Easy determination of the addition of soybean proteins to heat-processed meat products prepared with turkey meat or pork-turkey meat blends that could also contain milk proteins

The addition of non-meat proteins to processed meat products is limited by regulations. Therefore, this work has investigated the determination of added soybean proteins in commercial heat-processed meat products prepared with turkey meat or pork-turkey meat blends that could also contain milk proteins. The method consisted of extracting proteins from the meat products in a Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8) and analysing the extract by high-performance liquid chromatography with a linear gradient water-acetonitrile containing 0.05% (v/v) TFA. This method enabled the detection and quantitation of up to 0.08 and 0.28% (w/w), respectively, of soybean proteins (related to 6 g initial product) in these products. Satisfactory precision and recovery data were established. Accuracy was evaluated by a comparison of soybean protein contents determined by the proposed method and the existing AOAC official method based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from which no statistically significant differences were observed.     

非肉蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白及肉品品质影响的研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白的乳化特性和凝胶特性对食品的质地、风味及感官特性都极为重要。非肉蛋白由于具有较高营养价值及价格低廉的优势,逐渐成为肉制品中外源添加物的更好选择。本文主要综述非肉蛋白的添加对肌原纤维蛋白乳化和凝胶体系稳定性的影响,进一步分析非肉蛋白对肉制品品质的影响,旨在为非肉蛋白改善肉制品品质提供理论指导,进而为非肉蛋白在食品中的应用提供理论参考。     

Detection of allergenic additives in processed meat products

Allergic responses to food components are an increasing problem all over the world. It is therefore important to protect people who are vulnerable to food allergens against accidental and unintended consumption of products containing allergic ingredients. The meat industry commonly uses various allergic additives in the production of processed products, such as legumes (soy, peas, beans), milk and egg preparations, cereals containing gluten (wheat, rye, barley and oats), and spices (celery and mustard). These meat additives have specific technological properties, which help to create a texture or flavor profile, or affect the nutritional value, although some of them, such as soy, mustard, milk and egg white proteins, can cause severe allergic reactions. The aim of this paper is to discuss the application of various recently established methods of detection of allergenic additives in processed meat products – for instance cold cuts and sausages. The new methods are based mainly on protein, DNA, and isoflavones or phytic acid analysis. The article also characterizes the latest trends in the development of research on methods that would enable quick and reliable identification of targeted allergens in meat products. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

植物蛋白在动物肉糜类制品中的应用现状及研究进展

植物蛋白添加到肉糜制品中，既可以缓解因肉类消费增加带来的环境保护压力，还可以满足消费者对动物福利和自身营养健康的需求。同时，还可以通过植物蛋白的加入调控肉糜制品的品质，丰富产品类型。本文对近年来相关植物蛋白原料及其在肉糜制品中的应用进行综述。首先简要介绍常见的植物蛋白原料及其功能特性，其次分别重点阐述植物蛋白的加入对肉糜制品凝胶特性、持水性、色泽、风味及营养等品质的影响，以期为植物蛋白资源在肉糜制品中的应用与品质提升提供参考。     

Carrageenans and their use in meat products

Carrageenans are sulfated linear polysaccharides of D‐galactose and 3,6‐anhydro‐D‐galactose extracted from red seaweeds. They have been used by the food industry for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties, and more recently by the meat industry for reduced fat products. Meat is a complex system of muscle tissue, connective tissue, fat, and water; during processing, numerous interactions occur among all these components. These interactions are responsible for the functional properties of the meat system. In meat products, carrageenans contribute to gel formation and water retention. Their addition is of special interest in low‐fat meat products because fat reduction often leads to unacceptable, tough textures. When carrageenans are incorporated in these formulations, they improve the textural characteristics of the product by decreasing toughness and increasing juiciness. Although carrageenan interactions with milk proteins have been studied extensively, the mechanism by which carrageenans interact with meat proteins and the other meat components is not fully understood.     

