鱿鱼内脏油的提取研究

以新鲜鱿鱼内脏为原料,采用淡碱水解法提取鱿鱼内脏油.分别研究了水解时间、pH、料液比、水解温度、盐析加盐量5个单因素对鱿鱼内脏油提取率的影响,得到的提取条件为:水解时间90 min,pH 9.0,料液比1∶1.5,水解温度80℃,加盐量4％.该条件下鱿鱼内脏油提取率可达69.3％.同时与酶解法提取的鱿鱼内脏油进行了对比,酶解法提取的鱿鱼内脏油色泽较深,酸值过高,品质低.采用淡碱水解法提取的鱿鱼内脏油品质接近SC/T 3502—2000精制鱼油的二级标准,鱿鱼内脏油中的多不饱和脂肪酸达50.81％,EPA含量为13.33％,DHA含量为29.91％.     

序贯提取-高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定栉孔扇贝裙边中砷组分

目的 建立序贯提取-高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, HPLC-ICP-MS)测定栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)裙边中砷组分。方法 以超纯水、甲醇及二氯甲烷-甲醇溶液为提取液, 采用序贯涡旋提取法, 提取扇贝裙边中砷, 并划分为水提取砷、非水提取砷及未提取砷3种组分。采用HPLC-ICP-MS砷形态检测法定性定量分析6类水提取已知砷：中砷酸、亚砷酸、一甲基胂、二甲基胂、砷甜菜碱、砷胆碱6类,; 采用ICP-MS总砷检测法定量分析总砷、水提取未知砷、非水提取砷及未提取砷。结果 市售栉孔扇贝裙边中总砷含量高, 水提取已知砷、水提取未知砷、非水提砷及未提取砷分别约占24.5%、26.8%、25.4%及23.3%, 无机砷含量符合国家限量要求。优化条件下, 6种砷形态在0~100 μg/kg范围内线性关系良好, 检出限为0.014~2.366 μg/kg, 定量限为0.050~3.090 μg/kg, 加标回收率在78.1%~116.2%之间, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSDs)在1.1%~10.1%之间。结论 本研究建立的砷组分分析方法精密度高、灵敏度高、砷提取效率高, 适用于扇贝裙边中砷组分的分析, 可为扇贝裙边的安全性评价提供理论依据。     

太平洋磷虾油提取工艺优化及与南极磷虾油品质的比较

采用有机溶剂浸提法,增加了乙醇复溶步骤,分别对太平洋磷虾粉以及鲜太平洋磷虾进行油脂提取单因素实验和正交实验。以虾粉为原料,用95%乙醇分别提取太平洋磷虾油和南极磷虾油,对虾油中游离脂肪酸、虾青素、磷脂及脂肪酸组成进行分析和比较。结果表明:最佳提取溶剂为95%乙醇;对于鲜虾,提取的最佳工艺条件为提取温度45℃、料液比1∶12、提取时间3 h,在此条件下油脂得率为12.99%;对于虾粉,提取的最佳工艺条件为提取温度55℃、料液比1∶10、提取时间3 h,在此条件下油脂得率为20.00%;太平洋磷虾油磷脂含量高于南极磷虾油的,为39.53%;两种虾油虾青素含量接近;太平洋磷虾油游离脂肪酸含量略高于南极磷虾油的,为9.21%;太平洋磷虾油脂肪酸种类较多,两者EPA、DHA总含量接近,南极磷虾油EPA含量较高,太平洋磷虾油DHA含量较高。     

栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝脂质及其脂肪酸组成分析

以栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝为研究对象,采用Folch法提取两种扇贝肌肉和内脏中的总脂,并对其脂质和脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明:两种扇贝的肌肉总脂含量显著低于内脏,且肌肉总脂以磷脂为主,而内脏总脂以甘油三酯为主。两种扇贝的脂肪酸组成特征为多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)>饱和脂肪酸(SFA)>单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA),其中,PUFA以n-3系列为主,主要为C20∶5n-3(16.58%~19.00%)和C22∶6n-3(11.49%~21.18%);肌肉中的n-3/n-6比值高于内脏,尤其C22∶6n-3含量显著高于内脏(P<0.01)。同时从两种扇贝中鉴定出6种脂肪醛二甲基缩醛(DMA),总量在7.77%~11.20%,并以C18∶0DMA(3.05%~6.89%)和C20∶1DMA(1.55%~4.25%)为主,且肌肉中DMA含量高于内脏,表明两种扇贝总脂中含有丰富的缩醛磷脂,肌肉总脂中的缩醛磷脂百分含量高于内脏。     

