钢管混凝土轴压构件耗能计算及单位体积耗能公式建立

提出了计算钢管混凝土轴压构件材料阻尼的新方法,根据Lazan材料阻尼与应力关系的理论研究,计算弹性阶段钢管混凝土构件在轴向重复荷载下的滞回曲线包围面积,得到钢管混凝土材料单位体积损耗能量。结果表明,单位体积损耗能量随最大应力幅值的提高而增大,且随混凝土强度和截面含钢率增大而减小。通过SPSS统计分析软件回归建立了钢管混凝土构件在轴向重复荷载下材料单位体积耗能与最大应力幅值、混凝土强度和截面含钢率的关系式。为进一步准确分析钢管混凝土结构动力性能及进行钢管混凝土结构的抗震分析打下了基础。     

波纹钢腹板组合箱梁应力相关阻尼特性研究

基于应力相关材料阻尼理论,选择波纹钢腹板组合箱梁这一新型钢、混组合桥梁结构,通过波纹钢板和钢筋混凝土的单位体积损耗因子,由能量法推导求得波纹钢腹板组合箱梁的损耗因子公式。结合有限元计算的各个单元的应力得到损耗因子,根据一个振动周期能量耗散相等原理,求得等效阻尼比,并将其与实测结果进行比较。分析结果表明：波纹钢腹板组合箱梁桥材料阻尼值不是一个固定值,它是随着应力水平的提高而增大。在自由振动和车辆荷载激励状态下,波纹钢腹板组合箱梁的等效阻尼比建议取为0.3%。提出的损耗因子公式和等效阻尼比的计算可为波纹钢腹板组合箱梁桥动力分析中阻尼的取值提供参考。     

轴向受压CFRP管混凝土柱的膨胀模型及应力-应变关系

在实验基础上, 建立了CFRP 管混凝土柱的轴向压缩膨胀模型。利用膨胀模型计算的紧箍力变化规律和主动侧限混凝土柱的轴向压缩本构模型, 结合多轴应力下的混凝土破坏准则, 推导出被动侧限混凝土柱轴向压缩应力-应变关系理论表达式。根据各组份材料性能、含量、轴向压缩荷载作用下各组份的应力状态及变形协调条件, 建立了CFRP 管混凝土柱轴向压缩本构关系。实验结果证明, 理论预测结果与实验值吻合良好。      

板式轨道充填层自密实混凝土阻尼性能研究EI北大核心CSCD

阻尼性能对土木工程结构的动力行为有重要影响,目前尚未见针对地铁板式轨道填充层自密实混凝土(self-compacting concrete,SCC)阻尼性能的研究。采用MTS疲劳试验机,研究了不同应力幅值、橡胶掺量和尺寸对SCC滞回耗能和损耗因子的影响规律及变化机理,并对SCC的滞回耗能进行数值模拟。结果表明:SCC的滞回耗能随应力幅值的增加先慢后快的增大,这与其损伤演变和动弹性模量退化密切相关,内部缺陷的能量耗散是SCC的主要阻尼机制;滞回耗能与应力幅值呈幂函数关系,其中SCC的幂指数值最小,表明SCC的非线性程度最低;橡胶显著增大了SCC的阻尼性能,在相同的应力幅值下,SCC的滞回耗能随着橡胶掺量的增加和尺寸的降低而增大;Kelvin模型可用来模拟SCC在循环荷载下的滞回耗能,计算值与试验结果吻合良好。     

局部约束阻尼柱壳振动分析及优化设计

针对圆柱壳振动特性,给出局部约束阻尼柱壳模型。基于弹性、粘弹性本构方程用能量法建立动力学方程,研究阻尼段结构参数变化对振动特性影响。建立以阻尼轴向与周向分段数、阻尼段轴向与周向间隙、阻尼层厚度为设计变量,前三阶模态最大损耗因子为目标函数,利用多目标遗传算法对两端简支柱壳进行优化分析。通过分析、比较优化前后结构模态固有频率变化、损耗因子变化及幅频响应表明,合理贴敷阻尼段能有效减少阻尼材料用量,且在不改变柱壳固有振动属性条件下能达到更好的减振效果。     

