降冰片烯与丙烯共聚合的研究进展

继高活性茂金属催化体系成功开发以降冰片烯和乙烯共聚物为代表的高性能环烯烃共聚物以来, 降冰片烯与其他α-烯烃如丙烯的共聚物研究也备受学术界和工业界的重视。本文介绍了降冰片烯与丙烯共聚合的催化剂和聚合机理等方面的最新研究进展, 包括各种不同结构的茂金属催化剂催化降冰片烯与丙烯共聚合的特点及其共聚物的结构分析。C₂-对称和C_s-对称的茂金属催化剂催化降冰片烯与丙烯共聚合时链转移反应较多, 以致催化活性较低, 所得的聚合产物分子量偏低。采用限定几何构型茂金属柄型-二甲基亚甲硅基(芴基)(氨基)二甲基钛催化剂进行降冰片烯与丙烯共聚合时, 催化活性可高达10⁷ g polymer·(mol cat·h)^-1, 所得共聚物的相对分子质量超过20万, 降冰片烯含量可达70%(mol)且玻璃化转变温度高。     

新型咪唑侧链桥联单茂Zr催化降冰片烯聚合活性研究

本文通过催化降冰片烯的聚合,研究了以桥联的茚基咪唑基配体与第四副族金属锆(Ⅳ)为原料合成的两币新型的烯烃聚合催化剂的活性.通过控制反应温度,助催化剂甲基铝氧烷(MAO)的用量得到了最佳反应条件,Al/Zr为700∶1,温度为70℃,催化剂对降冰片烯聚合的最高活性为14.85 kg/mol·h.并通过核磁,红外数据的分析得出,在最优条件下降冰片烯主要以加成聚合为主.     

酚氧基单茂钛／MAO体系催化乙烯／丙烯共聚合反应规律研究

采用合成的催化荆环戊二烯基-(2,6-二畀丙基)幕氧基-二氯化钛{Cp[OC6H3(iPr)2]TiCl2}与甲基铝氧烷(MAO)组成的新型催化体系进行了乙烯/丙烯共聚合,考察了气体配比、聚合温度、助催化剂浓度、聚合压力等因素对共聚合活性及产物相对分子质量、组成的影响.结果表明.CpTi [OC6H3(iPr)2]Cl2/MAO体系是引发乙烯/丙烯共聚合适宜的催化体系.     

纳米SiO_2负载镍催化剂催化环烯烃聚合

利用硅烷偶联剂将乙酰丙酮二氯化镍连结在纳米SiO_2表面,制备了纳米SiO_2负载的镍催化剂,并以三五氟苯基硼为助催化剂,催化降冰片烯的加成聚合,原位制备了纳米SiO_2杂化的聚降冰片烯,观察了杂化材料的形貌及纳米SiO_2的分布情况,并研究了其力学性能。结果表明:通过改变聚合温度、n(B)∶n(Ni)、催化剂与降冰片烯投料比等,可以实现对聚合活性以及所得聚合物性能的调控;当聚合温度为60℃,n(B)∶n(Ni)为20时,聚合活性最高可达0.36 kg/(mmol·h);当降冰片烯与催化剂的摩尔比为2 000∶1时,所制纳米SiO_2杂化的聚降冰片烯力学性能最佳。     

纳米SiO_2负载镍催化剂催化环烯烃聚合北大核心

利用硅烷偶联剂将乙酰丙酮二氯化镍连结在纳米SiO_2表面,制备了纳米SiO_2负载的镍催化剂,并以三五氟苯基硼为助催化剂,催化降冰片烯的加成聚合,原位制备了纳米SiO_2杂化的聚降冰片烯,观察了杂化材料的形貌及纳米SiO_2的分布情况,并研究了其力学性能。结果表明:通过改变聚合温度、n(B)∶n(Ni)、催化剂与降冰片烯投料比等,可以实现对聚合活性以及所得聚合物性能的调控;当聚合温度为60℃,n(B)∶n(Ni)为20时,聚合活性最高可达0.36 kg/(mmol·h);当降冰片烯与催化剂的摩尔比为2 000∶1时,所制纳米SiO_2杂化的聚降冰片烯力学性能最佳。     

