Ni48Mn33Ga18Tb1合金的马氏体相变和磁性形状记忆效应

本文研究了 Ni48Mn3 3 Ga1 9合金添加微量的稀土元素 Tb后 ,对合金的马氏体相变、磁致应变性能及抗弯性能的影响 ,发现合金的马氏体相变温度、磁致应变值有所下降 ,而机械抗弯强度有显著提高。     

有色合金的热弹性马氏体相变及其应用

综述本文作者及其合作者对有色合金的热弹性马氏体相变及其在形状记忆中应用的已发表的工作。在热力学研究、M_s 及 A_s 计算的基础上,本文提出材料中发生热弹性马氏体相变的必需条件。扼要总结我们对 Ni-Ti 及 Cu-Zn-Al 合金中的相变及形状记忆效应的工作。     

冷热循环对Ni─Ti形状记忆合金马氏体相变及形状记忆效应的影响

通过电阻及回复特性的测定,研究了在冷热循环条件下ＮｉＴｉ形状记忆合金记忆效应的稳定性问题。实验结果表明：对不同的ＮｉＴｉ合金固溶处理后,冷热循环对其形状记忆效应均产生影响。但时该合金在再结晶温度下时效处理或退火,冷热循环对其相变温度几乎均不产生影响。同时对产生以上规律的内在机制进行了初步探讨。     

Cu-Zn-Al合金中马氏体相变的动态观察

Cu70Zn26Al4合金中存在马氏体转变,高压电镜(1000kV)和分析电镜的观察表明,在室温下的平衡母相为β’相(DO_3型),有部份淬火马氏体、表面马氏体存在,还有少量的γ相。在相变过程内,样品中有微裂纹产生和扩展;在冷却实验中,马氏体以母相的(101)面为基面,新相结构为M12R+2H型,没有择优取向问题。在应力诱发马氏体相变中,马氏体以母相的(110)面为基面,新相结构为M18R,存在择优取向问题。在冷却实验中和应力诱发马氏体相变中,都存在β相的预转变,预马氏体的9R和12H衍射极大。在应力诱发马氏体相变中,预马氏体的出现与否与应力施加的速率有关。     

Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni合金在γ+α'复相状态下的形状记忆效应

用Ｘ射线衍射和ＴＥＭ方法研究了Ｆｅ－１４Ｍｎ－５Ｓｉ－９Ｃｒ－５Ｎｉ合金的应变诱发γ→ε和γ→α’马氏体相变行为,测试了几种合金为单相奥氏体以及奥氏体加α‘马氏体复相原始组织的形状记忆效应。探讨预应变前原始组织中存在的α’马氏体对形状记忆效应的作用。实验结果证实,这些合金从奥氏体加一定体积分数的α‘马氏体复相组织开始预应变,加热逆相变形状回复后,具有更高的形状回复率。     

铁/镍基奥氏体多晶合金晶界弯曲研究进展

对于在高温环境服役的金属材料,晶界作为组织结构上的薄弱环节常常引发晶界裂纹而造成合金失效,严重影响了材料的高温力学性能表现。因而,如何改善晶界状态、提高晶界强度,是提高合金高温性能的关键。在铁/镍基奥氏体多晶合金中,采用晶界弯曲的方法强化晶界、改善合金性能一直受到国内外研究人员的广泛关注。从弯曲晶界的获得方法、形成机制及其对材料性能的影响3个方面概述了目前国内外的研究现状。较为全面地总结了特殊热处理与材料合金化等获得弯曲晶界的方法;讨论了不同合金中晶界第二相诱发晶界弯曲的驱动力和内在机理;介绍了弯曲晶界对材料力学性能、耐蚀性能及焊接性能的影响。最后,结合当前的研究现状,围绕弯曲晶界的形成条件和机制,以及弯曲晶界对性能的影响,提出了弯曲晶界未来的研究发展方向。      

Ti-Ni-Ce合金的相变行为及其形状记忆效应

通过示差扫描量热仪(DSC)等试验手段,系统分析了添加稀土元素Ce后所形成的Ti-Ni-Cex(x＝2 at%、3 at%、4 at%)系合金的相变行为和形状记忆效应,以及相变温度和相变潜热与稀土含量之间的关系.研究结果表明,相变温度(Ms,Mf,As,Af)受稀土含量的影响较大,总的趋势是先升高后下降,然后有稍微升高;而对相变潜热(马氏体相变潜热ΔHB2M、逆马氏体相变潜热ΔHMB2)的影响,则是随着稀土元素Ce含量的升高呈现上升的趋势;稀土的添加使Ti-Ni二元合金的相变滞后明显变窄,但与稀土的含量没有明显关系.研究发现,添加稀土后Ti-Ni形状记忆合金优良的形状记忆效应没有改变,而相变温度却有明显的提高.     

