FTIR spectrophotometry, kinetics and adsorption isotherms modeling, ion exchange, and EDX analysis for understanding the mechanism of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) removal by mango peel waste

Mango peel waste (MPW) was evaluated as a new sorbent for the removal of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) from aqueous solution. The maximum sorption capacity of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) was found to be 68.92 and 99.05mgg(-1), respectively. The kinetics of sorption of both metals was fast, reaching at equilibrium in 60min. Sorption kinetics and equilibria followed pseudo-second order and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. FTIR analysis revealed that carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups were mainly responsible for the sorption of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+). Chemical modification of MPW for blocking of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups showed that 72.46% and 76.26% removal of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+), respectively, was due to the involvement of carboxylic group, whereas 26.64% and 23.74% was due to the hydroxyl group. EDX analysis of MPW before and after metal sorption and release of cations (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+)) and proton H(+) from MPW with the corresponding uptake of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) revealed that the main mechanism of sorption was ion exchange. The regeneration experiments showed that the MPW could be reused for five cycles without significant loss in its initial sorption capacity. The study points to the potential of new use of MPW as an effective sorbent for the removal of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) from aqueous solution.     

Removal of ammonium ion from aqueous solution using natural Turkish clinoptilolite

A study on ion exchange kinetics and equilibrium isotherms of ammonium ion on natural Turkish clinoptilolite (zeolite) was conducted using a batch experiment technique. The effects of relevant parameters, such as temperature, contact time and initial ammonium (NH(4)(+)) concentration were examined, respectively. The pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model were used to describe the kinetic data. The pseudo second-order kinetic model provided excellent kinetic data fitting (R(2)>0.990) and intraparticle diffusion effects ammonium uptake. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms for ammonium uptake and the Langmuir model agrees very well with experimental data. Thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy (DeltaG(0)), enthalpy (DeltaH(0)) and entropy (DeltaS(0)) were also determined. An examination of the thermodynamic parameters shows that the exchange of ammonium ion by clinoptilolite is a process occurring spontaneously and physical in nature at ambient conditions (25 degrees C). The process is also found to be exothermic. The results indicate that there is a significant potential for the natural Turkish clinoptilolite as an adsorbent material for ammonium removal from aqueous solutions.     

SERS-active silver nanoparticle aggregates produced in high-iron float glass by ion exchange process

Silver nanoparticles were produced in iron containing float glasses by silver-sodium ion exchange and post-annealing. In particular, the effect of the concentration and the oxidation state of iron in the host glass on the nanoparticle formation was studied. After the nanoparticle fabrication process, the samples were characterized by optical absorption measurements. The samples were etched to expose nanoparticle aggregates on the surface, which were studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The SERS-activity of these glass samples was demonstrated and compared using a dye molecule Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as an analyte. The importance of the iron oxidation level for reduction process is discussed. The glass with high concentration of Fe²⁺ ions was found to be superior in SERS applications of silver nanoparticles. The optimal surface features in terms of SERS enhancement are also discussed.     

Removal of chromium from electroplating industry effluents by ion exchange resins

Effluent discharged from the chromium electroplating industry contains a large number of metals, including chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese and lead. The ion exchange process is an alternative technique for application in the treatment of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals and indeed it has proven to be very promising in the removal and recovery of valuable species. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the performance of commercial ion exchange resins for removing chromium trivalent from industrial effluents, and for this purpose two resins were tested: a chelating exchange resin (Diaion CR11) and a weak cationic resin (Amberlite IRC86). In order to evaluate the sorption capacity of the resins some equilibrium experiments were carried out, being the temperature and pH the main variables considered. The chromium solutions employed in the experiments were synthetic solutions and industrial effluents. In addition, a transient test was also performed as an attempt to understand the kinetic behaviour of the process.     

Regeneration of natural zeolite polluted by lead and zinc in wastewater treatment systems

The aim of this work was to investigate the potential regeneration of natural zeolite which had been contaminated with lead and zinc contained in aqueous solutions, treated secondary effluent and primary treated wastewater. Several desorbing solutions were examined for the removal of Pb(II) and Zn(II) from zeolite and the highest desorption efficiency was obtained for 3M KCl and 1M KCl, respectively. The desorption process depended on the type and concentration of the desorbing solution, the metal being desorbed, the mineral selectivity towards the metal and the composition of the liquid medium where the adsorption process had taken place. Successive regeneration cycles resulted in the reduction of desorption efficiency by more than 50% after 9 and 4 cycles for lead and zinc, respectively. Kinetics examination showed that desorption was slower than adsorption, while metal ions which had been easily adsorbed were difficult to be desorbed. Adsorption was characterized by a three-stage diffusion process, while desorption followed a two-stage diffusion process.     