如可选择鱼油产品

一、鱼油是什么 鱼油是指富含EPA(二十碳五烯酸)、DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)的鱼体内的油脂,包括体油、肝油和脑油.天然鱼油的主要成份是甘油三酯、磷甘油醚、类脂、脂溶性维生素,以及蛋白质降解物等.普通鱼体内含EPA、DHA数量微小,陆地其他动物体内几乎不含EPA、DHA,而寒冷地区深海里的鱼EPA、DHA含量极高,通常EPA和DHA的比例分别能达到18％和12％,因此提炼鱼油的原料通常使用深海鱼类,如三文鱼、沙丁鱼、金枪鱼、鳕鱼等.     

几种深海动物内脏中的油脂提取及DHA、EPA含量分析

为了分析不同海洋动物在多不饱和脂肪酸含量方面的差异,推进其资源化开发利用,本研究优化了能同时测定多不饱和脂肪酸DHA和EPA的气相色谱法分析法。可以实现高效分离和测定EPA、DHA,两种物质的甲酯化分子分别在10 min和14 min左右出现典型的特征峰。在2000 μg/mL浓度以下的范围内,峰面积与浓度均具有良好的线性关系。然后选择了6种海洋动物,以其内脏、残肢等废弃物为材料,进行油脂提取和测定。利用隔水蒸煮法提取油脂提时,出油率以青蟹最高（6.23%）,其次为鱿鱼（3.86%）和象拔蚌（3.78%）。油脂中的EPA含量以青蟹最高（7.75%）,DHA含量以鱿鱼最高（4.71%）。油脂中的DHA和EPA含量与动物所处海水深度并非正相关,而是处于中等深度（50 m左右）的含量最高。     

扇贝裙边酶解过程中呈味组分的变化规律研究

本研究以扇贝裙边为原料,利用复合蛋白酶对扇贝裙边进行酶解,在确定扇贝裙边最佳酶解温度的基础上,探索了扇贝裙边酶解液在不同酶解时间下的呈味特点,并探讨了不同酶解液中呈味分子的变化规律,探明不同酶解时间下扇贝裙边酶解液的呈味规律。结果表明不同酶解时间制备酶解液的滋味存在显著性差异,其中8 h的扇贝裙边酶解液鲜味强度最高(9.32分),而12 h酶解液的苦味(7.33分)和饱满度(8.33分)最强。主要是因为酶解时间对酶解液鲜味氨基酸和苦味氨基酸的含量及比例存在较大影响,当酶解8 h时,扇贝裙边酶解液中鲜味氨基酸比例最高(46.80%),而苦味氨基酸比例最低(51.67%);此外,肽分子分布结果显示8h酶解液中5000 u的肽段(对呈味贡献小)和180 u的肽段(苦涩味明显)比例较低,可能是8 h扇贝裙边酶解液取较好的鲜味和饱满度,较低苦味的主要原因。本研究通过研究扇贝呈味组分在酶解过程中的变化规律,为工业上利用扇贝裙边制备高品质呈味基料提供理论基础和指导。     

太平洋磷虾油脂提取工艺及其脂肪酸成分分析

以太平洋磷虾为研究对象,研究利用有机溶剂提取太平洋磷虾油的工艺条件,通过单因素试验和正交试验,探讨提取溶剂、提取温度、料液比、提取时间对太平洋磷虾油提取率的影响,采用气质联用法对制备的油脂进行了脂肪酸组成测定.结果表明,最佳工艺条件为以体积分数95％乙醇为提取剂,提取温度55℃,时间5h,料液比1∶10 （g∶mL）,此条件下太平洋磷虾油的提取率为22.67％.太平洋磷虾油脂成分分析发现其主要由12种脂肪酸组成,其中单不饱和脂肪酸20.00％,多不饱和脂肪酸35.90％,饱和脂肪酸26.00％,EPA和DHA含量分别为16.7％和15.2％,因此太平洋磷虾油是一种很好的保健油脂,具有很高的应用开发前景.     

