Dynamic characterization for the dielectric electroactive polymer fundamental sheet

A study into the appropriateness of characterizing the dynamics of the dielectric electroactive polymer (DEAP) fundamental sheet has been performed. Whereby a model describing the dynamics of the DEAP fundamental sheet is developed, parameters of the models are determined using experimental/simulation results, and verification has been conducted to determine the precision of the dynamic model. The precision for the DEAP sheet-obtained dynamic model could not be verified unless some parameters characterizing the material properties are found. For this purpose, a set of preparatory experiments are done in order to find the material properties “Young’s modulus and damping”. The testing for finding the material properties is requested before doing the dynamic analysis; both material characterization and dynamic analysis tests are performed using the developed testing rig which will be described in the paper. The results of this study highlight the dependency of the material dynamics on the mechanical fixture of the material, whereby the range of operation can be reduced to lower frequencies or expanded to higher frequencies when the mechanical fixture is designed for a certain application. The test results for the material show a relatively visible error between 0 and 20 Hz, but the error diverges after this range was stimulated when exceeding the natural frequency of the system, leading to nonstable state affecting the controllability of the actuated material. The following error is established due to the static friction in the setup and mainly as expected before the ignorance of the polymer creep, as exhibited through the dynamic experimentation verified by an excellent correlation whenever viscoelastic property is considered.     

High frequency testing of rubber mounts

Rubber and fluid-filled rubber engine mounts are commonly used in automotive and aerospace applications to provide reduced cabin noise and vibration, and/or motion accommodations. In certain applications, the rubber mount may operate at frequencies as high as 5000 Hz. Therefore, dynamic stiffness of the mount needs to be known in this frequency range. Commercial high frequency test machines are practically nonexistent, and the best high frequency test machine on the market is only capable of frequencies as high as 1000 Hz. In this paper, a high frequency test machine is described that allows test engineers to study the high frequency performance of rubber mounts at frequencies up to 5000 Hz.     

活塞式压缩机振动测试研究

为了降低压缩机整机的振动烈度和加速度值,找到一种最佳的减振器。针对某型压缩机,在试验现场,进行了振动和噪声测试。分别选取BE-85,BE-160,BE-300等3种型号的橡胶减振器进行测试,测点取在了联接螺栓正上方。通过观察和比较压缩机振动指标,换上减振器后,4个测点振动加速度均被放大。经过FFT分析,发现振动能量主要集中在低频段。10~315Hz,315~1000Hz,10~8000 Hz 3个频段加速度级,满足要求,但振动烈度偏高。所得试验数据和分析结果对压缩机的动态设计、改造具有指导意义。     

介电型电活性聚合物圆柱形驱动器的驱动效率

研究了介电型电活性聚合物(DEAP)驱动器的机电能量转换机理、能量损耗和驱动效率。建立了驱动器机电能量转换模型,并通过试验测算了驱动器等效电路的模型参数,分析了电极材料等因素对DEAP相对介电常数的影响。深入研究了驱动器漏电流损耗,试验验证了漏电流对驱动器性能的影响。最后,设计了驱动器驱动试验台,完成了不同行程的准静态驱动试验,数值计算了驱动器的驱动效率。结果表明:由于等效电路电容未参与能量转换,驱动器机电转换效率分别为17.6%和25.6%。低电压、小行程驱动时,试验误差与理论分析误差不超过15%;而高电压、大行程驱动时,DEAP膜的漏电流等非线性因素使其驱动效率变化明显。该结果可为DEAP圆柱形驱动器的优化设计及合理使用提供指导。     

High frequency spatial vibration control using H∞ method

A general feedback control approach has been developed to reduce the amplitude of high-frequency structural vibration modes without spending any control effort on reducing the vibration level of low-frequency modes. A procedure is outlined for developing a truncated structural model, which only includes the vibration modes of interest and takes account of the contributions of lower and higher-order modes in the frequency band of interest. Procedures for calculating the lower and higher order mode contributions are outlined, and a better model for estimating the contributions from the lower-order modes is developed by introducing a second-order term. The new controller so obtained has a lower order than standard feedback controllers and is also able to concentrate all the control energy on the modes resonant in the frequency band of interest. The control approach is further developed by using spatial output control to achieve a global attenuation of the structure for the desired frequencies and to allow the distribution of control energy among the controlled frequencies in any desired way. The general theory developed in this paper is validated experimentally using a cantilevered beam as a representative structure and controlling the fourth to the seventh-order vibration modes over a frequency range from 342 to 1125 Hz. Piezoelectric patches are used as a sensor and actuator and the global attenuation is measured using a scanning laser vibrometer.     

