金属间化合物大晶粒超塑性变形机理

在所研究的Fe3Al，Fe3Si，FeAl，Ni3Al，NiAl和TiAl等金属间化合物中均发现大晶粒超塑性。显微分析表明，超塑性变形过程中晶粒明显细化；电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术和透射电子显微学(TEM)分析表明，大晶粒金属问化合物超塑变形过程中形成了大量亚晶界网络，且随变形量增大．亚晶界不断吸收晶内滑动位错，使其位向差不断增大，从而逐渐演变成小角度和大角度晶界，即超塑性变形过程中产生了连续动态回复与再结晶(CDRR)。高温塑性变形是通过位错的滑移和攀移进行的，而亚晶界的迁移、滑动和转动起到协调变形的作用，保持了材料在宏观上的超塑性。     

Fe3Al—Ti超塑性变形过程中晶粒形态演化规律

对Ｆｅ３Ａｌ－Ｔｉ合金超塑性变形中不同应变量下的晶粒形态进行了研究，发现Ｆｅ３Ａｌ－Ｔｉ行为与连续再结晶有关，随变形量增大，晶粒逐渐细化，但晶粒形状变化不大，并沿拉伸方向有所伸长。ＴＥＭ分析表明，晶粒细化过程与超塑性过程中亚晶界向大角晶界的演化有关。本文对Ｆｅ２Ａｌ－Ｔｉ合金超塑性变形机理进行了初步的探讨。     

Fe_3Al－Ti超塑性变形过程中晶粒形态演化规律

对Ｆｅ_３Ａｌ－Ｔｉ合金超塑性变形中不同应变量下的晶粒形态进行了研究。发现Ｆｅ_３Ａｌ－Ｔｉ超塑性行为与连续再结晶有关，随变形量增大，晶粒逐渐细化，但晶粒形状变化不大，并沿拉伸方向有所伸长。ＴＥＭ分析表明，晶粒细化过程与超塑性过程中亚晶界向大角晶界的演化有关。本文对Ｆｅ３Ａｌ－Ｔｉ合会超塑性变形机理进行了初步的探讨。     

大晶粒单相Ni-48Al金属间化合物超塑性变形过程中的组织演化

原始平均晶粒尺寸约为200μm的单相Ni-48Al金属间化合物在温度为1025—1100℃、应变速率为1.25×10~(-4)—2.00~10~(-3)s~(-1)范围内呈现超塑性。在1100℃、应变速率为1.125×10~(-3)s~(-1)时,最大延伸率可达188.2％。金相分析表明,超塑性变形过程中晶粒明显细化;电子背散射衍射分析(EBSD)和透射电子显微术(TEM)观察表明,超塑变形过程中形成了大量亚晶界网络,且随变形量增大,亚晶界及小角晶界比例不断增加。亚晶界由位错墙和位错网络构成,不稳定的亚晶界在超塑性变形过程中不断吸收晶内滑移和攀移位错,亚晶界位错密度不断增加,取向差不断增大。伴随亚晶界的滑移和迁移及亚晶的转动,部分亚晶界转变为小角度晶界,并进而转变为大角度晶界,即在超塑性变形过程中发生了连续动态回复与再结晶(CDRR)。     

Al—Cu—Mg—Zn—Cr合金热扭转变形中连续动态再结晶机理

用航向间小角度会聚束产生的明锐Ｋｉｋｕｃｈｉ线测量了大晶粒ＬＣ９超硬铝合金在高速慢速热扭转过程中的晶内亚晶界角变化。发现亚晶界角随变形量的增加逐步增加,表明连续动态再结晶是该材料在高速慢速预变形中晶粒细化的主要机制。双态分布的析出相在连续动态再结晶中所起的作用与其在常规的机械加工过程中所起作用有所不同,弥散分布的小沉淀相阻碍位错的滑移和樊移并钉扎晶界与亚晶界,而大析出颗粒在此起不到有效地产生再结晶     

大晶粒FeAl合金超塑性变形的显微组织演变和变形激活能

本文对大晶粒ＦｅＡｌ金属间化合物塑性变形的微观组织演变进行了研究，并测定了其超塑性变形激活能，显微组织分析表明，合金的超塑性变形是一个晶粒变形，内部形成亚晶界，进而亚晶界向晶界转换，从而使晶粒得以细化的过程，Ｆｅ－３６．５Ａｌ，Ｆｅ－３６．５Ａｌ－１Ｔｉ和Ｆｅ－３６．５Ａｌ－２Ｔｉ合金变形激活能的测定值分别为３７０，２９０和２６０ｋＪ．ｍｏｌ＾－１大大低于其他的ＦｅＡｌ基合金蠕变激活能，表明超塑性     

爆炸加载下金属塑性变形及超细晶形成机制

研究了工业纯铁爆炸成形弹丸内微观组织变化,结果表明：由于绝热温升和特有的塑性变形机制,弹丸在成形过程中内部组织发生动态回复和动态再结晶,动态回复形成亚晶,因变形量不均匀使亚晶粒直径分布在0．3－1．5μm之间,动态再结晶使弹丸内形成均匀的小于5μm的超细晶粒。     

变形合金的亚晶组织演化的相场模型

将多态相场(MSPF)模型与品格畸变模型结合,根据合金的储存能分布,应用于亚晶组织的演化研究.通过构造变形晶粒的初始亚晶组织,计算模拟再结晶过程中亚晶通过合并与吞噬机制进行长大的微观演化过程,系统研究了变形量对亚晶尺寸分布和亚晶长大速率的影响.结果表明,在储存能较高的区域(如晶界附近处),亚晶较细小,分布较密集;再结晶过程中,亚晶密度高的区域最先出现亚晶合并和吞噬现象,并通过该机制使再结晶晶粒形核和长大;而在变形晶粒内部,亚晶分布较均匀且数量密度低,尺寸较大,亚晶合并长大的速率较慢.再结晶晶粒尺寸权重概率分布表明,变形量大的合金,晶粒尺寸较快地变大,完成再结晶的时间较短,而变形量较小的合金,晶粒尺寸变化较慢,再结晶完成的时间较长.亚晶组织演化的模拟结果与实验结果相符.     

铝青铜合金轴承组织细化方法的探讨

采用水平连续铸造电磁搅拌技术和650℃再结晶热处理进一步改善铝青铜组织及晶粒细化。结果表明:铝青铜轴承材料微观组织为单相α基体中析出K相化合物,且K相均匀、细小,弥散分布在α基体上。组织中α相的平均晶粒尺寸由铸态64.51μm细化到36μm,获得满意的细化效果。     

细化钢铁材料晶粒的原理与方法

细化晶粒是控制金属材料组织结构的最重要、最基本的方法，目前，实际应用的成块材料可获得的最细的铁素体晶粒约为5μm。获得细晶粒的方法有利用相变和再结晶的热处理（或形变热处理），钢液超速冷却，机械合金化，超细粒子烧结和非晶体结晶等。形变热处理对晶粒细化极为有效，已以实验室规模获得了具有小于或等于1μm的超细晶组织的成块材料。本文以形变热处理为中心，介绍了控制轧制、加速冷却的形变热处理（TMCP），以及形成微细双相组织、亚晶大角度化等细化晶粒的方法，从金相学角度阐述了细化晶粒的原理和方法的现状及最新进展。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。