咪唑烷-2-亚胺为配体的镍配合物催化的降冰片烯与苯乙烯共聚

为了研究[P, N]型镍催化剂的双重强供电子效应对烯烃与极性单体共聚性能的影响，本文设计合成了两种咪唑烷-2-亚胺为配体的镍配合物Ni1和Ni2,并通过核磁对其表征，研究了该类镍配合物在二氯乙基铝(EtClAl₂)助催化剂的活化下催化降冰片烯均聚及其与苯乙烯的共聚行为。结果表明，以EtClAl₂为助催化剂时，配合物Ni1催化降冰片烯均聚活性高达1.92×10⁷ g/(mol·h)。该体系配合物同样有效催化降冰片烯与苯乙烯共聚，Ni1的聚合活性高达2.14×10⁶ g/(mol·h)。该体系催化剂对降冰片烯与苯乙烯共聚表现出良好的聚合性能，从而为高效镍金属催化剂的开发提供理论依据。     

不同催化体系乙丙共聚合技术研究

采用自制催化剂及进口催化剂为主催化剂,烷基铝为助催化剂,对乙烯、丙烯、乙叉降冰片烯三元共聚合体系进行了对比技术研究,研究结果表明,2种催化剂催化乙丙三元共聚合时聚合规律相同,催化活性相当,并且2种催化剂合成的乙丙橡胶样品性能指标相当。     

苯胺基苯甲酸甲酯镍催化剂的合成及其催化烯烃聚合的研究

制备了新型的苯胺基苯甲酸甲酯中性镍催化剂(C1),结合核磁氢谱、元素分析、X-射线单晶衍射对配体及配合物结构进行表征,同时在改性甲基铝氧烷(MMAO)、三(五氟苯基)硼烷(B(C6F5)3)、双(1,5-环辛二烯)镍(Ni(COD)2)等不同助催化剂作用下,研究了配合物C1对乙烯和降冰片烯的均聚。聚合结果表明,C1在MMAO、Ni(COD)2助催化剂作用下,可催化乙烯聚合;以MMAO作为助催化剂时,C1可催化得到高分子量的聚降冰片烯(Mn=5.46×105g/mol),所得聚降冰片烯的分子量分布均较窄,多分散指数(PDI)最小可达到1.04,而且在一定Al/Ni摩尔比范围内(500~1 500),C1的聚合活性均随Al/Ni摩尔比的增加呈轻微递增趋势。     

钒系催化体系提高三元乙丙橡胶ENB转化率

通过用现装置上在用的钒催化剂对乙烯、丙烯、乙叉降冰片烯(ENB)三元共聚合条件的实验,确定了聚合温度及压力的改变对ENB的转化率没有影响;适当降低聚合单体的体积流量可以提高ENB的转化率;以大配体的二(磷酸二异辛酯基)氧钒络合物为主催化剂,以乙基倍半氯化铝(AQ)为助催化剂,乙烯、丙烯为聚合单体,ENB为第三单体,己烷为聚合溶剂,通过溶液聚合合成了乙烯、丙烯、ENB三元共聚物,其中ENB的转化率明显高于装置上现用的小配体的钒催化剂。     

用负载钛催化剂催化1-丁烯与乙烯基降冰片烯共聚合

以负载钛体系(TiCl4/MgCl2,简称Ti)为主催化剂,三异丁基铝(简称Al)为助催化剂,加氢汽油为溶剂,合成了1-丁烯/乙烯基降冰片烯共聚物,探讨了反应条件对聚合的影响,并用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和差示扫描量热法对共聚物结构和热性能进行了表征和测试.结果表明,聚合的最佳反应条件为乙烯基降冰片烯的投料摩尔分数7.6%、Ti/单体(摩尔比) 10-4、Al/Ti(摩尔比) 500、反应温度40 ℃和反应时间10 h;通过与聚1-丁烯的对比,证明共聚后体系中引入了双键和大体积取代基,共聚物中乙烯基降冰片烯链段的摩尔分数为1.98%.     