A tubular dielectric elastomer actuator: Fabrication, characterization and active vibration isolation

This contribution reviews the fabrication, characterization and active vibration isolation performance of a core-free rolled tubular dielectric elastomer (DE) actuator, which has been designed and developed by Danfoss PolyPower A/S. PolyPower DE material, PolyPower^TM, is produced in thin sheets of 80 μm thickness with corrugated metallic electrodes on both sides. Tubular actuators are manufactured by rolling the DE sheets in a cylindrical shape. The electromechanical characteristics of such actuators are modeled based on equilibrium pressure equation. The model is validated with experimental measurements from 3 actuators. The dynamic characteristics of three tubular actuators fabricated from the same batch of manufactured DE material are presented and compared to: (a) provide insight into the ability of the fabrication process to produce actuators with similar characteristics and (b) highlight the dominant dynamic characteristics of the core-free tubular actuator. It has been observed that all actuators have similar dynamic characteristics in a frequency range up to 1 kHz. A tubular actuator is then used to provide active vibration isolation (AVI) of a 250 g mass subject to shaker generated ‘ground vibration’. An adaptive feedforward control approach is used to achieve this. The tubular actuator is shown to provide excellent isolation against harmonic vibratory disturbances with attenuation of the resulting 5 and 10 Hz harmonics being 66 and 23 dB, respectively. AVI against a narrow band vibratory disturbance with frequency content 2–8 Hz, produced an attenuation of 20 dB across the frequency band.     

基于转动支承梁式的光纤光栅低频加速度传感器

为了实现低频振动的高灵敏度测量,设计了一种基于转动支撑梁的新型光纤布拉格光栅加速度计。 通过分析其振动 模型和 MATLAB 数值计算,优化了传感器的结构参数,设计传感器理论灵敏度为 1 725 pm / g,固有频率为 68. 4 Hz。 同时通 过 COMSOL 模拟分析传感器的动态特性,其模拟结果与理论分析吻合。 频响特性和幅值特性实验结果表明光纤光栅加速度 计在加速度 0 ~ 2 g、工作频率 0. 5 ~ 20 Hz 的范围内,传感器加速度特性曲线呈现良好线性关系,灵敏度高达 1 495. 2 pm / g,重 复性良好。 该传感器结构简单紧凑,轴承结构有效减少悬臂梁振动过程中的弹性能耗,可显著提高其灵敏度,能够实现低频 振动信号的探测。     

滚动轴承测振系统的研究

本文对目前我国使用的轴承振动加速度测试系统进行了理论分析和实验研究,得出下列几点结论性意见：1.从理论计算、实测传感系统的谐振频率和实测轴承振动的频谱,都说明目前所用的弹簧连接的压电晶体加速度计测试系统谐振频率在3～4kHz之间。2.从理论和实验都证明弹簧连接的压电晶体加速度计轴承振动测试系统,在触针和轴承外圈之间加油能降低系统的谐振幅值,而不能提高系统的谐振频率到10kHz以上,谐振频率仍在3～4kHz之间。3.本文对目前使用的动圈式轴承振动速度传感测试系统的谐振频率进行了实测,说明速度传感系统谐振频率在12kHz附近。众所周知,轴承振动频率一般在50Hz～10kHz之间,动圈式速度传感系统谐振频率在12kHz左右,和动圈式速度传感系统测试轴承振动,能真实地反映出轴承的振动情况;而触针式压电晶体加速度计测试系统谐振频率在3～4kHz之间系统的固有频率会影响测值的真实性,因此它不能反映同承的真实振动情况,所以对于轴承这种特殊零件的振动测量,速度传感器比加速度传感器适用。因此本文最后建议用动圈式速度传器对轴承振动进行速度测量。     

压电应变传感特性的理论分析与实验研究

提出了一种通过测量动态应变实现工程中低频振动监测的方法.在对动态应变压电传感特性进行理论分析的基础上,对压电传感元件在不同激振频率下(0.1~40.0Hz)的动态响应进行了实验研究,实验给出了较好的测量精度.结果表明,压电传感元件灵敏度高、频响范围宽、响应时间快,符合工程中低频振动测量的要求.     

