Fuel demand on UK roads and dieselisation of fuel economy

Because of high oil prices, and climate change policy, governments are now seeking ways to improve new car fuel economy thus contributing to air quality and energy security. One strategy is to increase dieselisation rates of the vehicle fleet. Recent trends in fuel economy show improvement since 1995, however, efforts need to go further if the EU Voluntary Agreement targets on CO₂ (a greenhouse gas emission standard) are to be achieved. Trends show diesel car sales have accelerated rapidly and that the advantage of new car fuel economy of diesel cars over gasoline ones is narrowing posing a new challenge. We estimate the demand for new car fuel economy in the UK. In the long-run consumers buy fuel economy, but not in the short-run. We found that long-term income and price changes were the main drivers to achieve improvements particularly for diesel cars and that there is no break in the trend of fuel economy induced by the agreement adopted in the 1990s. Policy should target more closely both consumer choice of, and use of, diesel cars.     

An evaluation of the alternative transport fuel policies for Turkey

The search for alternative fuels and new fuel resources is a top priority for Turkey, as is the case in the majority of countries throughout the world. The fuel policies pursued by governmental or civil authorities are of key importance in the success of alternative fuel use, especially for widespread and efficient use. Following the 1973 petroleum crisis, many users in Turkey, especially in transportation sector, searched for alternative fuels and forms of transportation. Gasoline engines were replaced with diesel engines between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s. In addition, natural gas was introduced to the Turkish market for heating in the early 1990s. Liquid petroleum gas was put into use in the mid-1990s, and bio-diesel was introduced into the market for transportation in 2003. However, after long periods of indifference governmental action, guidance and fuel policies were so weak that they did not make sense. Entrepreneurs and users experienced great economical losses and lost confidence in future attempts to search for other possible alternatives. In the present study, we will look at the history of alternative fuel use in the recent past and investigate the alternative engine fuel potential of Turkey, as well as introduce possible future policies based on experience.     

CO2 emissions change from the sales authorization of diesel passenger cars: Korean case study

The climatic change is a matter of grave concern to the whole world. As a countermeasure against the climatic change convention, the Korean government has authorized the sale of diesel passenger cars since 2005. In this paper, we analyze the effects of the sales authorization of diesel passenger cars in its role as a countermeasure. Their share, carbon emissions, and pollutant emissions of each type of passenger car are analyzed using system dynamics. The result is that the carbon emissions are decreased by 5.4% but the pollutant emissions are increased by 5%. If the pollutant emissions are controlled, the sales authorization of diesel passenger cars would be a good countermeasure against the climatic change convention.     

TDR系列柴油机燃料燃烧改进剂的研究

本文阐述了TDR系列燃烧改进剂的性能与组成、作用与应用及其改善柴油机燃烧过程的机理.该系列添加剂系为无灰、均一、透明油溶性液体,以0.03%(v/v)加入轻柴油后,油耗率可下降2～5%,最高燃烧压力可下降3%,十三点工况有害排放物分别下降9～30%,十六烷值可提高3～4个单位.     

Determinants of households’ space heating type: A discrete choice analysis for German households

Considering the increasing attention on efficient use of energy, it becomes vitally important to understand the energy-related behavior of households. This article presents empirical evidence on the determinants of the space heating technology applied by a household. Three sets of variables are examined as potential influences—building, socio-economic, and regional characteristics. To highlight both the differences and similarities, the results are obtained from a sample of house owners, and from a sample including all households. The influence of socio-economic factors is similar across these groups. Income is found to exert only a minor impact on the system choice. Dwelling features are significant in determining the heating type, particularly in the sample including all households. Regional effects are important—clear differences prevail between East and West Germany.     

直喷式柴油机气缸内喷雾贯穿及分布的研究

本文建立了燃油喷过程及气缸内喷雾特性的统一计算模型。考虑了燃油喷射、气缸内空气运动和燃烧室结构对喷雾贯穿及分布的影响。     

一种实用的汽车燃料经济性分析法

通过汽车动力计算得出汽车在高速状态下发动机扭矩输出公式,并结合两种发动机的万有特性曲线,模拟计算出汽车等速百公里燃油消耗特性。结合汽车经济性分析实例,提出了几点发动机与汽车性能配套的建议。     

降低6DS—18A柴油机燃油消耗率的研究

讨论了６ＤＳ－１８Ａ柴油机性能改善的主要措施，通过气缸盖气道的改进设计，减少流动阻力，提高通流系数和涡流比，改善了燃烧过程；同时采用ＮＲ１５／４增压器工替ＶＴＲ１６１增压器，提高了涡轮增压器效率，从而使６ＤＳ－１８Ａ柴油机的燃油消耗率下降１２ｇ／ｋＷ．ｈ。     