栉孔扇贝蒸煮液营养成分分析与安全性评价

为探究栉孔扇贝蒸煮液的营养价值及安全性,本文对其营养成分、常见有害物质进行测定并作出评价。结果表明:栉孔扇贝蒸煮液中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分和可溶性多糖的含量分别为43.89%、0.89%、49.58%和4.32%;检出17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸7种,呈甜味和呈鲜味氨基酸占比分别为65.52%和31.48%,第一限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸;检出22种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸DHA、EPA占比较高;琥珀酸含量为1.46%(干基),矿物质元素含量丰富;Hg、Cr、As等有害元素均符合相关限量要求,3种腹泻性贝类毒素、10种麻痹性贝类毒素均未检出。栉孔扇贝蒸煮液是一种营养物质丰富、风味独特且相对安全的加工副产物,在开发天然鲜味剂、甜味剂及多糖药物等方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

扇贝酱发酵工艺研究

以扇贝裙边为原料,首先分析了扇贝裙边的营养成分,并从酱油曲精中分离纯化得到米曲霉作为菌种,然后研究了固态发酵法生产天然调味酱主要工艺。结果表明,新鲜扇贝裙边水分含量为86.06%(g/g),总氮含量为1.14%(g/g),氨基态氮含量为0.21%(g/g),最佳发酵工艺参数为扇贝裙边起始含水量40%左右,空气湿度60%~70%,加盐量8%~10%,主酵温度30℃2d,后酵温度60℃1d,再降至10℃以下后熟5~6d。制得的扇贝酱风味和体态最佳,产品中氨基态氮含量基本在0.64%(g/g)~0.69%(g/g)之间,值得的扇贝酱为淡黄色酱状物,入口细腻,香鲜浓郁,有典型的海鲜风味。     

扇贝裙边水解液制备海鲜酱的加工工艺

以扇贝裙边为主要原料,选用中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶对其进行酶解.然后将水解液浓缩,再配以各种辅料,研制一种营养丰富的新型海鲜酱.其调配比例为:水解液55%、白糖8%、料酒2%、食盐8%、味精0.5%、淀粉4%、老抽酱油4%、辣椒油4%、胡椒粉1.5%、麻油0.5%.     

Lipase-Assisted Concentration of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Viscera of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

ABSTRACT: In fish processing, viscera are generally considered waste products and often discarded. Our research objective was to use Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) viscera as a source of fish oil and to increase its concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by lipase-assisted hydrolysis. Lipids from fillets and viscera had similar fatty acid compositions. After the enzymatic hydrolysis, acylglycerols were isolated from free fatty acids, therefore increasing the concentrations of EPA and DHA in the acylglycerols. Among the 6 commercial lipases investigated, lipases from Pseudomonas cepacia and Candida rugosa were the most effective following incubation of viscera oil at 35 °C for 20 h. Salmon viscera were a good source for fish oil, and the concentration of DHA and EPA was doubled by using microbial lipases.     

扇贝边水解蛋白制备及其抗氧化活性测定

以水解度(DH)为测定指标,通过正交实验,对扇贝边水解蛋白制备工艺进行优化。并对产物的分子量和抗氧化活性进行测定。结果表明,pH7.0～8.0,液固比3:1,酶解温度45℃,枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶0.6%,胰蛋白酶0.3%,酶解时间7h,蛋白质水解度可达37.6%。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳证实酶解产物为14.4ku以下的多肽分子。体外抗氧化活性测定该产物对羟自由基的EC50为0.2981mg/mL,并具有较强的还原能力,是一种天然有效的抗氧化剂。     

高盐稀态发酵法制作扇贝裙边海鲜酱油的工艺研究

为了实现海产生物资源的多级利用,增加低值海产品加工副产物的附加值,该试验探索了以扇贝加工副产物扇贝裙边为主要原料的海鲜酱油的发酵制备工艺。在确定扇贝裙边取代豆粕的最佳添加比例为50%,米曲霉As3.042和黑曲霉As3.350的制曲配料为豆粕∶扇贝裙边∶粗麦粉∶水=25∶25∶33∶38（g∶g）,培养时间分别为75 h和69 h的基础上,进一步优化了高盐稀态发酵工艺的工艺条件,确定了最佳的发酵时间为160 d,最佳的米曲与黑曲复配比例为1∶2,发酵温度前30 d为15 ℃,后150 d为30 ℃,其总氮和氨基酸态氮的含量分别为1.6 g/100 mL、0.79 g/100 mL,均高于国标要求,且含有普通一级酱油所没有的牛磺酸、氨基多糖等功能性成分。     

Lipid profiles of oil from trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) heads,spines and viscera: Trout by-products as a possible source of omega-3 lipids?

