Using an energy flow chart to analyze Jiangsu Province’s energy balance

Since the start of economic reform in 1979, Jiangsu Province has become one of the most developed regions in China. To ensure adequate energy supply and sustainable development of economy and environment, it is necessary to analyze Jiangsu Province’s energy balance. The energy flow chart is taken as a useful tool for sorting out and displaying energy statistics data. The purpose of this paper is to draft the Jiangsu Province’s energy flow chart for 2009, which is used to study the characteristics of energy production and consumption in Jiangsu Province. We find that: (1) In 2009, energy imported from other regions accounted for 96.1% of the total primary energy supply. However, its energy supply mainly came from coal. (2) Jiangsu thermal power and heating efficiencies in 2009 were higher than those of Guangdong and China in 2007. However, its coal processing and petroleum refineries efficiencies in 2009 were lower than those of Guangdong and China in 2007. (3) Electricity supply in Jiangsu Province mainly depended on thermal power, which accounted for 88.97% of the total electricity supply. However, 96.36% fuel for thermal power was coal. (4) The share of final energy consumption of the secondary industrial sector was 81.28% in 2009.     

2008年中国能源流分析

依据近期公布的2008年中国能源平衡表绘制了中国能源流图、分析了中国能源流状况,并依据IEA2010年出版的有关能源统计资料介绍了中国在世界能源发展中的位置。     

2012年中国能源流分析

根据2012年中国能源平衡表更新了中国能源流图,按类别概述了中国能源生产、供给和消费及其在部门间的转换和流动状况,简要分析了全国能源生产和消费的区域布局或跨区流动情况,并介绍了中国在世界能源发展中的地位。     

2005年中国能流图

本文参照美国能源信息署(EIA)的能流图结构,以适当简化和调整后的中国能源平衡表为主要数据来源,绘制了2005年中国能流图,并对该图展示的主要信息进行了简要评述。     

基于能源平衡表的中国能流图

能流图作为国家或地区能源统计数据的整理和展示工具,目前已在国际上得到广泛应用,但在我国的应用尚少。本文参照当前国际上普遍采用的能流图结构,适当调整了中国能源平衡表中的分类,并以其为主要数据来源绘制了2003年和2004年的中国能流图。通过与能源平衡表的比较,归纳了能流图所具有的若干优势。结果表明,能流图不但能够直观、定量地展示能源供应、转换和使用数量的全貌,而且可以揭示各个环节的能源利用效率水平,还便于同其他国家能流图进行比较。     

The driving forces of China׳s energy use from 1992 to 2010: An empirical study of input–output and structural decomposition analysis

The energy consumption in China has accelerated since the early 2000s, and China became the largest energy consumer in the world by 2010. To examine the driving forces of China׳s energy use, this paper conducts a structural decomposition analysis based on hybrid input–output tables. In addition, we describe the framework of China׳s energy system by using two energy flow charts. The results show that China׳s current energy use is investment-led demand. Between 1992 and 2007, the three main final-demand categories – gross fixed capital formation, household consumption and exports – contributed approximately one-third each to the changes of total energy use in China. Between 2007 and 2010, however, three-quarters of energy consumption changes came from investment activity only. Technological improvement saved approximately five percent of the total energy use annually during the periods of 1992–1997, 1997–2002 and 2007–2010. In the period of 2002–2007, however, its contribution dropped to only three percent p.a. due to the rise of the indirect energy requirement coefficient in the construction sector. These results suggest that adjusting the final demand structure and improving energy efficiency further will meet China׳s energy challenges in the future.     

Co-ordination of material and energy balances as a basis of combustion process optimization

Difficulties in the optimization of combustion processes are usually connected with errors in measurement. In this paper the method of co-ordination of material balances is employed to reduce these errors. the measured and calculated results for the combustion of coal are presented.     

2010年中国能源流分析

依据近期公布的2010年中国能源平衡表以及其他资料绘制了中国能流图,分析了中国能源流状况及全国能源生产和消费的区域布局,并介绍了中国在世界能源发展格局中的地位。     

企业能源统计的现状与分析

介绍了企业能源统计的现状,阐明企业能源统计是企业和政府进行节能管理的重要手段,能源统计是能源管理的基础.强调通过完善企业的能源统计管理工作,建立能源数据中心及能源信息化对当前的节能工作具有重要意义.     