棉籽油及其甲酯作柴油机燃料的试验研究

本文就棉籽油及其甲酯的燃料特性、相应的柴油机性能以及植物油酯的制备等进行了研究。研究表明棉籽油甲酯是一种比棉籽油更好的柴油机代用燃料。     

柴油机燃油添加剂研究发展综述

综合介绍了柴油燃料添加剂的目前研究与应用状况,并对各类添加剂作用机理的研究现状作了较为全面的阐述;同时指出柴油添加剂的今后发展方向。     

桑塔纳2000Gsi型轿车配置电喷LPG系统的开发与研究

介绍了一种车用液化石油气系统,并在桑塔纳电喷发动机轿车上做了大量的匹配试验,使该车在基本保持原有性能的前提下,记了排放达到了欧洲2号标准,其中的主要工作根据现行车辆的特点、本地的气候及液化石油气成分系统的标定和匹配车用LPG装置的各种参数,使其在性能和排放上都达到较好的指标,     

高速柴油机喷油过程的测试研究

叙述了柴油机喷油过程微机测试的装置和原理，并综合分析了６１３０Ｑ柴油机喷油过程的实测结果、示功图、燃烧规律及性能曲线等。     

三孔喷油嘴柴油机燃烧系统的试验研究

摘要本文介绍一种三孔喷油嘴直喷式柴油机燃烧系统.试验证明,只要该系统的油束、燃烧室、缸内空气运动匹配合理,就可获得良好的经济性能指标.     

An analysis of gasoline demand elasticities at the national and local levels in Mexico

The majority of evidence on gasoline demand elasticities is derived from models based on national data. Since the largest growth in population is now taking place in cities in the developing world it is important that we understand whether this national evidence is applicable to demand conditions at the local level. The aim of this paper is to estimate and compare gasoline per vehicle demand elasticities at the national and local levels in Mexico. National elasticities with respect to price, income, vehicle stock and metro fares are estimated using both a time series cointegration model and a panel GMM model for Mexican states. Estimates for Mexico City are derived by modifying national estimates according to mode shares as suggested by Graham and Glaister (2006), and by estimating a panel Within Groups model with data aggregated by borough. Although all models agree on the sign of the elasticities the magnitudes differ greatly. Elasticities change over time and differ between the national and local levels, with smaller price responses in Mexico City. In general, price elasticities are smaller than those reported in the gasoline demand surveys, a pattern previously found in developing countries. The fact that income and vehicle stock elasticities increase over time may suggest that vehicles are being used more intensively in recent years and that Mexico City residents are purchasing larger vehicles. Elasticities with respect to metro fares are negligible, which suggests little substitution between modes. Finally, the fact that fuel efficiency elasticities are smaller than vehicle stock elasticities suggests that vehicle stock size, rather than its composition, has a larger impact on gasoline consumption in Mexico City.     

高速大功率柴油机试验室的设计

本文以济南柴油机厂新建柴油机试验室为例,阐述现代化柴油机试验室对柴油机开发工作的作用。介绍了该厂新建试验室的概况和有关系统的设计与测试结果,并对试验室的设备、仪器作了介绍。     

柴油机多效燃油助燃剂的研究及应用

柴油机等热能动力装置每年要消耗大量的柴油和重油，而且排气冒黑烟也较严重。为此，开发研制出一种具有节能、净化、防腐等功能的柴油及重油助燃剂。研究结果表明：该助燃剂应用于柴油的综合平均节油率为２．５％以上，应用于重油为５％～１０％；烟度降低２５％以上：并且还具有减少燃烧系统积炭，降低ＣＯ及ＨＣ的有害排放量，改善燃油品质和使用性能，提高抗腐蚀能力等功能。     

清洁燃料F-T柴油在柴油机中应用的研究

煤和含碳资源通过F—T合成可以获得十六烷值高、硫和芳香烃含量极低的F—T柴油。综述了F—T柴油的特性及其对排放的影响,并就F—T柴油和常规柴油在柴油机中的燃烧和排放特性进行了比较。与常规柴油相比：F-T柴油的滞燃期缩短了约14％～30％,预混燃烧放热峰值较低,最高燃烧压力略低,法规排放和非法规有毒排放都得到了大幅度降低,其中NOx和PM分别平均降低了13％和26％。因此,F-T柴油是一种优秀的清洁代用燃料。最后指出了F—T柴油在发动机中应用时在润滑性能、低温性能和与浸油弹性体兼容性等方面存在的问题,并探讨了解决途径。     

Structure and impacts of fuel economy standards for passenger cars in China

By the end of 2006, there were about 24 million total passenger cars on the roads in China, nearly three times as many as in 2001. To slow the increase in energy consumption by these cars, China began implementing passenger car fuel economy standards in two phases beginning in 2005. Phase 1 fuel consumption limits resulted in a sales-weighted new passenger car average fuel consumption decrease of about 11%, from just over 9 l/100 km to approximately 8 l/100 km, from 2002 to 2006. However, we project that upon completion of Phase 2 limits in 2009, the average fuel consumption of new passenger cars in China may drop only by an additional 1%, to approximately 7.9 l/100 km. This is due to the fact that a majority of cars sold in 2006 already meets the stricter second phase fuel consumption limits. Simultaneously, other trends in the Chinese vehicle market, including increases in average curb weight and increases in standards-exempt imported vehicles, threaten to offset the efficiency gains achieved from 2002 to 2006. It is clear that additional efforts and policies beyond Phase 2 fuel consumption limits are required to slow and, ultimately, reverse the trend of rapidly rising energy consumption and greenhouse gases from China's transportation sector.