Cu-Zn合金的形状记忆效应

通过扭转法和电阻测量法对Cu-Zn合金的形状记忆效应进行了实验研究。发现在M_s点以上,不存在热弹性马氏体的情况下,由应力诱发马氏体可以引起形状记忆效应。另外,在M_s点以下有热弹性马氏体的情况下,根据实验结果可以证明,应力诱发马氏体在形状记忆效应中仍然起主要作用。     

Cu-Al-Mn形状记忆合金的热循环特性

通过电阻-温度曲线测量、金相组织观察和X射线衍射分析研究了热循环对高M_(?)点Cu-11.9Al-2.5Mn(质量分数,％)形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响。研究结果显示该合金在热循环过程中相变点下降,但仍有较高的高温稳定性和耐热性。这是由于合金马氏体结构(β=89.6°)与N18R非常接近,抑制了M18R→N18R的转变过程与循环中位错积累共同作用的结果,而两者实质上都与有序度的改变有关。     

Martensitic stabilization and defects induced by deformation in TiNi shape memory alloys

Martensitic stabilization caused by deformation in a TiNi shape memory alloy was studied.Special attention was paid to the deformed microstructures to identify the cause of martensitic stabilization.Martensitic stabilization was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry for the tensioned TiNi shape memory alloy.Transmission electron microscopy revealed that antiphase boundaries were formed because of the fourfold dissociation of[110]B19'super lattice dislocations and were preserved after reverse transformation due to the lattice correspondence.Martensitic stabilization was attributed to dislocations induced by deformation,which reduced the ordering degree of the microstructure,spoiled the reverse path from martensite to parent phase compared with thermoelastic transformation,and imposed resistance on phase transformation through the stress field.     

Co-Al二元系中的fcc/hcp马氏体相变和形状记忆效应

It is known that pure Co undergoes martensitic transformation from γ phase (fcc) to ε phase (hcp) by the movement of a/6<112> Shockley partial dislocations at around 400 ℃, however, there have been few systematic works on the SM effect in Co and Co-based alloys. In this study, the fcc/hcp martensitic transformation and the SM effect were investigated in Co-Al binary alloys(mole fraction of Al=0～16%).The γ/ε martensitic transformation temperatures were found from the DSC measurements to decrease with increasing Al content, while the transformation temperature hystereses were observed to increase from 60 ℃ at x(Al)=0 to 150 ℃at x(Al)= 16%. The SM effect evaluated by a conventional bending test was enhanced by the addition of Al over 4%(mole fraction) and Co-Al alloys containing over 10%(mole fraction) exhibit a good SM effect associated with the hcp →fcc reverse transformation above 200 ℃. The SM effect was significantly improved by precipitation ofβ (B2) phase and the maximal shape recovery strain of 2. 2% was obtained, which can be explained by precipitation hardening. The crystallographic orientations between theβ, ε and γ phases were also determined. Finally, the magnetic properties were investigated and it was found that the Curie temperature and saturation magnetization of Co-14% Al(mole fraction) are 690 ℃and 120 emu/g, respectively. It is concluded that the Co-Al alloys hold promise as new high-temperature and ferromagnetic SM alloys.     

Fe对Ni-Mn-Ga形状记忆合金相变和力学性能的影响

研究了Fe含量对Ni₅₆Mn_25-xFe_xGa₁₉(x=0~10)合金的微观组织结构、相变行为、力学性能和记忆特性的影响规律.当x ≤ 4时,Ni₅₆Mn_25-xFe_xGa₁₉合金仍然保持着单一的四方结构马氏体相;当x ≥ 6时,合金呈现为马氏体相和面心立方γ相组成的双相结构.相对于马氏体相,γ相为富Ni和富Fe相,其含量随Fe含量的增加而增加.随着Fe含量增加,合金的马氏体相变温度逐渐降低,其峰值温度从x=0时的356℃降低至x=10时的170℃,这主要归因于马氏体相尺寸因素和电子浓度的综合作用.通过添加Fe替代Mn在合金中引入的γ相可提高合金的强度和塑性,但最大形状记忆回复应变从x=0时的5.0%降低到x=6时的2.0%.     