Switched capacitor charge pump reduces hysteresis of piezoelectric actuators over a large frequency range

Piezoelectric actuators exhibit large hysteresis between the applied voltage and their displacement. A switched capacitor charge pump is proposed to reduce hysteresis and linearize the movement of piezoelectric actuators. By pumping the same amount of charges into the piezoelectric actuator quantitatively, the actuator will be forced to change its length with constant step. Compared with traditional voltage and charge driving, experimental results demonstrated that the piezoelectric stack driven by the charge pump had less hysteresis over a large frequency range, especially at ultralow frequencies. A hysteresis of less than 2.01% was achieved over a frequency range of 0.01-20 Hz using the charge pump driver.     

基于声子晶体的二维减振结构设计

将局域共振声子晶体引入减振结构设计中,提出在橡胶减振材料中植入声子晶体的新型减振结构设计。通过有限元法计算位移频响曲线,研究了该结构的减振特性,并在此基础上进一步研究了周期层数、元胞尺寸、基体边长、中间层厚度及散射体尺寸对减振频段的调控作用。研究结果表明,该新型减振结构可以在280～1 000 Hz频段产生优良的减振效果,而各结构参数对禁带范围和频带宽度都具有很好的调控作用,使得针对特定频段的减振设计成为可能。该研究为航空航天领域新型减振器的设计提供了新的思路。     

Design and analysis of a novel mechanical loading machine for dynamic in vivo axial loading

This paper describes the construction of a loading machine for performing in vivo, dynamic mechanical loading of the rodent forearm. The loading machine utilizes a unique type of electromagnetic actuator with no mechanically resistive components (servotube), allowing highly accurate loads to be created. A regression analysis of the force created by the actuator with respect to the input voltage demonstrates high linear correlation (R(2) = 1). When the linear correlation is used to create dynamic loading waveforms in the frequency (0.5-10 Hz) and load (1-50 N) range used for in vivo loading, less than 1% normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) is computed. Larger NRMSE is found at increased frequencies, with 5%-8% occurring at 40 Hz, and reasons are discussed. Amplifiers (strain gauge, linear voltage displacement transducer (LVDT), and load cell) are constructed, calibrated, and integrated, to allow well-resolved dynamic measurements to be recorded at each program cycle. Each of the amplifiers uses an active filter with cutoff frequency at the maximum in vivo loading frequencies (50 Hz) so that electronic noise generated by the servo drive and actuator are reduced. The LVDT and load cell amplifiers allow evaluation of stress-strain relationships to determine if in vivo bone damage is occurring. The strain gauge amplifier allows dynamic force to strain calibrations to occur for animals of different sex, age, and strain. Unique features are integrated into the loading system, including a weightless mode, which allows the limbs of anesthetized animals to be quickly positioned and removed. Although the device is constructed for in vivo axial bone loading, it can be used within constraints, as a general measurement instrument in a laboratory setting.     

气柱共振导致的核电站蒸汽管道振动分析与机理研究

针对某核电站机组4#汽动辅助给水泵蒸汽管道在大修后验收试验期间发生的振动超标问题,通过对蒸汽管道振动现象及测试数据分析,推测管道振动机理为主汽门活塞卡滞引发汽锤,汽锤激发管道气柱共振,并使得阀杆产生相应频率即69 Hz的振动.由于阀杆控制系统频响特性,69 Hz与阀杆控制系统耦合,导致管道振动烈度严重超标,达到76 m...     

The effect of gas inclusions on the parameters of hydraulic vibration mounts

Problems of improving damping characteristics of hydraulic vibration mounts are considered. It is shown that, when there are nondissolved air bubbles present in a working fluid, damping characteristics are not weakened but improved significantly in a number of cases. Testing of a hydraulic vibration mount was carried out at a vibration test stand within a frequency range from 20 to 55 Hz. The vibration frequency of the vibration test stand platform was measured discretely with a step of 5 Hz. As soon as the stand’s input vibration signal was not a purely harmonic one, harmonic components from 0.5 to 100 Hz were present in its spectrum. This frequency range was exposed to spectral and cepstral processing. It was determined that efficient vibration suppression with presence of gas cavities with a total volume of 5 mL occurs in the whole range of harmonic change.     