管件在电站锅炉制造中的应用

本文阐述了三通、过渡管和弯头等管件产品在电站锅炉制造中的应用及制造工艺。     

China's ongoing energy efficiency drive: Origins,progress and prospects

In 2004 China's government launched a vigorous programme to reverse the trend of rising national energy intensity and to reduce intensity by 20% over the period 2006–2010. The aim of this paper is to examine this programme in the context of nearly 30 years of measures to enhance energy efficiency in China, and thus to evaluate the likelihood that today's policies will yield improvements over a longer period. The country achieved a sustained decline of energy intensity in the period 1980–2001 but this trend was reversed in 2002. This reversal arose from a shift in the structure of the economy to more energy-intensive industries and from a decline in the rate of technical innovation. The measures taken since 2003 have been directed principally at energy-intensive industries, but have also addressed other sectors of the economy. Though the energy intensity target for the year 2010 may be achieved, greater efforts will be needed to address a number of constraints which include: the reluctance to use economic and financial instruments; the dependency of energy policy on industrial and social policies; the nature of political decision-making and of public administration; a shortage of skills; and social attitudes to energy.     

The energy intensity target in China's 11th Five-Year Plan period—Local implementation and achievements in Shanxi Province

Facing the mounting pressure on energy security and increasing environmental concerns about air pollution and climate change, the Chinese government set a mandatory goal of 20% reduction of energy intensity in its 11th Five-Year Plan period (FYP, 2006–2010). In this paper we use Shanxi province to illustrate how policies and measures are implemented in practice at a provincial level as a response to the National FYP issued by the central government. Local policies are described and their effects are analyzed. We compare reported energy saving achievements with our own estimates and conclude that the achievements in Shanxi probably have been substantial since the start of the 11th FYP period. The most important measures taken by provincial and local governments seem to be in the secondary sector, such as Top-200/Top-1000 program and phasing out outdated technologies. However, Shanxi has still a long way to go to achieve satisfactory energy use. Further improvement of energy intensity will require continuing efforts. Although many measures are necessary, improving the energy efficiency in heavy industries and reducing the dependence on these industries should be particularly effective.     

Energy conservation investments: A comparison between China and the US

Growth in energy consumption in China has soared from 2001 to 2004, driven largely by a booming economy and heavy investment in infrastructure and housing. In response, China has poured billions of dollars of investment in building power plants—at a rate of one large power plant (1000 MW) per week. In fact, China in 2004 has added the entire generating capacity of California or Spain in a single year. In contrast, investment in energy conservation projects has weakened considerably in recent years. This paper examines trends in energy efficiency investments in China and the US. The comparison highlights the potential of energy conservation investments in addressing China's current energy crisis as well as the inadequacy of such investments in China. Finally, the paper outlines a few scenarios for appropriate levels of investments in energy efficiency in China in the future.     

The impacts of energy prices on energy intensity: Evidence from China

In this paper, we present a review of the deregulation of energy prices in China between 1985 and 2004 and assess the impacts of changes in energy prices on aggregate energy intensity and coal/oil/electricity intensity. We used time series data to provide estimates of energy price elasticities. Empirical results showed that: (1) The own-price elasticities of coal, oil, and aggregate energy were negative in periods both before and after 1995, implying that higher relative prices of different energy types lead to the decrease in coal, oil, and aggregate energy intensities. However, the positive own-price elasticity of electricity after 1995 probably indicates that the price effect was weaker than other factors such as income effect and population effect. (2) The impacts of energy prices were asymmetric over time. (3) Sectoral adjustment also drove the decrease in aggregate energy intensity. Although raising energy prices to boost efficiency of energy use seems to be an effective policy tool, other policy implications concerned with energy prices, such as energy supply security and fuel poverty, must also be considered.     

Government expenditure and energy intensity in China

The recent economic stimulus package of China has raised growing concern about its potential impact on energy demand and efficiency. To what extent does such expansion of government expenditure influence energy intensity? This question has not been well answered by the previous research. Using provincial panel data, this paper provides some evidence of a link between government expenditure and energy intensity in China. The empirical results demonstrate that the expansion of government expenditure since Asian financial crisis has exerted a significant influence on energy intensity. An increase in government expenditure in China leads to an increase in energy intensity. Further analysis compares such relationships in different economic situations. The comparison shows that such positive effect of government expenditure remains significant after the alteration in economic situation. Therefore, the results suggest introducing some measures to consolidate China's existing gains in energy efficiency. The analysis also explains why the downward trend in energy intensity is reversed in China since 2002.     