A PCR assay to detect trace amounts of soybean in meat sausages

Soybean proteins are the most widely used source vegetable proteins in the meat industry because of several interesting characteristics. As soybean is included in the group of ingredients potentially allergenic, if not declared, it can be considered a hidden allergen, representing a potential risk to sensitised individuals. The aim of this work was to optimise and apply DNA‐based techniques for soybean detection in meat products, as alternative to the currently used protein‐based methods. The optimised polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol targeting the soybean lectin gene enabled the detection of the addition of 0.1% and 0.5% of hydrated textured protein, which corresponded to 0.01% and 0.06% (w/w) of soybean protein in unprocessed and heat‐processed pork meats, respectively. The established PCR technique, when applied to commercial meat sausages (eighteen samples), confirmed the presence of soybean declared in nine samples and indicated the presence of soybean in four samples with no labelled information about soybean. Additionally, the event‐specific PCR detection of Roundup Ready^® soybean was also performed, enabling the detection of transgenic DNA in three samples.     

Metabolomic approach for the detection of mechanically recovered meat in food products

Mechanically recovered meat (MRM) is generated by mechanical treatment of remnants following hand deboning. EU regulations exclude MRM from the definition of meat; as a consequence there is a need for robust analytical procedures to differentiate MRM from hand-deboned meat (HDM) and desinewed meat. Present study represents the development of an analytical platform for the detection of adulteration of meat products with MRM. Small molecular weight compounds were extracted from meat samples and analysed using GC–MS. Obtained metabolite profiles were modelled with OPLS-DA for the accurate classification of MRM, HDM and desinewed pork and chicken samples. Separation of three classes of products for fresh chicken and pork meat samples was achieved. In addition, the procedure also enabled proper prediction of samples not included in the model as well as pork commercial meat products. Compounds that could be potential markers for MRM detection in commercial products were also selected.     

Prevention of lipid oxidation in muscle foods by milk proteins and peptides: A review

Muscle foods (especially fresh meat, precooked, and restructured meat products) are highly prone to lipid oxidation, which ultimately leads to certain problems, viz. discoloration, off-flavor, drip losses, loss of essential fatty acids and vitamins, and generation of toxic products. These problems can be minimized with the help of various agents and or techniques such as use of natural/synthetic antioxidants, metal chelating agents, physical conditions, vacuum packaging, and encapsulation techniques. Among these, the role of synthetic antioxidants is quite debatable due to certain health risks to humans. Among the natural molecules, milk proteins and their bioactive peptides offer a promising potential for the meat industry. Various forms of milk proteins and peptides including caseinates, whey proteins, skim milk, and milk co-precipitates can be used to prevent lipid oxidation in meat products either in the form of added ingredients or as edible coatings. However, in addition to prevention of lipid oxidation, they also provide nutritional benefits and improve the technological processing and shelflife of meat and meat products. This review focuses on the utilization, mechanism of action, and efficacy of milk proteins and peptides to inhibit lipid oxidation in muscle food products.     

肌肉蛋白质乳化凝胶及保油保水性机理研究进展

肌肉蛋白质乳化及热诱导凝胶特性是肉糜类制品加工的基础,它直接关系到制品的流变学特性、质构、保油保水性和口感等。文中主要从分子及化学作用力角度简述了肌肉蛋白质乳化脂肪、热诱导凝胶及保油保水性机理,以期为乳化凝胶类肉制品加工提供一定的理论依据。     

Determination of soybean proteins in commercial heat-processed meat products prepared with chicken,beef or complex mixtures of meats from different species

The addition of foreign proteins (mainly soybean proteins and milk proteins) to heat-processed meat products is a common practice. This work approaches the determination of additions of soybean proteins in heat-processed meat products prepared with chicken meat, beef meat, and complex mixtures of meats from different species (chicken, pork, beef, and turkey) by perfusion reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The applied method was previously developed for the determination of soybean proteins in pork and turkey meat products but it has never been tested for the determination of soybean proteins in other heat-processed meat products containing other kinds of meats. This paper demonstrates the validity of this method for the detection of soybean proteins in heat-processed meat products containing different varieties of meats and even in the presence of other foreign proteins such as milk proteins. The specificity and existence of matrix interferences have been checked for these samples and accuracy has been evaluated by the comparison of the soybean protein contents determined by the proposed method and the official ELISA method.     

