst (55.3 m2 g–1). In single cell test, Pt/NC‐CNT catalyst has greatly enhanced catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction, resulting in an enhancement of ca. 37% in mass activity compared with that of E‐TEK. 相似文献
7.
Well‐dispersed PtSnEu/C and PtSn/C catalysts were prepared by the impregnation–reduction method using formic acid as a reductant and characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersion X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The synthesised catalysts with different atomic ratios of Pt/Sn/Eu have the Pt face centered cubic (fcc) structure and their particle sizes are 3–4 nm. The PtSnEu/C catalyst is composed of many Pt (0), SnO2, Eu(OH)3, a small amount of Pt(II) and partly alloyed PtSn, but no metallic Eu. The electrochemical measurements indicate that in comparison with Pt3Sn1/C catalyst, the Pt3Sn1Eu1/C catalyst for ethanol oxidation has more negative onset potential, smaller apparent activation energy and lower electrochemical impedance so that it exhibits very high catalytic activity. Its peak current density increases by 135% and 40%, compared with Pt3Sn1/C and Pt1Ru1/C (JM) catalysts, respectively. This is because the Eu(OH)3 formed by adding Eu to PtSn/C catalyst can provide the OH group which is in favour of the removal of adsorbed intermediates and ethanol oxidation. 相似文献
8.
Carbon-supported Pt and Pt3Co catalysts with a mean crystallite size of 2.5 nm were prepared by a colloidal procedure followed by a carbothermal reduction. The catalysts with same particle size were investigated for the oxygen reduction in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) to ascertain the effect of composition. The electrochemical investigations were carried out in a temperature range from 40 to 80 °C and the methanol concentration feed was varied in the range 1-10 mol dm−3 to evaluate the cathode performance in the presence of different conditions of methanol crossover. Despite the good performance of the Pt3Co catalyst for the oxygen reduction, it appeared less performing than the Pt catalyst of the same particle size for the cathodic process in the presence of significant methanol crossover. Cyclic voltammetry analysis indicated that the Pt3Co catalyst has a lower overpotential for methanol oxidation than the Pt catalyst, and thus a lower methanol tolerance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis showed that the charge transfer resistance for the oxygen reduction reaction dominated the overall DMFC response in the presence of high methanol concentrations fed to the anode. This effect was more significant for the Pt3Co/KB catalyst, confirming the lower methanol tolerance of this catalyst compared to Pt/KB. Such properties were interpreted as the result of the enhanced metallic character of Pt in the Pt3Co catalyst due to an intra-alloy electron transfer from Co to Pt, and to the adsorption of oxygen species on the more electropositive element (Co) that promotes methanol oxidation according to the bifunctional theory. 相似文献
9.
Sakae Takenaka Hiroshi Matsumori Takafumi Arike Hideki Matsune Masahiro Kishida 《Topics in Catalysis》2009,52(6-7):731-738
Carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported Pt metal nanoparticles were covered with silica layers by hydrolysis of 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) and/or tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The hydrolysis of only APTES resulted in a uniform coverage of silica layers on Pt/CNT, but the thickness of the silica layers was very thin (<1 nm). Pt/CNT could also be coated with silica layers of a few nanometers in thickness by hydrolysis of TEOS, but exposed surfaces of CNTs in the sample were frequently observed. In contrast, the successive hydrolysis of APTES and TEOS brought about a uniform coverage of silica layers of a few nanometers in thickness on Pt/CNT. The silica-coated Pt/CNT showed high catalytic activity for electrochemical reactions in aqueous H2SO4 electrolyte, in spite of a uniform coverage of Pt metal with silica layers. In addition, the coverage of Pt/CNT with silica layers improved its durability in electrochemical reactions. 相似文献
10.
Pt29Ru51P15 particles with a uniform size distribution of 2 nm supported on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been prepared with the assistance of thioglycolic acid functionalization using NaH2PO2 · H2O as a reducing agent. The Pt29Ru51P15/CNTs has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Its electrochemical properties have been examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The results show that Pt29Ru51P15/CNTs has a much narrower particle size distribution with no formation of aggregates, a greater electrochemically active surface area, and higher electrocatalytic activity for the electro‐oxidation of methanol 相似文献
11.
