宝中特低孔低渗高含油凝析气藏的开采与认识

宝中凝析油气藏属于特低孔、特低渗、致密型凝析气藏,凝析油含量高,地露压差小,地层又存在底水。针对该凝析油气藏的特点,开展了与之相配套的采气工艺研究,主要包括生产管柱优化、排液采气工艺、水合物防治以及油层保护技术等六项工艺技术的研究与应用,满足了宝中凝析油气藏的试采工艺需要。同时介绍了这些技术的设计原则和应用效果,提出了对开采此类低孔低渗高含凝析油凝析气藏的认识和建议。     

宝浪油田低孔低渗高含油凝析气藏开采工艺优化配套与应用

宝浪油田凝析油气藏属于低孔、低渗致密型凝析气藏,凝析油含量高,地露压差小。采用衰竭式开采时,地层压力下降快,地层出现严重反凝析现象,造成大量凝析油产不出。针对该凝析油气藏的特点,开展了与之相配套的采气工艺研究,并设计配套了包括完井工艺、封堵工艺、生产管柱优化、排液采气工艺、水合物预防以及气层保护等六项技术,为开发此类特低孔、特低渗、高含凝析油凝析气藏提供了技术保障。     

改进等时试井技术在宝浪油田的应用

宝中区块凝析气藏属于高含凝析油凝析气藏类型,露点压力高达27.14MPa,接近地层压力28.16MPa,气井一投产,井底流压将低于露点压力,井底不可避免地会发生反凝析现象.为了了解气井的产能情况,求取地层参数,首次在凝析油气藏采用改进等时试井方法进行测试.通过改进等时试井技术在低孔低渗凝析气藏的应用研究,对试井工艺管柱选型、试井过程中结冰问题的预防和处理、试井管理工作中存在的问题提出了意见和建议,为以后开展改进等时试井积累了经验.     

低渗凝析气藏凝析油临界流动饱和度实验研究

凝析油临界流动饱和度是近年研究的热点问题，但目前国内外还没有采用真实岩样和流体研究低渗凝析气藏凝析油临界流动饱和度的成果报道。文章介绍了采用超声波测试技术研究低渗凝析气藏凝析油临界流动饱和度的方法，选取Q75井的真实岩样和流体，通过长岩心衰竭实验测试了凝析油临界流动饱和度。将测试结果与国内外其它中高渗凝析气藏的凝析油临界流动饱和度进行了对比研究，分析了低渗凝析气藏凝析油饱和度较低的原因。研究结果表明：①超声波测试技术对研究深层高温高压低渗凝析气藏的凝析油临界流动饱和度具有较好的适应性；②桥口低渗凝析气藏的凝析油临界流动饱和度要比国内外其它中高渗凝析气藏的低得多；③较高的束缚水饱和度是导致低渗凝析气藏凝析油临界流动饱和度较低的主要原因，而高温高压低渗凝析气藏更低的油气界面张力也是重要的影响因素。此外，实验所用岩心的长度对凝析油临界流动饱和度的大小也会产生一定的影响。     

珠江口盆地中-高含凝析油凝析气藏气井排液采气工艺优选与应用

中-高含凝析油凝析气藏A,多口气井因严重积液无法生产。为了保证产气,排出井筒积液,对排液采气工艺进行了研究,并优选出适合A气田的排液采气工艺。通过现场应用,连续油管注氮气排液采气取得了较好的效果,对于中-高含凝析油凝析气藏排液采气具有较好的借鉴意义。     

吐哈凝析气藏地面集输工艺技术及应用

吐哈油田探明及发现的气藏均为凝析气藏，具有低孔低渗、井口温度低、单井产量低、凝析油含量较高、地层压力下降快、地形地貌复杂、地面自然条件恶劣等特点，因此天然气地面集输极为困难。针对其集输工艺的难点，对单井集气工艺及集气站主要工艺技术进行了多方案优化研究论证，提出了适合于该气藏地面集输工艺的技术方案，解决了其中的关键问题。     

宝中区块低渗透储层油气特征研究

方法：应用油气藏流体特征的分析对宝中区块低渗储层的原油及凝析气的高压物性等进行分析研究。目的：认识廖区块油气藏流体特征,为加快油田开发步伐创造条件,结果：宝中区块地层原油中间烃（C2－C6）含量较高,油质轻,收缩性强,有饱和油藏和未饱和油藏;气藏属高含凝析油的近饱和凝析气藏类型。结论：宝中区块油气性质和油气藏类型比较特殊,存在常规黑油中轻质油,挥发油和凝析气,焉参1断块Ⅲ油组为带油环的凝析气藏,IV油组为凝析气藏,宝3断块II,IV油组为常规黑油中轻质油藏,本次研究为进一步落实宝中区块油气储量,合理选择油气藏的开采方式提供了依据。     