Energy and environmental balance of biogas for dual-fuel mobile applications

Considerable research is currently being devoted to seeking alternative fuels to comply with transportation needs while reducing the environmental impact of this sector. Within the transport activity sector, on road vehicles and agricultural machinery require around 2 Mtoe energy in France. The anaerobic digestion of farm waste could roughly cover these needs. This paper aims to study the environmental and energy interest of this short power supply path. An ideal biogas production system has been built up from the average characteristics of current rural biogas plants in France. Pollutant emissions, energy demands and production are assessed for various scenarios in order to produce methane for dual fuel engines. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate the environmental impact of dual fuel agricultural machines, compared to diesel engines. The energy balance is always in disfavour of biogas fuel, whereas LCA energy indicators indicate a benefit for biogas production. This gap is related to the way in which the input of biomass energy is handled: in conventional biofuel LCA, this energy is not taken into account. A carbon balance is then presented to discuss the impact of biogas on climate change. Dual fuel engines were found to be interesting for their small impact. We also show, however, how the biogenic carbon assumption and the choice of allocation for the avoided methane emissions of anaerobic digestion are crucial in quantifying CO₂ savings. Other environmental issues of biogas fuel were examined. Results indicate that are management and green electricity are the key points for a sustainable biogas fuel. It is concluded that biofuel environmental damage is reduced if energy needs during biofuel production are covered by the production process itself. As agricultural equipment is used during the biofuel production process, this implies that a high substitution rate should be used for this equipment.     

Assessment of China's energy-saving and emission-reduction accomplishments and opportunities during the 11th Five Year Plan

From 1980 to 2002, China experienced a 5% average annual reduction in energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP). With a dramatic reversal of this historic relationship, energy intensity increased 5% per year during 2002–2005. China's 11th Five Year Plan (FYP) set a target of reducing energy intensity by 20% by 2010. This paper assesses selected policies and programs that China has instituted to fulfill the national goal, finding that China made substantial progress and many of the energy-efficiency programs appear to be on track to meet – or in some cases exceed – their energy-saving targets. Most of the Ten Key Projects, the Top-1000 Program, and the Small Plant Closure Program will meet or surpass the 11th FYP savings goals. China's appliance standards and labeling program has become very robust. China has greatly enhanced its enforcement of new building energy standards but energy-efficiency programs for buildings retrofits, as well as the goal of adjusting China's economic structure, are failing. It is important to maintain and strengthen the existing energy-saving policies and programs that are successful while revising programs or adding new policy mechanisms to improve the programs that are not on track to achieve the stated goals.     

C3 and C4 plant species as energy sources and their potential impact on environment and climate

Careful selection of crop species, amoung other aspects, is very helpful in enhancing energy production by way of increased biomass yields from agricultural land. A wide range of C₃ and C₄ plant species has been introduced and investigated for their environmental and climatic impact. The results indicate already that some perennial C₄ crop species posses high yield potential, lower erosion-index, better CO₂ reduction rates and need less fertilizer, water and chemicals.     

BIOETHANOL

Bioethanol or its derivatives (ethers), are mixed with petrol for use in combustion engines. Suitably adapted diesel or spark ignition engines can be used with pure eihanol. Several years of experience, in the USA (since 1978) and in France, have proved that bioethanol can be added to gasoline up to 5-10% without modification of engines or of their performances.

In France, ethyl alcohol or ethanol is obtained mainly by fermentation of farm crops which have a high sugar content (beet) or starch content (cereals, potatoes..)

In ihe future, it will be possible to obtain eihanol by suing the whole plant (wood and straw) and transforming the cellulose and hemicellulose into elementary sugars (C5, C6) by enzymatic hydrolysis. Research work is underway in this field.

The ether considered here is ETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether), obtained from the reaction between isobutylene and ethanol.     

高炉能量平衡和熥平衡分析

利用黑、白箱模型分析法,对某300m3高炉进行了以实测数据为依据的分析,并对高炉能量平衡和平衡进行了对比分析,指出了高炉的节能方向和途径．