Development of electrorheological chip and conducting polymer-based sensor

This paper presents the development of an integrated sensor using two types of smart materials: electrorheological (ER) fluids and conducting polymers (CPs). The developed ER chip worked as an actuator, and it was driven by different voltages and control frequencies. When the four electrodes are controlled synchronously, the diaphragm acts as a vibrator whose frequency can be adjusted in accordance with the frequency of the electrical signals. The response signals of the CP sensor were recorded, and its properties were analyzed. Experimental results show that the amplitude decreases monotonically when the frequency increases, owing to the time delay in the pressure buildup in the ER chip. However, the displacement fluctuation of the diaphragm below 20 Hz can be detected clearly even if the value is very low. When the vibration frequency is larger than 20 Hz, the CP sensor can hardly detect the displacement fluctuation. Thus, the upper limit frequency that the CP sensor can detect is about 20 Hz. The practical applications of this microdevice are also discussed.     

In-process modeling of dynamic tool-tip temperatures of a tunable vibration turning device operating at ultrasonic frequencies

The development of a model used to describe the mechanism by which vibration assisted machining reduces tool temperature is discussed, and correlations to resulting reduction in tool wear are presented. This model is applied to a newly developed ultrasonic, vibration assisted diamond turning device that allows for variation of vibration frequency and vibration amplitude via a direct drive actuator. It accommodates a wide range of vibration parameters, including vibration frequencies up to 40 kHz and amplitudes up to 8 μm, where the tool operates. The model uses the finite element method to predict cutting temperatures under conventional turning conditions (i.e., without vibration assistance). The results from the finite element analysis are then used in conjunction with a model developed for vibration assisted machining to predict the new temperature profiles. The modeling techniques and temperature histories for various vibration conditions are presented as well as experimental results that show the thermal advantages of applying tool vibration.     

A negative stiffness vibration isolator using magnetic spring combined with rubber membrane

The most important characteristic of a passive vibration isolator is its natural frequency and load capacity. The vibration isolation performance of a passive vibration isolator in low input frequencies is considerably improved by reducing its natural frequency. This paper presents a negative stiffness magnetic suspension vibration isolator (NSMSVI) using a magnetic spring combined with rubber membranes to obtain lower natural frequency. To study the vibration isolation performance of the NSMSVI, the stretching force of the rubber membrane is measured through experiments. The stiffness of the rubber membrane comes from the derivative of the stretching force. A parametric study of load capacity, axial magnetic stiffness, and natural frequency of the magnetic spring is also performed. Consequently, as a case study, the size dimensions of the magnetic spring are determined. An NSMSVI table is set up for experimental validation, after which the transmissibility curves of the NSMSVI are calculated and tested. Experimental results show that the lowest natural frequency of the NSMSVI reaches 1.5 Hz with a maximum attenuation of -40 dB between 0 Hz and 100 Hz, whereas the NSMSVI has the maximum load capacity at the lowest stiffness. This paper essentially provides an efficient method to construct a negative stiffness vibration isolator for practical applications.     

热载荷作用下旋转叶片频率转向特性

基于薄板弯曲理论,采用梁函数组合法对叶片进行动力特性分析,推导了变转速状态下叶片频率和振型的解析解的一般表达式,提出了在离心力场和温度场效应下研究叶片“频率转向”的一种方法,建立了计算叶片各阶频率和振型的理论依据。研究结果对提高叶片疲劳检测效率具有意义。     

基于电磁作动的冲击振动主动控制技术

针对恶劣的振动冲击环境,提出一种基于电磁作动的冲击振动主动控制技术,并研制了一套电磁执行装置。对实验样机的数值份真和试验结果表明,系统可以兼顾振动与冲击控制,具有无谐振峰和较宽的频率响应范围、较大的位移响应范围和较为理想的隔振率的优点。     

Design and experimental study of a multi-modal piezoelectric energy harvester

A multi-modal piezoelectric vibration energy harvester is designed in this article. It consists of a cantilevered base beam and some upper and lower layer beams with rigid masses bonded between the beams as spacers. For a four-layer harvester subjected to random base excitations, relocating the mass positions leads to the generation of up to four close resonance frequencies over the frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz with relative large power output. The harvesters are connected with a resistance decade box and the frequency response functions of the voltage and power on resistive loads are determined. The experimental results are validated with the simulation results using the finite element method. On a certain level of power output, the experimental results show that the multi-modal harvesters can generate a frequency band that is more than two times greater than the frequency band produced by a cantilevered beam harvester.