How meaty? Detection and quantification of adulterants,foreign proteins and food additives in meat products

The worldwide consumption of meat is increasing, especially in developing countries. Many studies have correlated a diet characterised by high intake of processed red meats with a risk of colorectal cancer, stroke, coronary heart diseases and diabetes. Moreover, the quality and safety of meat products may be compromised by several admitted and not admitted procedures (i.e. addition of food additives and/or foreign proteins). For these reasons, the topic ‘meat products’ quality and safety’ has gained much in importance during last few years. In this review, the recent advances in the field of analytical methods for the evaluation of meat adulteration due to the addition of foreign proteins and food additives are reported, compared and critically evaluated. Moreover, the most representative monitoring practices, developed worldwide, related to meats adulteration are described and discussed.     

Flavor challenges in extruded plant-based meat alternatives: A review

Demand for plant-based meat alternatives has increased in recent years due to concerns about health, ethics, the environment, and animal welfare. Nevertheless, the market share of plant-based meat alternatives must increase significantly if they are to support sustainable food production and consumption. Flavor is an important limiting factor of the acceptability and marketability of plant-based meat alternatives. Undesirable chemosensory perceptions, such as a beany flavor, bitter taste, and astringency, are often associated with plant proteins and products that use them. This study reviewed 276 articles to answer the following five research questions: (1) What are the volatile and nonvolatile compounds responsible for off-flavors? (2) What are the mechanisms by which these flavor compounds are generated? (3) What is the influence of thermal extrusion cooking (the primary structuring technique to transform plant proteins into fibrous products that resemble meat in texture) on the flavor characteristics of plant proteins? (4) What techniques are used in measuring the flavor properties of plant-based proteins and products? (5) What strategies can be used to reduce off-flavors and improve the sensory appeal of plant-based meat alternatives? This article comprehensively discusses, for the first time, the flavor issues of plant-based meat alternatives and the technologies available to improve flavor and, ultimately, acceptability.     

Effect of High Pressure on Physicochemical Properties of Meat

The application of high pressure offers some interesting opportunities in the processing of muscle-based food products. It is well known that high-pressure processing can prolong the shelf life of meat products in addition to chilling but the pressure-labile nature of protein systems limits the commercial range of applications. High pressure can affect the texture and gel-forming properties of myofibrillar proteins and, hence, has been suggested as a physical and additive-free alternative to tenderize and soften or restructure meat and fish products. However, the rate and magnitude at which pressure and temperature effects take place in muscles are variable and depend on a number of circumstances and conditions that are still not precisely known. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of high pressure on muscle tissue over a range of temperatures as it relates to meat texture, microstructure, color, enzymes, lipid oxidation, and pressure-induced gelation of myofibrillar proteins.     

Factors influencing meat emulsion properties and product texture: A review

Emulsion-based meat products play an important role in modern meat industry. Though meat batters have been prepared traditionally since long back in the history, the scientific principles and the knowhow are significantly important in the case of commercial products. In India, the market for emulsion meat products is gaining importance in the recent years and the native producers are in critical need for the scientific basis of production of emulsion meat products with better yield, good sensory qualities and nutrition. Hence, this review will throw light on some of the important factors which influence the properties of meat emulsion such as stability, structure, etc. and the product texture and yield as the revealed by past researches which will be useful to the meat processors in their practical application in preparing meat emulsion products.     