Effects of polymerization conditions when making norbornene-ethylene copolymers using the metallocene catalyst ethylene bis (indenyl) zirconium dichloride and MAO to obtain high glass transition temperatures

Using 70 mol % norbornene in the monomer mixture before polymerization, the influences of different polymerization conditions were studied. It was found that by increasing the temperature from 10 to 70°C, the yield increased and the molecular weight decreased; and when increasing the ethylene pressure from 2 to 6 atm, yield and molecular weight increased. The highest glass transition temperatures, however, were achieved at 30°C and 4 atm. Further improvements could be obtained by increasing the amount of catalyst or Al/Zr ratio. Using the conditions of 30°C, 4 atm, 4 mg catalyst, 3000 Al/Zr, 250 mL toluene solution, and 30 min, the amount of norbornene was increased from 31.1 to 90 g, resulting in an increase in the glass transition temperature from 98 to 155°C. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1063–1070, 1997     

Synthesis,characterization, rheological and thermal behavior of metallocene ethylene − norbornene copolymers with low norbornene content using pentafluorophenol modified methylaluminoxane

Ethylene ? norbornene copolymers were synthesized using rac‐ethylene bis(indenyl) zirconium dichloride/pentafluorophenol modified methylaluminoxane. First, the effect of using a modifier in combination with a low ratio of Al/Zr on the catalyst activity and co‐monomer incorporation was studied. The results of copolymerization reveal a 20% co‐monomer incorporation improvement and a rise of activity by 2‐fold in the presence of the modifier. Rheological measurements show a higher molecular weight in copolymers synthesized using modified methylaluminoxane. The alternative and dyad block microstructures of copolymers become possible in the case of a norbornene content of more than 14 mol%. Second, the effect of co‐monomer content on the rheological and thermal behavior of the synthesized copolymers was investigated. The results of the rheological study indicate a lower molecular weight in samples containing a higher norbornene content. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis confirms the influence of different microstructures on the glass transition temperature. The crystal structure of copolymers having a higher molecular weight is emphasized using wide angle X‐ray scattering and DSC even with a greater incorporation of norbornene. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Homopolymerization of 5-alkyl-2-norbornenes and their copolymerization with norbornene over novel Pd(acac)2/PPh3/BF3OEt2 catalyst system

The homopolymerization of 5-alkyl-2-norbornenes and their copolymerization with norbornene have been successfully carried out employing Pd(acac)₂/PPh₃/BF₃OEt₂ catalyst system. The activity of the catalyst system is comparable to that of most active late-transition metal catalysts described in the literature. The molecular weight distributions of homo- and copolymers indicate a single-site, highly homogeneous character of the active catalyst species. The incorporation of flexible alkyl groups onto the main chain of norbornene as well as copolymerization of 5-alkyl-2-norbornenes with norbornene represent useful methods for lowering the glass transition temperature (T_g), i.e. improving the processability. The simplicity of catalytic system composition might be of industrial importance.     

Syndiotactic poly(propene-co-norbornene): Synthesis and properties at low norbornene incorporation

Copolymerizations of propene with norbornene were carried out using a syndiotactic metallocene catalyst at low initial comonomer concentrations for different polymerization times. The influence of the norbornene concentration on the catalytic activity and on the resulting material properties has been analyzed. The copolymer molecular weight decreased drastically when small amounts of norbornene were added in reactions which lasted 30 min. When longer reaction times were used the molecular weight increased with time, however living polymerization was ruled out because the polydispersity was ca. 2. The DSC measurements showed copolymers with low crystallinity or which were completely amorphous.     