Investigations of diffusion behaviour in Al-doped zinc oxide and zinc stannate coatings

Multi-layer dielectric/silver/dielectric coating systems have excellent proprieties as heat insulators and for solar energy reflection and electrical conductivity. The largest market is dominated by low-emissivity (low-E) coatings, which are applied to large area architectural glazing to reduce heat losses from buildings. They combine high visible transparency with high reflectance in the far-infrared region, where the thin (~ 10 nm) silver layer reflects long wavelength IR back into the building and the dielectric layers both protect the silver and act as anti reflectance layers.In this study, a range of dielectric coatings has been deposited onto soda-lime glass substrates by reactive sputtering from metallic targets. The magnetrons were driven in DC mode and also in mid-frequency pulsed DC and AC modes. Process variables investigated include operating pressure, oxygen flow rate and magnetron configuration. Selected coatings were annealed at 650 °C and analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM).The oxide samples were then over-coated with silver and annealed for a second time. These coatings were analysed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) to determine the diffusion rates of silver and sodium (from the substrate) through the oxide coatings.The results to date, presented here, show the diffusion of silver and sodium atoms through zinc oxide and zinc stannate thin films deposited under a vast range of conditions. Preliminary attempts have been made to estimate diffusion coefficients for these coating systems and to relate these values to processing conditions and the structural variations observed.     

Nitrate removal in a closed marine system through the ion exchange membrane bioreactor

The accumulation of nitrate in closed marine systems presents a problem for both the marine life and the environment. The present study, proposes the application of the ion exchange membrane bioreactor (IEMB) concept for removing nitrate from marine systems, such as aquaculture tanks or marine aquariums.     

Temperature dependence of silver-sodium interdiffusion in micro-optic glasses

The variation of the concentration-dependent diffusion process with ion exchange temperature from 280°C to 400°C has been investigated in two boro-aluminosilicate glasses suitable for micro-optic applications. Silver dopant concentration profiles are measured using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and converted to concentration dependence using an analytical formulation of the Boltzmann-Matano analysis. Extensive error analysis of the Boltzmann-Matano method is presented. While the overall interdiffusion rates vary strongly with temperature, the temperature variation of the concentration dependence does not exceed experimental error. Temperature dependencies of Ag and Na self-diffusion coefficients are also presented. The activation energies for Ag and Na are both approximately 0.72 eV in these glasses.     

Studies of removal of platinum(IV) ion microquantities from the model solutions of aluminium, copper, iron, nickel and zinc chloride macroquantities on the anion exchanger Duolite S 37

Platinum has been widely applied in catalytic industry and the recovery of noble metals from industrial wastes becomes an economic issue. The laboratory studies of platinum(IV) microquantities removal from 1M aluminium, copper, iron, nickel and zinc chloride solutions in 0.1M hydrochloric acid solutions on the anion exchanger Duolite S 37 of the functional secondary and tertiary amine groups were carried out. For this anion exchanger the fraction extracted values (%E, Pt(IV)) as well as the sorption isotherms were determined depending on the kind of aqueous phase and phase contact time. Moreover, the bed and weight distribution coefficients as well as working and total ion-exchange capacities were calculated from the platinum(IV) breakthrough curves. Kinetic parameters were determined.     

Luminescence properties of ZnS:Mn nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 by ion implantation

Sequential multi-energy implantations of zinc and sulphur ions have been performed in a 250-nm thick SiO₂ layer thermally grown on 1 1 1 silicon. Energies and doses have been chosen to produce 10 at.% constant concentration profiles overlapping over about 100 nm. Manganese is subsequently introduced at various levels by the same way. Thermal treatments (from 700 to 1100 °C) lead to the formation of nanometric precipitates of the luminescent compound ZnS:Mn. A bimodal size distribution is observed, with a quasi-single layer of large particles (40 nm) in the end-of-range region and much smaller precipitates between this layer and the surface. The orange emission is maximal when the Mn concentration is close to 3%. Several hours at 900 °C is the best thermal budget for maximal luminescence intensity at room temperature. A shift of the excitation spectrum related to size variations, shows that the particles of smaller size are mainly responsible for the observed luminescence. In agreement with other authors, the luminescence lifetime is found in the ms range and increases with the nanocrystal diameter, tending to the lifetime of bulk ZnS. The luminescence of ZnS:Mn nanoparticles embedded in SiO₂ by ion implantation is also shown to be very stable during long UV light irradiation.     