Cu基形状记忆合金的阻尼及记忆效应的应用

综合回顾了Cu基形状记忆合金的研究发展现状,并概述了其阻尼机制及分类,分析了Cu-Al、Cu-Zn系合金的阻尼能力和影响因素,并介绍了Cu基形状记忆合金的应用,提出了其应用推广前要解决的问题.最后给出了一些应用实例.     

应用微机测定形状记忆合金的相变点

介绍采用微机系统测定形状记忆合金相变点，绘制相变的温度－时间、电阻－时间和温度－电阻曲线。实现曲线的自动存储、分析和打印，并自动进行数据处理的方法。这种方法较X－Y函数记录仪法有精度高、数据处理快、查询方便等诸多优点，有效降低了人为因素的影响。系统采用VB语言开发，部分应用了VC中的动态链接库函数，还可与Access数据构成了一个实用的查询系统。     

织构对Cu-Al-Mn系形状记忆合金内耗的影响

In-situ observations on α/γ phase transformation were made to study the effects of grain boundary microstructures on the formation of a new phase and the migration of α/γ interphase boundary in an iron4. 2%Cr alloy. It was found that triple junctions with more random boundaries could be the primary nucleation sites for a new phase, while triple junctions with low angle or low ∑ coincidence boundaries did not play any role as preferential sites. The migration of α/γ interphase boundary during heating over the transformation temperature range showed the two stage behaviour characterized by a stage with a migration velocity of 0. 33-0. 75 mm/s and secondly by a stage with 3. 7-7. 6 mm/s. It was also found that abnormal grain growth and a high density of ∑3 coincidence boundaries could occur in a phase with bcc structure after cycling of α/γ phase transformation. A new mechanism of nucleation and growth of a new phase in α/γ phase transformation is proposed on the basis of roles of plane-matching interphase boundaries, as previously discussed on the origin of anisotropy of grain growth due to the migration of {110} plane-matching boundaries in Fe-3z%Si alloy. The most recent theoretical work on the distribution of plane-matching boundaries in solids with different crystal structures was found to be useful for the understanding of nucleation and growth during α/γ phase transformation.     

Ni-Ga-Fe-Co铁磁形状记忆合金的磁性转变和马氏体相变

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) such as NiMnGa, FePd and FePt are attractive as a new magnetic actuator material. They show a large magnetic-field-induced strain of 3% - 9% due to the variant rearrangement. Recently, the present authors have reported that in the Ni-Ga-Fe alloy the martensitic transformationfrom the B2 and/or the L21 structures into a seven-layer or five-layer modulated structure occurs upon cooling. In this alloy system, however, it is impossible to obtain a martensite phase at RT with a Curie temperature (To) higher than 100℃. In this work, the effects of substitution of Co for Ni on the martensitic and magnetic transformations, crystal structures and phase equilibria in Ni-Ca-Fe alloys were studied. Ni-Ga-Fe-Co alloys were prepared by induction melting under an argon atmosphere. Small pieces of specimens were taken from the ingot and homogenized at 1433 K for 24 h followed by quenching in water. The obtained specimens were aged at 773 K for 24 h and then quenched. The compositions of each phase were determined by energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (El)X). The martensitic transformation temperatures and Tc were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement. The crystal structure of martensite phase was observed by X-ray diffractmeter (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Curie temperature Tc was increased with increasing Co content while the martensitic transformation temperature slightly decreased. In the Ni(54-x) Ga27 Fe19 Cox, Tc increases from 303 K to 408 K with increasing CO content from x=0 to x=6. The crystal structure of the martensite phase and the phase equiribria in the Ni-Fe-Ga-Co alloys will be also presented.     

Thermo-mechanical effects caused by martensite formation in powder metallurgy FeMnSiCrNi shape memory alloys

The paper reports solution treatment (ST) and mechanical alloying (MA) effects on the structure and static/dynamic mechanical behaviour of PM-MA’ed FeMnSiCrNi shape memory alloys associated with the formation of thermally and stress-induced martensite. The specimens were subjected to tensile pre-straining, in order to stress induce martensite and their gauges were cut and prepared for X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as for optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns allowed determining the presence of large amounts of α′-body centred cubic (bcc) besides ε-hexagonal close packed (hcp) martensite and γ-face centred cubic (fcc) austenite. The decrease in the amount of α′-bcc at specimens ST’ed at 1273 and 1373?K, with increasing pre-straining degree, was confirmed by XRD patterns and SEM micrographs. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed by strain sweeps (SS). The SS-DMA graphs displayed storage modulus plateaux which were associated with the formation of ε-hcp martensite.