L. Colmenares E. Guerrini Z. Jusys K. S. Nagabhushana E. Dinjus S. Behrens W. Habicht H. Bönnemann R. J. Behm 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2007,37(12):1413-1427
The activity, selectivity, and methanol tolerance of novel, carbon supported high-metal loading (40 wt.%) Pt/C and Pt3Me/C (Me = Ni, Co) catalysts for the O2 reduction reaction (ORR) were evaluated in model studies under defined mass transport and diffusion conditions, by rotating
(ring) disk and by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. The catalysts were synthesized by the organometallic route,
via deposition of pre-formed Pt and Pt3Me pre-cursors followed by their decomposition into metal nanoparticles. Characteristic properties such as particle sizes,
particle composition and phase formation, and active surface area, were determined by transmission electron microscopy, energy
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. For comparison, commercial Pt/C catalysts
(20 and 40 wt.%, E-Tek, Somerset, NJ, USA) were investigated as well, allowing to evaluate Pt loading effects and, by comparison
with the pre-cursor-based catalyst with their much smaller particle sizes (1.7 nm diameter), also particle size effects. Kinetic
parameters for the ORR were evaluated; the ORR activities of the bimetallic catalysts and of the synthesized Pt/C catalyst
were comparable and similar to that of the high-loading commercial Pt/C catalyst; at typical cathode operation potentials
H2O2 formation is negligible for the synthesized catalysts. Due to their lower methanol oxidation activity the bimetallic catalysts
show an improved methanol tolerance compared to the commercial Pt/C catalysts. The results indicate that the use of very small
particle sizes is a possible way to achieve reasonably good ORR activities at an improved methanol tolerance at DMFC cathode
relevant conditions. 相似文献
12.
Electro-catalytic oxidation of CO on Pt catalyst supported on carbon nanotubes pretreated with oxidative acids 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Characteristics of nanosized Pt electro-catalyst deposited on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were studied with CO-stripping voltammogram and chronoamperometry measurements. The CNTs were pretreated by oxidation in HNO3, mixed HNO3 + H2SO4 and H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7 solution, respectively, to enable surface modification. Well-homogenized Pt particles (average size: ≈3 nm) were loaded onto the pretreated CNT samples by a modified colloidal method. TEM, BET, FTIR and XRD techniques were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the pretreated CNT samples. In the electro-oxidation of CO, all the Pt/CNT samples showed lower on-set as well as peak potentials than the conventional Pt/XC-72 electro-catalyst, indicating that the Pt/CNT samples were more resistant to CO poisoning and could be superior anode electro-catalyst for the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Moreover, we found that the pretreatment of CNTs in mixed HNO3 + H2SO4 solution was very beneficial for the performance enhancement of Pt/CNT electro-catalyst; the catalyst obtained as such gave the lowest peak potential and the highest catalytic activity for the electro-oxidation of CO. Larger amount of oxygen-containing functional groups, higher percentage of mesopores, and higher graphitic crystallinity of the pretreated CNTs were considered crucial for the performance enhancement, e.g., by strengthening the interaction between Pt nanoparticles and the CNT support and enhancing the mass diffusion in the electro-chemical reaction. 相似文献
13.