New sequential treatment for mature landfill leachate by cationic/anionic and anionic/cationic processes: optimization and comparative study

Two new applications for sequence treatment of mature (stabilized) landfill leachate, that is, cationic resin followed by anionic resin (cationic/anionic) and anionic resin followed by cationic resin (anionic/cationic), are employed and documented for the first time in the literature. Response surface methodology (RSM) concerning central composite design (CCD) is used to optimize each treatment process, as well as evaluate the individual and interactive effects of operational cationic resin dosage and anionic resin dosage on the effectiveness of each application in terms of color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and NH(3)-N removal efficiency. A statistically significant model for color, COD, and NH(3)-N removal was obtained with high coefficient of determination values (R(2)>0.8). Under optimum operational conditions, the removal efficiency levels for color, COD, and NH(3)-N are 96.8%, 87.9%, and 93.8% via cationic/anionic sequence, and 91.6%, 72.3%, and 92.5% via anionic/cationic sequence, respectively. The experimental results and the model predictions agree well with each other.     

Structures control of carboxyl/pyridine-containing amphoteric ion exchange fibers

采用X-射线光电子能谱、红外、热失重－红外联用及扫描电镜等手段研究了含羧基和吡啶基两性离子交换纤维的结构，及其对金属离子和氨基酸的吸附分离特性。结果表明，两性离子交换纤维含有羧基和吡啶基，其总交换容量、阳/阴离子交换基团的比率以及纤维的表面形貌可通过选择共接枝单体对种类及其投料比来控制，从而控制两性纤维的吸附选择性。随着共接枝单体吡啶组分含量的增加，阴离子交换容量逐渐上升，阴离子交换基团占总交换基团的比率也随之增加，两性纤维的表面形貌综合了两种单体单组份接枝时的特征。由于吡啶和羧基的协同作用，两性纤维对Cu2＋有很大的吸附量，而且当酸碱两种基团含量接近时，协同作用更强。     

离子交换法在磷酸盐玻璃中合成CdS/Ag复合微粒的研究

采用离子交换法在磷酸盐玻璃中制备了CdS/Ag复合微粒,研究了不同工艺条件下样品的吸收光谱和光致发光光谱.吸收光谱研究发现离子交换后在380～420nm附近有一个大的吸收,光照后吸收带变窄,可以认为是银粒子的表面等离子体共振而导致的吸收所致.在波长为325nm的光激发下,玻璃中不同化学状态的银分别在420、530nm附近发光.研究了银离子在玻璃表面的扩散、还原过程,结果表明控制离子交换时间可以控制交换层的厚度,而控制盐浴浓度则可以有效控制银离子在玻璃表面层的浓度分布及总扩散量.     

离子膜传质机理的研究评述

介绍近期有关离子膜传质机理方面的主要研究思路,包括采用不可逆热力学观点、三通道模型、毛细孔流模型以及“吸附-溶解”模式下的理论分析和实验研究情况,并对其结果进行评述．     

Synthesis of a quaternary amine anion exchange resin and study [of] its adsorption behaviour for chromate oxyanions

Glycidyl methacrylate/N,N'-methylene bis-acrylamide (GMA/MBA) was prepared and allowed to react with tetraethylenepentamine (TEP) to give glycidyl methacrylate amine resin (RPA) followed by treatment with glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride (GTA) to give glycidyl methacrylate resin bearing quaternary ammonium chloride moieties (RQA). Zeta potential measurements showed that RQA particles are positively charged over pH 2-10 indicating the strong basic nature of the quaternary amine sites. The effect of pH on the recovery of chromate by RPA and RQA was examined. The results indicated that RQA is an efficient sorbent for chromate from both acidic and basic media. The repeated use of RQA was tested through stripping the adsorbed chromate using a mixture of 0.05 NaOH and 2 M NaCl in the case of the uptake from acidic media and using 2 M NaCl solution in the case of alkaline solutions.     