带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土的本构关系

对带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土轴压构件的力学机理进行分析,借鉴约束混凝土本构模型,基于等效侧向压应力的概念,提出适合带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土柱数值计算的核心混凝土本构关系,并结合有关试验结果对本构关系中的参数进行确定。应用该本构关系对有关试件进行荷载-应变关系全过程计算,计算结果与试验结果比较,两者吻合良好。     

ABAQUS中混凝土本构模型用于模拟结构静力行为的比较研究

对大型通用有限元程序ABAQUS中的混凝土弥散开裂模型和塑性损伤模型进行了详细的介绍,包括单轴应力-应变关系、裂缝模型、屈服准则、流动法则和滞回规则等。然后对混凝土本构模型中影响结构构件静力行为的关键因素进行了详细的对比分析,并结合采用不同混凝土模型对钢筋混凝土构件和钢-混凝土组合结构构件的受力行为的模拟结果,指出了分析实际结构构件时不同混凝土材料本构模型的适用情况,可供研究设计参考。     

列车动荷载长期作用下圆形隧道衬砌损伤分布特征及演化规律研究

为研究隧道衬砌车致损伤分布特征及演化规律,该文采用规范推荐的混凝土单轴拉压本构关系推导了复杂应力条件下增量损伤本构关系,并基于此本构模型实现了ANSYS标准计算流程的二次开发。通过与单轴拉压试验结果对比验证了计算的可靠性。建立了地铁圆形隧道-地层耦合动力有限元模型,基于改进的Miner累积损伤理论,研究了列车动荷载长期作用下衬砌结构的损伤分布、动力响应、损伤增量及累积损伤演化规律。结果表明:衬砌长期车致损伤关于隧道中心线对称,主要分布于仰拱结构,分布角约120°;列车荷载作用点下方衬砌结构中出现两个损伤集中区,其损伤幅值较其他区域大;随累积运行次数的增加,损伤集中区内车致动应力幅值减小约83%,动应变幅值增大约150%;损伤增量与累积损伤均随列车累积运行次数增加而增大,且呈非线性关系;采用改进的Miner累积损伤理论可提高预测隧道结构疲劳寿命的准确性。     

往复荷载下钢筋混凝土柱受力性能的数值模拟

准确预测地震荷载下钢筋混凝土柱的受力性能,对评估震后混凝土框架结构及桥梁结构的安全性和震害损失具有重要意义。由于复杂的材料性能和受力行为,地震作用下钢筋混凝土柱受力性能的准确计算目前仍需主要借助数值模拟,并且对数值模型中混凝土和钢筋材料的滞回本构关系提出了更高的精度要求。该文基于纤维分析模型,采用更加完善的反复荷载下钢筋和混凝土的本构,编制了可精确分析钢筋混凝土杆系结构及构件在往复荷载下受力性能的计算程序,并对不同轴压比和不同配筋率的2根压弯柱试件进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

往复何荷载下钢筋混凝土柱受力性能的数值模拟

准确预测地震荷载下钢筋混凝土柱的受力性能,对评估震后混凝土框架结构及桥梁结构的安全性和震害损失具有重要意义.由于复杂的材料性能和受力行为,地震作用下钢筋混凝土柱受力性能的准确计算目前仍需主要借助数值模拟,并且对数值模型中混凝土和钢筋材料的滞回本构关系提出了更高的精度要求.该文基于纤维分析模型,采用更加完善的反复荷载下钢筋和混凝土的本构,编制了可精确分析钢筋混凝土杆系结构及构件在往复荷载下受力性能的计算程序,并对不同轴压比和不同配筋率的2根压弯柱试件进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...