Lipid profiles of fish oil extracted from trout heads, spines and viscera using supercritical carbon dioxide and Randall extraction with hexane were measured. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids (as a percentage of total fatty acids) was within the range of 72.6–75.3% in all the substrates. A significant presence of the most important omega-3 fatty acids was detected. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in oil from spines, heads and viscera resulted to be 8.7% and 7.3%, 7.9% and 6.3%, and 6.4% and 6.0%, respectively. A low (≈3%), but worth noting, presence of lipids with omega-1 polyunsaturated fatty chains was observed in all the oils. Finally, significant differences were noticed in the relative amounts of triacylglycerides (TAG), diacylglycerides (DAG) and free fatty acids (FFA). Whereas oil from heads and spines was essentially composed of TAG (≈98%), in viscera oil the molar distribution ratio became TAG:DAG:FFA = 87:8:5.     

NMR结合GC-MS技术分析鱿鱼肝脏油脂及其脂肪酸组成

利用NMR结合GC/MS技术对鱿鱼肝脏油脂及其脂肪酸组成进行分析。₁NMR结果表明,鱿鱼肝脏总脂脂肪酸中,多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的含量比约为7:5,n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的35%;₁₃C NMR结果表明,鱿鱼肝脏总脂以甘油三酯(71.87%)为主,其次是游离脂肪酸(20.98%)和磷脂(5.29%),胆固醇(1.13%)和胆固醇酯(0.73%)含量较低,鱿鱼肝油中的DHA和EPA主要以游离形式存在,分别占DHA总量和EPA总量的61.24%和63.11%;GC/MS结果显示,鱿鱼肝脏总脂脂肪酸主要为C16:0、C18:1、C20:1、EPA和DHA,多不饱和脂肪酸的含量高达38.80%,且EPA和DHA占脂肪酸总量的31.50%,表明鱿鱼肝脏具有较高的营养价值及开发前景。     

火焰原子吸收法检测虾夷扇贝不同部位中 重金属镉

目的 研究贝类不同部位重金属镉的分布情况。方法 以虾夷扇贝为研究对象,采用火焰原子吸收法进行检测, 系统研究了扇贝丁、扇贝鳃、扇贝内脏、扇贝边中重金属镉分布情况。结果 火焰原子吸收法检出限为0.007 mg/L, 线性范围为0.1~0.8 mg/L, 仪器相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为0.4%, 该方法的检出限、线性范围、精密度等指标均满足贝类样品的测定要求。贝类不同部位中的镉含量依次为扇贝内脏>扇贝鳃>扇贝边>扇贝丁, 扇贝丁中重金属镉含量低于国家限量标准2 mg/kg(GB 2762-2012), 扇贝边存在部分样品含量大于2 mg/kg, 扇贝鳃和扇贝内脏含量均大于2 mg/kg, 扇贝内脏含量最高(在9.22~62.50 mg/kg范围内)。结论 本研究为虾夷扇贝食品安全性评价提供基础数据, 对贝类产品安全性的科研、管理工作具有一定参考意义。建议食用虾夷扇贝时去除内脏。     

Oxidative Stability of Lipids Rich in EPA and DHA Extracted from Fermented Scallop Ovary

A novel seafood paste was developed by the fermentation of scallop ovary using rice malt (koji) and yeast culture. Chemical analysis of the product showed the formation of high level of free amino acids and organic acids during the fermentation. The product color and flavor resembled to Japanese traditional soybean miso. The contents of total lipids (TLs) extracted from the fermented products were ranged from 9.18% to 11.59% or 11.38% to 13.57%/dry sample weight. Although the TL was rich in oxidatively unstable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), little decrease was found in these PUFAs during the fermentation, showing the high oxidative stability of the TL from the fermented scallop ovary. Moreover, the oxidative stability of the TL extracted from the fermented products increased with increasing the fermentation time. This would be mainly due to the formation of lipid soluble antioxidants such as tocopherols, which might be derived from yeast used for fermentation.     