Proteomic approach for the detection of chicken mechanically recovered meat

Mechanically recovered meat is cheaper than raw meat and thus has been incorporated into many meat-derived products. EU regulations exclude mechanically recovered meat from the definition of meat; as a consequence analytical procedures are needed to differentiate it from hand-deboned meat. The present pilot study has utilized a proteomic approach to find potential markers for the detection of chicken mechanically recovered meat. Intact proteins were extracted from raw meat and then analyzed with OFF-GEL electrophoresis followed by SDS-PAGE and identification of potential markers by nano-LC-MS/MS. It was shown that it is possible to extract, separate and identify key proteins from processed meat material. Potential chicken mechanically recovered meat markers--hemoglobin subunits and those similar to myosin-binding protein C were also identified.     

烟熏肉制品中多环芳烃的提取及检测分析

烟熏肉制品作为肉类加工制品的一大类,由于其独特的风味深受广大消费者的欢迎。但是,在烟熏肉中含有致癌的多环芳烃(PAHs),影响着人们的健康。主要从烟熏肉制品中多环芳烃(PAHs)的提取、检测方法对其进行综述,以实现多环芳烃的快速检测和达到寻找控制多环芳烃方法的目的。     

几种豆类蛋白在肉制品中的应用

我国有丰富的豆类资源,这些豆类是廉价、优质的天然植物蛋白质来源。豆类蛋白具有良好的营养价值和功能特性,越来越多地被应用于肉制品加工中,不仅能提高产品的出品率,改善产品的口感,而且能够大大地降低肉制品的生产成本。本文对大豆蛋白的特点、分类以及几种大豆蛋白在肉制品中的应用研究进行了综述、同时也简单介绍了豌豆蛋白、芸豆蛋白、鹰嘴豆分离蛋白、黑豆蛋白和绿豆蛋白等几种不同豆类蛋白在肉制品中的应用研究进展,为豆类加工和肉制品产业发展提供参考。     

驴肉及其制品真伪鉴别技术研究进展

驴肉及其制品因具有极高的营养价值和独特的味道而深受人们喜爱。因其价格居高不下,市场上存在商贩掺假销售问题,极大侵犯了消费者的合法权益甚至危害身体健康,且扰乱了市场诚信。目前,中国尚未建立驴肉产品质量监督检测标准。因此,迫切需要建立一种简单、快速、准确的驴肉产品检测方法。近几年来,聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)及其衍生技术成为鉴别驴制品真伪的研究热点,新兴的DNA条形码和数字PCR技术也具有较大的应用潜力。本文综述了驴肉及其制品的形态、代谢物、蛋白质、核酸检测方法的研究进展,这些方法主要包括光谱法、色谱法、酶联免疫吸附法、PCR及其衍生技术等。     

近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学用于畜禽肉制品品质分析的研究进展

肉类作为人体摄入蛋白质的主要来源,随着人们生活水平的提高和对营养健康的追求,肉制品的需求量不断增大,与此同时,肉制品新鲜度、掺杂掺假等肉制品品质领域的质量问题较为多发。为改善传统肉类检测方法耗时费力的现状,肉品质量的检测方法也逐渐趋于多样化。近红外光谱技术目前已广泛应用于包括生物、医药、食品在内的诸多领域。近红外光谱技术与化学计量法结合可对样品进行定性和定量分析,具有快速、无损、高效的优势,适用于肉品及肉制品现场实时监测。在前期研究的基础上,本文综述了近年来近红外光谱技术在畜禽肉制品新鲜度、品种鉴别与掺假分析、产地溯源等方面的研究进展,以期为肉制品品质分析及质量控制提供理论指导。     

肉制品的食用品质及其评价

肉类及其制品是膳食中不可缺少的优质蛋白质来源,肉类食用品质尤其是感官品质是消费者选择肉和肉制品的重要衡量指标.目前,肉制品的品质评定缺乏客观的评价方法.本文针对肉制品的系水力、多汁性、质地等食用品质及其评价方法的研究进展进行综述,为促进肉制品品质评定方法的客观化、建立肉制品的食用品质评定标准和体系提供参考.