Synthesis of ethylene and norbornene copolymer with metallocene catalysts and characteristic analysis

To synthesis ethylene (E) and norbornene (NB) copolymer with high glass transition temperature and transparency, three metallocene catalysts with different symmetric structure were evaluated, respectively. The catalyst activity, NB fraction in copolymer and the transparency of copolymers produced under various conditions were investigated. It has been found that C₂ symmetric catalyst such as rac‐[En(Ind)₂]ZrCl₂ was the best choice to produce copolymer with high NB fraction while keeping high catalyst activity. Furthermore, the effects of reaction conditions on activity of rac‐[En(Ind)₂]ZrCl₂ and the resultant copolymer structure have also been thoroughly studied. The results indicate that increasing the NB/E ratio is the effective way to increase NB content of copolymer when NB/E ratio is less than 20. However, when NB/E ratio is over 20, further increase in NB/E ratio will lead to significant lower catalyst activity and very limited increase in NB content of copolymer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Accelerated pressure synthesis and characterization of 2-oxazoline block copolymers

The cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines in acetonitrile was investigated under pressure conditions utilizing methyl tosylate as initiator of which the single crystal X-ray structure is described as well. The polymerization kinetics were studied and compared with previously reported microwave-assisted pressure polymerizations. Moreover, a series of block copolymers was synthesized in an automated parallel synthesis robot utilizing this pressure polymerization method. The resulting block copolymers were characterized with both differential scanning calorimetry and contact angle measurements to determine the effect of copolymer composition on glass transition temperature, melting point and surface energy. Atomic force microscopy was applied to further investigate the possible phase separation.     

Functional copolymers of p‐cumyl phenyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate: Synthesis,characterization, and reactivity ratios

Free‐radical polymerization of p‐cumyl phenyl methacrylate (CPMA) was performed in benzene using bezoyl peroxide as an initiator at 80°C. The effect of time on the molecular weight was studied. Functional copolymers of CPMA and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with different feed ratios were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization in methyl ethyl ketone at 70°C, and they were characterized by FTIR and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy. The molecular weights and polydispersity indexes of the polymers and copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The copolymer composition was determined by ¹H‐NMR. The glass‐transition temperature of the polymer and the copolymers was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The reactivity ratios of the monomers were determined by the Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tudos methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 336–347, 2005     

Copolymerization of propylene with 1‐octene catalyzed by MgCl2/TiCl4/diether catalyst

MgCl₂/TiCl₄/diether is a fifth‐generation Ziegler–Natta catalyst for the commercial polymerization of propylene. The outstanding features of this catalyst are the high activity and high isotacticity for propylene polymerization without using an external electron donor. In this study, we explored the copolymerization of propylene and 1‐octene with MgCl₂/TiCl₄/diether catalyst. It was found that MgCl₂/TiCl₄/diether catalyst showed higher polymerization activity and led to greater 1‐octene content incorporation, compared with a fourth‐generation Ziegler–Natta catalyst (MgCl₂/TiCl₄/diester). With an increase in 1‐octene incorporation in polypropylene chains, the melting temperature, glass transition temperature and crystallinity of the copolymers decreased distinctly. The microstructures of the copolymers were characterized using ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, and the copolymer compositions and number‐average sequence lengths were calculated from the dyad concentration and distribution. This result is very important for the in‐reactor polyolefin alloying process, especially for the case of a single catalyst and two‐step (or two‐reactor) process. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Electrospinning of Styrene–Ethyl Acrylate Emulsion Copolymers: Exploring the Impact of Polymer Polarity and Glass Transition Temperature on Fiber Formation and Hydrophobicity

In this study, the spinnability of styrene–ethyl acrylate copolymers prepared via emulsion polymerization was explored with the aim to establish the influence of glass transition temperature and polymer composition on morphological features of electrospun materials with regard to their hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature. Nonwoven mats from polymer solutions in N,N′-dimethylformamide were spun using the electrospinning method (Nanospider? device). It was demonstrated that changing the copolymer polarity and glass transition temperature by copolymer composition or utilizing different supporting materials might lead to nanofiber webs with controlled hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties, which predetermines them for a wide range of applications such as protective textiles, composites, etc.