Hall T.J. Halder J.E. Hutchings G.J. Jenkins R.L. Johnston P. McMorn P. Wells P.B. Wells R.P.K. 《Topics in Catalysis》2000,11(1-4):351-357
Pt-MCM-41 catalysts having loadings of up to 2% Pt have been synthesised using three strategies: (i) direct synthesis from
a Pt2+-containing gel, (ii) exchange of Na+ in Al-MCM-41 (containing 8% aluminium) for Pt2+, (iii) exchange of H+ in H-MCM-41 (containing 1% aluminium) for Pt2+. HRTEM confirmed the retention of the mesoporous structure in the active catalysts and gave information on Pt particle size
and location. 27Al NMR provided information on the movement of aluminium within the structure during catalyst preparation. Enantioselective
hydrogenation of methyl and ethyl pyruvate was catalysed by cinchonidine-modified Pt-MCM-41 at 293 K and elevated hydrogen
pressures; performance was compared to that provided by the standard reference catalyst EUROPT-1. Catalysts prepared by strategies
(i) and (ii) performed best, giving values of the enantiomeric excess comparable to those afforded by EUROPT-1 at rates moderated
by an order of magnitude by mass transfer effects. Performance was impaired when Pt particle size in the mesopores was so
small that conditions favoured racemic reaction.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Pt-Fe/C catalysts were prepared by a modified polyol synthesis method in an ethylene glycol (EG) solution, and then were heat-treated under H2/Ar (10 vol.%) at moderate temperature (300 °C, Pt-Fe/C300) or high temperature (900 °C, Pt-Fe/C900). As comparison, Pt-Fe/C alloy catalyst was prepared by a two-step method (Pt-Fe/C900B). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that particles size of the catalyst increases with the increase of treatment temperatures. Pt-Fe/C300 catalyst has a mean particle size of 2.8 nm (XRD), 3.6 nm (TEM) and some Pt-Fe alloy was partly formed in this sample. Pt-Fe/C900B catalyst has the biggest particle size of 6.2 nm (XRD) and the best Pt-Fe alloy form. Cyclicvoltammetry (CV) shows that Pt-Fe/C300 has larger electrochemical surface area than other Pt-Fe/C and the highest utilization ratio of 76% among these Pt-based catalysts. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) cathodic curves show that Pt-Fe/C300 has the highest oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mass activity (MA) and specific activity (SA), as compared with Pt/C catalyst in 1.0 M HClO4. However, Pt-Fe/C catalyst does not appears to be a more active catalyst than Pt/C for ORR in 1.0 M HClO4 + 0.1 M CH3OH. Pt-Fe/C300 exhibits higher ORR activity and better performance than other Pt-Fe/C or Pt/C catalysts when employed for cathode in direct methanol single cell test, the enhancement of the cell performance is logically attributed to its higher ORR activity, which is probably attributed to more Pt0 species existing and Fe ion corrosion from the catalyst. 相似文献
15.
RuO2‐MnO2 complex supported by multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was firstly synthesised by the oxidation–reduction precipitation of RuCl3 and KMnO4 in one step. Then Pt was loaded onto the obtained RuO2‐MnO2/CNTs to fabricate a novel anodic catalyst Pt/RuO2‐MnO2/CNTs for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The catalyst was characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and BET specific surface areas (BET). Pt nanoparticles were found uniformly dispersed on the surface of CNTs, with the average diameter of about 2.0 nm. The activities of methanol and CO electrocatalytic oxidation were analysed, and the reaction mechanism of methanol electro‐oxidation on Pt/RuO2‐MnO2/CNTs catalyst was discussed. The MnO2 in the catalysts improves the proton conductivity and electrochemical active surface area (EAS) for the catalysts. RuO2 improves the CO oxidation activity and Pt dispersion. CNTs provide effectively electron channels. Thus, the Pt/RuO2‐MnO2/CNTs catalyst has high utilisation of the noble metal Pt, high CO oxidation ability and excellent methanol electro‐oxidation activity, being an outstanding anode catalyst for DMFC. 相似文献
16.
Pd1Pt3, Pd1Pt1, and Pd3Pt1 nanoparticles supported on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by the self-regulation reduction of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate and used as catalysts in oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). The crystal properties of these alloy nanoparticles on the CNT were measured by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The angle shifting of the XRD peak and the lattice spacing of the nanoparticles measured by HRTEM increased with an increase in Pd amount, indicating a regulable Pd-Pt ratio for the alloy nanoparticle composition. Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) measurements indicate that the number of electrons catalysed by the Pd1Pt3/CNT, Pd1Pt1/CNT, and Pd3Pt1/CNT nanocatalysts in the ORRs were 3.98, 3.97, and 3.93, respectively. These results show that these ORRs occur via a 4-electron pathway. Linearly scanned voltammetry in the electrolyte with methanol revealed that Pd3Pt1/CNT has high methanol tolerance during ORRs. 相似文献
17.
Carbon nanotube immobilized IrO2 (IrO2/CNT) was prepared by a simple oxidation method with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and used as an improved catalyst support to load active Pt to prepare Pt/IrO2/CNT anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell. Electrochemical measurement revealed that Pt/IrO2/CNT exhibits much higher activity for methanol oxidation and better CO tolerance than Pt/CNT. The anodic peak current of methanol oxidation on Pt/IrO2/CNT (873.1A gPt− 1) is 2.6 times that of Pt/CNT catalyst (335.7A gPt− 1). The enhanced performance of Pt/IrO2/CNT is attributed to the fact that IrO2 improves the dispersion of Pt nanoparticles, and lowers the charge transfer resistance in methanol electrooxidation. 相似文献
18.