大港油田深层凝析油气藏配套开采技术

深层凝析气藏的开发与一般油藏或纯气藏不同 ,如何配套开采技术来提高凝析油气藏油、气采收率是所有凝析油气藏的重点工作 ,通过对大张坨凝析气田、大港板桥凝析气田、千米桥潜山凝析气藏开发采用的开采工艺实例介绍 ,重点论述了大张坨凝析气田的循环注气工艺以及板桥凝析气田小泵深抽技术和千米桥潜山凝析气藏的酸压改造、防腐防垢技术及在高温深井排水采气工艺上的一些探索和试验 ,从而为国内深层凝析气藏的开发提供了有益的探索。     

白庙凝析气田水平井多段压裂技术的实践与认识

白庙气田属构造复杂,储层变化大,物性差的低渗-特低渗高含凝析油气藏,采用衰竭式开发方式开发,效果很差。尝试应用水平井技术进行改善开发效果试验,由于水平井压裂工艺限制,效果不理想。应用非常规油气藏开发技术,对白庙凝析气田白庙平1井进行多段压裂改造,取得了良好的增产效果,为改善白庙复杂断块凝析气田的开发效果探索出了一条有效的技术思路。     

解除低渗凝析气井近井污染研究现状及进展

解除近井反凝析堵塞和水锁是深层低渗凝析气藏开发必须解决的难题。通过对国内外文献的调研，分析了凝析气藏近井带反凝析油堵塞和反渗吸水锁形成的机理及其对气井产能的影响，总结了解除凝析气井近井堵塞提高产能的实验和理论研究成果以及形成的主要技术手段。结果认为：低含凝析油的凝析气藏，高渗储层均可能由于反凝析和水锁的存在而严重影响气井产能；高临界凝析油流动饱和度和高含水饱和度导致反凝析影响严重。解除近井反凝析堵塞和反渗吸水锁的主要机理是延缓反凝析出现和加速反凝析油和地层水的蒸发；凝析气注入可反蒸发凝析油中的重烃；注甲醇可有效解除反凝析油和水锁的双重堵塞。将向近井带注入化学溶剂、注气和加热等方法结合起来，可能是解除低渗凝析气井近井堵塞研究的发展趋势。     

往复式空气压缩机常见故障及处理

介绍了往复式空气压缩机运行中常见故障,分析了产生故障的主要原因,提出了处理方法。     

Clothianidin dissipation in tomato and soil, and distribution in tomato peel and flesh

Clothianidin, a new neonicotinoid insecticide, was systematically evaluated. An analytical method using gas chromatography with electron capture detection was developed. Recoveries were between 92% and 102%, with relative standard deviations from 3% to 5% at three fortified levels. The decrease of clothianidin in tomato and soil samples under field conditions at Beijing, Shandong, and Anhui were determined. The dissipation rates of clothianidin fit first-order kinetics. Its half-lives ranged from 6.7 to 12.7 days in soil, and 7.0 to 11.9 days in tomato. On the suggested pre-harvest interval of 7 days, the distribution of clothianidin in tomato peel and flesh was studied. Most residues were found on the peel. Hence, removing the tomato peel before consumption is advisable. The stability of clothianidin fortified at 0.3 or 3 mg/kg in frozen green and red ripe tomatoes was also determined. The half-life mainly depended on the spiked levels of this pesticide.     

中国致密砂岩气及在勘探开发上的重要意义

致密砂岩气藏系指聚集工业天然气的致密砂岩场晕或圈闭,根据其储集层特征、储量大小及所处区域构造位置高低,可将致密砂岩气藏分为两类:"连续型"致密砂岩气藏和"圈闭型"致密砂岩气藏,前者通常位于构造低部位,圈闭界限模糊,无统一气水界面,往往气水倒置,储源一体或近源;后者位于圈闭高处,上气下水,储量规模较小但产量相对较高。中国致密砂岩气都是煤成气,组分以烷烃气(C1 4)为主,甲烷含量最高,烷烃气具正碳同位素系列;非烃气(主要是CO2和N2)含量低。截至2010年底,中国致密砂岩气的储量和年产量分别占全国天然气储量和产量的39.2%和24.6%,预计将来比例还会提高。与页岩气、煤层气等非常规气相比,中国近期在非常规气勘探开发中应以致密砂岩气为先。     

Aflatoxins and fumonisins in rice and maize staple cereals in Northern Vietnam and dietary exposure in different ethnic groups