Enhanced exchange field of NiO/NiFe biyer by dual ion beam sputtering process control

Dual IBS (Ion Beam Sputtering) technique was used to fabricate NiO/NiFe bilayers. Various process conditions were examined to enhance the exchange field of the bilayer. Ion beam sputtering with an ion beam voltage above the threshold voltage and with the optimum ion beam current produced a fine-grained and smooth NiO film. This fine-grained surface followed by optimum etching exhibited an enhanced exchange field of 100 Oe. Growing NiO films were ion bombarded with a secondary ion-beam source having various beam voltages. The texture, surface roughness and grain size of the NiO films changed due to the ion bombardment; however, the grain size and/or surface roughness rather than texture was found to be responsible for controlling the exchange coupling. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that an optimum etching time of the NiO film prior to the depositing of NiFe for a large exchange field exists. With this optimum etching of the NiO film, surface segregated impurities could be eliminated without deteriorating the surface unnecessarily. Exchange fields and coercivities of the NiO/NiFe bilayers were measured with a MOKE (Magneto–Optic Kerr Effect) hysteresis looper and the surface properties of NiO films were examined with an AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) and an AES (Auger Electron Spectroscope).     

含羧基和吡啶基两性离子交换纤维的结构控制

采用X射线光电子能谱、红外、热失重-红外联用及扫描电镜等手段研究了含羧基和吡啶基两性离子交换纤维的结构,及其对金属离子和氨基酸的吸附分离特性.结果表明,两性离子交换纤维含有羧基和吡啶基,其总交换容量、阳/阴离子交换基团的比率以及纤维的表面形貌可通过选择共接枝单体对种类及其投料比来控制,从而控制两性纤维的吸附选择性随着共接枝单体吡啶组分含量的增加,阴离子交换容量逐渐上升,阴离子交换基团占总交换基团的比率也随之增加,两性纤维的表面形貌综合了两种单体单组份接枝时的特征.由于吡啶和羧基的协同作用,两性纤维对Cu2 有很大的吸附量,而且当酸碱两种基团含量接近时,协同作用更强.     

Ion exchange of ammonium in natural and synthesized zeolites

In this study, zeolite Na–P and Na–Y was prepared by hydrothermal treatment of the Chinese natural clinoptilolite with NaOH. The ion exchange of NH₄⁺ into the three zeolites in the temperature range of 288–333 K was also investigated, and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The selectivity sequence for NH₄⁺ entering the sodium form of the three materials was Na–clinoptilolite > Na–Y > Na–P, as indicated by values of ΔG°. The results demonstrated that the Si/Al molar ratio of zeolites determined the selectivity for NH₄⁺.     

Selective elimination of lead(II) ions by alginate/polyurethane composite foams

A new type of adsorbent which is capable of selectively adsorbing lead(II) ions (Pb(2+)) was developed. The adsorbent was generated by reaction of sodium alginate with NB-9000B, a polyisocyanate type of prepolymer of polyurethane. The adsorbent was a hydrophilic and flexible alginate/polyurethane composite foam (ALG/PUCF) with the alginate chemically immobilized in the cell walls of the foam. Acid-base titration was used to quantify the concentration of carboxyl groups, which are present on the alginate molecules of the ALG/PUCF, functioning as the essential sites for binding Pb(2+). For the optimized ALG/PUCF, the carboxyl was found to be 38.2+/-1.2mumol/g of dry weight. The capacity for adsorbing Pb(2+) ions in 1.0g of dry weight of the optimized ALG/PUCF was found to be 16.0+/-2.1mumol, indicating that ion exchange was the essential mechanism for adsorbing Pb(2+) ions. The adsorption capacity was found to be highly sensitive to the pH of the sample solution; lower pH (<3) significantly decreased the adsorption. Competing ions such as Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and Cd(2+) also caused a decrease in selectivity and capacity for Pb(2+) adsorption, although the effect was less pronounced than the effect of pH. The ALG/PUCF is highly stable, flexible and easy to use. ALG/PUCF is also reusable after regeneration with ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, disodium salt (EDTA-2Na). Due to these features, this adsorbent may be highly useful for elimination of Pb(2+) ions from contaminated water.