Different specificity of two types of Pseudomonas lipases for C20 fatty acids with a Delta5 unsaturated double bond and their application for selective concentration of fatty acids

Two kinds of lipases, AK-lipase and HU-lipase, produced by two different Pseudomonas fluorescens strains, AK102 and HU380, respectively, were evaluated as to fatty acid hydrolysis specificity using six types of oil containing higher amounts of C20 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, AA, or 20:4omega6), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, DGLA, or 20:3omega6), 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or 20:5omega3), mead acid (5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid, MA, or 20:3omega9), 8,11-eicosadienoic acid (20:2omega9) and 8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4omega3). Although HU-lipase did not show any specificity for C20 fatty acids with respect to the presence or absence of a Delta5 unsaturated bond, it exhibited comparatively low reactivity for 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA or 22:6omega3). In contrast, AK-lipase was less reactive for C20 fatty acids with a Delta5 unsaturated bond. However, the specificity of hydrolysis of AK-lipase gradually decreased as the reaction proceeded. Utilizing this fatty acid specificity, we concentrated either EPA or DHA from fish oils containing both EPA and DHA by means of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis and urea adduction. Hydrolysis and urea adduction of refined cod oil including 12.2% EPA and 6.9% DHA with HU-lipase provided free fatty acids with 43.1% EPA and 7% DHA, respectively. The resulting yield of concentrated total fatty acids comprised 2.6% of the fatty acids from the cod oil. Thus, EPA was particularly concentrated in the fatty acids derived from refined cod oil on partial hydrolysis with HU-lipase followed by urea adduction. On the other hand, hydrolysis of cuttlefish oil with AK-lipase followed by urea adduction increase slightly the EPA composition from 14.2% to 16.8%, and markedly enhanced the composition of DHA from 16.3% to 44.6% in the hydrolyzed fatty acids. The yield of purified total fatty acids by urea concentrate was 9.4% of the fatty acids from the cuttlefish oil. Thus, DHA was particularly concentrated in the fatty acids derived from on partial hydrolysis with AK-lipase followed by urea adduction. We concluded that EPA and DHA concentrates can be easily and inexpensively obtained using HU-lipase and AK-lipase, respectively. Furthermore, it might be possible to separate and concentrate C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with or without a Delta5 double bond from PUFAs rich oils including both fatty acids.     

Effect of supplementation with calcium salts of fish oil on n-3 fatty acids in milk fat

Enrichment of milk fat with n-3 fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may be advantageous because of their beneficial effects on human health. In addition, these fatty acids play an important role in reproductive processes in dairy cows. Our objective was to evaluate the protection of EPA and DHA against rumen biohydrogenation provided by Ca salts of fish oil. Four Holstein cows were assigned in a Latin square design to the following treatments: 1) ruminal infusion of Ca salts of fish oil and palm fatty acid distillate low dose (CaFO-1), 2) ruminal infusion of Ca salts of fish oil and palm fatty acid distillate high dose (CaFO-2), 3) ruminal infusion of fish oil high dose (RFO), and 4) abomasal infusion of fish oil high dose (AFO). The high dose of fish oil provided ∼16 and ∼21 g/d of EPA and DHA, respectively, whereas the low dose (CaFO-1) provided 50% of these amounts. A 10-d pretreatment period was used as a baseline, followed by 9-d treatment periods with interceding intervals of 10 d. Supplements were infused every 6 h, milk samples were taken the last 3 d, and plasma samples were collected the last day of baseline and treatment periods. Milk fat content of EPA and DHA were 5 to 6 times greater with AFO, but did not differ among other treatments. Milk and milk protein yield were unaffected by treatment, but milk fat yield and DM intake were reduced by 20 and 15%, respectively, by RFO. Overall, results indicate rumen biohydrogenation of long chain n-3 fatty acids was extensive, averaging >85% for EPA and >75% for DHA for the Ca salts and unprotected fish oil supplements. Thus, Ca salts of fish oil offered no protection against the biohydrogenation of EPA and DHA beyond that observed with unprotected fish oil; however, the Ca salts did provide rumen inertness by preventing the negative effects on DM intake and milk fat yield observed with unprotected fish oil.