Mycotoxins in food are increasingly a food safety hazard concern in particular in developing countries. This study was performed to determine the occurrence and determinants of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in rice and maize and to assess health risks through dietary intake exposure among ethnic minority groups in northern Vietnam. A total of 111 rice and 102 maize samples, were tested for occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxins (AF’s) and fuminisin B (FB). Results showed that 107 (96.4%) rice and 84 (82.4%) maize samples were contaminated by fungi. Aspergillus flavus was found in 68 (61.3%) rice and 30 (29.4%) maize samples, Aspergilus parasiticus in 40 (36.0%) rice and 27 (26.7%) maize samples. AF’s - were detected in 27 rice (24.3%) and 27 maize samples (26.4%) at minimum and maximum levels in rice of 2.06 and 77.8 ng/g and 20.5 and 110 ng/g in maize, respectively. Nine (8.1%) rice and 24 (23.5%) maize samples contained FB at ranges of 2.3–624 ng/g in rice and 5.6–89.8 ng/g in maize. Data collected through interviews and observations in households showed that type of crop, storage duration and presence of fungi, particularly mycotoxigenic fungi were important risk factors for AF’s and FB contamination. Based on daily food consumption data, the estimated average exposure dose of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) from rice was 21.7 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 33.7 ng/kg bw/day for children. For FB, the rice based average exposure amounted to 536 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 1019 ng/kg bw/day for children. The calculated excess risk of liver cancer incidence by ingestion of cereals containing AFB₁ was 1.5 per 100,000 adults and 2.3 per 100,000 children per year. The average intake of FB was calculated to be lower than the tolerable diet intake (TDI). Our findings highlight that rice and maize are contaminated with mycotoxins at levels representing actual health hazards for the ethnic minority groups consuming these stable cereals. Proper drying and storage conditions in households are likely to reduce the mycotoxin contamination.     

Aflatoxin M1 in raw and UHT cow milk collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentrations were determined in raw and UHT cow milk samples collected in different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the autumn months of 2014. The mean AFM1 levels in the raw milk samples were (ng/kg): 6.22 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 5.65 in Croatia. In all except one milk sample, AMF1 levels were below the LOQ value of 34.2 ng/kg (ELISA method). In four milk samples, AFM1 concentrations exceeded the EU MRL of 50 ng/kg. Samples were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis which confirmed elevated values determined by ELISA. Elevated levels were in the range 56.6–132.6 ng/kg. Two positive milk samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina originated from Una Sana Canton, two from Croatia from eastern Croatia. The highest AFM1 levels of 132.6 ng/kg was measured in milk from eastern Croatia. In 214 samples of processed UHT milk from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, AFM1 ranged from 2.29 ng/kg to 21.4 ng/kg, all below the LOQ value. AFM1 exceeded the EU MRL value in only 0.62% of milk samples, indicating the sporadic use of contaminated feedstuff at farms in both countries.     

改进中加强 创新中发展——改革开放30年企业思想政治工作的实践与探索

改革开放30年来，企业思想政治工作随着形势的不断变化，曾经面临着诸多新问题。企业思想政治工作正是在解决这些问题的实践中不断探索，创新思路和方法，提升效果和水平，成为企业改革、发展、进步的动力源泉。     

Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins occurrence in sultanas and dried figs commercialized in Brazil

The presence of aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in dried fruits was investigated. A total of 62 dried fruit samples were analyzed (24 black sultanas, 19 white sultanas and 19 dried figs). A total of 10 A. flavus isolates were found, nine in one white sultana sample (corresponding to 18% infection) and one isolate in dried figs (2%), and all of them were aflatoxin B₁ and B₂ producers. A. parasiticus was not found. Aflatoxins were detected in 3 of 19 (16%) white sultana samples analyzed and, the limits were not higher than 2.0 μg/kg. In dried figs 11 of 19 (58%) samples were contaminated with aflatoxins and, with exception of one sample that was contaminated with 1500 μg/kg of B₁ aflatoxin, the others had less than 2.0 μg/kg. Neither aflatoxigenic or aflatoxins contaminated black sultanas.     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried chestnuts and chestnut flour produced in Italy

The occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in chestnut products made in Italy was surveyed. Thirty-seven samples of chestnut flour and fourteen of dried chestnuts were collected from retail outlets located in northern Italy. After extraction and purification through an immunoaffinity column, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were analysed using both HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS/MS. The mycotoxin contamination found in this survey was widespread and remarkable. As regards aflatoxins, the incidence of aflatoxin B₁ was 62.2 and 21.4% in chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively; in the same products, the percentage of samples exceeding the value of 2.0 μg kg⁻¹ for aflatoxin B₁ (maximum limit fixed by EC Regulation 165/2010 in dried fruits) was 24.3% and 7.1%. A widespread and high incidence of AFG₁ was also found (40.5%). The maximum values for aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxins were 67.88 and 188.78 μg kg⁻¹, respectively (chestnut flour sample). Ochratoxin A occurred in all samples, showing very high values (mean 12.38 and 13.63 μg kg⁻¹ for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively); the percentages of samples exceeding the limit of 10 μg kg⁻¹ (EU limits for dried vine fruit) were 64.9 and 42.8% for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively. The maximum value was 65.84 μg kg⁻¹ (dried chestnut sample).