《Diamond and Related Materials》2006,15(1):164-170
Nitrogen-doped conical hollow and bamboo-like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been prepared by pyrolysis of melamine with NaN3–Fe–Ni and Ni catalysts at high temperature and high pressure, respectively. The conical hollow CNTs with an average diameter of about 70 nm and a length up to 5 μm account for ∼50% of the product, whose N/C atomic ratios are about 0.27. The conical bamboo-like CNTs with the diameter of ∼65 nm and length of 1–4 μm and wall thickness of 10–20 nm account for ∼95% of the product, whose N/C atomic ratios are up to 0.18. The control experiments show that NaN3 plays a key role in keeping high nitrogen content and high conversion ratio in the CNTs. The possible growth mechanisms have been discussed on the base of the experimental observation. The strategy provides an alternative route to nitrogen-doped CNTs and other carbon nitride materials. 相似文献
19.
V. Matolín M. Cabala I. Matolínov M. koda M. Vclav K.C. Prince T. Skla T. Mori H. Yoshikawa Y. Yamashita S. Ueda K. Kobayashi 《Fuel Cells》2010,10(1):139-144
The interaction of Pt with CeO2 layers was investigated by using photoelectron spectroscopy. Thirty‐nanometre‐thick Pt and Sn doped CeO2 layers were deposited simultaneously by rf‐magnetron sputtering on a Si(001) substrate and a carbon diffusion layer of a polymer membrane fuel cell by using a composite CeO2–Pt–Sn target. The laboratory XPS and synchrotron radiation soft X‐ray and hard X‐ray photoemission spectra showed the formation of cerium oxide with completely ionised Pt2+,4+ species, and with Pt4+ embedded in the film bulk. Hydrogen/air fuel cell activity measurements normalised to the amount of Pt used revealed high specific power of up to 5.4 × 104 mW mg–1 (Pt). The activity of these materials is explained by the strong activity of embedded Ptn+ cations. 相似文献
20.
Elena A. Baranova Tariq Amir Patrick H. J. Mercier Bussaraporn Patarachao Dashan Wang Yvon Le Page 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2010,40(10):1767-1777
Disordered alloy and bi-phase PtSn nanoparticles of nominal Pt:Sn ratio of 70:30 atomic % with controlled size and narrow
size distribution were synthesized using a single-step polyol method. By adjusting the solution pH it was possible to obtain
Pt7Sn3 nanoparticles of various sizes from 2.8 to 6.5 nm. We found that the presence of NaOH in the synthesis solution not only
influenced the nanoparticle size, but as it was revealed by XRD, it apparently also dictated the degree of Pt and Sn alloying.
Three catalysts prepared at lower NaOH concentrations (CNaOH < 0.15 M) showed disordered alloy structure of the nominal composition, while the other three catalysts synthesized at higher
NaOH concentrations (CNaOH > 0.15 M) consisted of bi-phase nanoparticles comprising a crystalline phase close to that of pure Pt together with an amorphous
Sn phase. These observations are plausibly due to the phase separation and formation of monometallic Pt and amorphous SnOx phases. A proposed reaction mechanism of Pt7Sn3 nanoparticle formation is presented to explain these observations along with the catalytic activities measured for the six
synthesized carbon-supported Pt7Sn3 catalysts. The highest catalytic activity towards ethanol electro-oxidation was found for the carbon-supported bi-phase catalyst
that formed the largest Pt (6.5 nm) nanoparticles and SnOx phase. The second best catalyst was a disordered alloy Pt7Sn3 catalyst with the second largest nanoparticle size (5 nm), while catalysts of smaller size (4.5–4.6 nm) but different structure
(disordered alloy vs. bi-phase) showed similar catalytic performance inferior to that of the 5 nm disordered alloy Pt7Sn3 catalyst. This work demonstrated the importance of producing bi-metallic PtSn catalysts with large Pt surfaces in order to
efficiently electro-oxidize ethanol. 相似文献