Development of a new covering strategy in Indonesian coal mines to control acid mine drainage generation: a laboratory-scale result

The waste dump of sulphide-containing rocks is one of the potential acid mine drainage sources, since it contains a huge amount of readily oxidised sulphide mineral, due to its exposure to air and water. The application of the dry cover system is regarded as one of the best practices since it prevents acid mine drainage of the waste rock dump at the surface coal mine. However, the implementation of the dry cover system in field practice has faced several obstacles due to the limited number of cover materials. The nature of geological condition is considered to be a controlled issue, whilst the problem is the mining method and equipment size. This article describes the acid generation mechanism and its control, application of cover system and the problems that are faced in Indonesian coal mines, whilst discussing the preliminary laboratory results of multi-layer cover systems. It finally proposes a new covering strategy in an attempt to overcome the problem.     

矿井涌水在深井HEMS降温技术中的应用研究

矿井涌水是一种在矿井开挖过程中从岩层中涌出的地下水。以往对矿井涌水的利用仅限于对水源本身的使用,深井HEMS降温系统首次将矿井涌水作为其系统的冷源使用。本文以夹河矿和三河尖矿为例,阐述在深井HEMS降温系统运行过程中矿井涌水的冷却问题。实际应用表明,高差循环降温技术和水平循环降温技术均可将作为冷源的矿井涌水水温控制在25～30℃,保证了深井HEMS降温系统的正常运行。     

SRB协同自燃煤矸石处理煤矿酸性废水试验

针对煤矿酸性废水中金属离子含量高、易造成环境污染等问题,采用自燃煤矸石、NaOH改性自燃煤矸石和SRB协同自燃煤矸石对煤矿酸性废水中SO42-、COD、Fe2+和Mn2+进行动态吸附试验研究。结果表明：3种处理方式对煤矿酸性废水中待测离子的处理效果为：SRB协同自燃煤矸石作用>NaOH改性自燃煤矸石>自燃煤矸石。其中,装有SRB协同自燃煤矸石的3号柱运行稳定后对煤矿酸性废水中SO42-、COD值、Fe2+和Mn2+的平均降低率分别为69.05%、72.06%、99.02%和38.29%。     

矿山水污染与酸性矿井水处理

我国矿产资源的不断开采,给矿区带来的不仅是能源与财富,还有环境污染。其中矿山水污染是比较严重的,文章主要介绍了我国矿山水污染的现状与特点,对水污染最严重之一的酸性矿井水进行了重点阐述,并介绍了石灰石中和法、石灰中和法和生物处理法处理酸性矿井水的原理。     

煤矿采煤生产过程对地下水的影响与防治

煤层开采后处于氧化环境,硫铁矿与矿井水和空气接触后,经过一系列的氧化、水解等反应,使水呈酸性,形成酸性矿井水。该文对酸性矿井水的危害、形成原因进行了简单的阐述,并提出了防治措施。     

饱水岩石水稳试验及力学特性研究

针对岩石的水稳定性问题,利用赵楼、万福、南屯煤矿岩样,进行了系统的沉积岩水稳定性特征试验研究.结果表明:岩样的水稳定性差异随高岭石、伊利石和伊蒙混层的相对定量而变化,且受岩石裂隙率的影响;岩石饱水后,强度降低,受层理构造影响,抗压、抗拉破坏形态岩石多伴随或主要呈现层状破坏;岩石抗拉强度具有显著的时间效应,可用负指数进行表达.     

煤矸石用于人工湿地处理酸性矿井水的研究

阐述了利用煤矸石作为人工湿地填料处理酸性矿井水的技术研究,对煤矸石的综合利用、酸性矿井水的回用以及矿区生态环境的综合治理都有重要意义。     

酸性矿井水的危害及防治

介绍了采煤过程对地下水的影响,分析了酸性矿井水的危害和形成原因,就酸性矿井水的预防和治理提出了减源减排等治理措施。     

矿山酸性含铜废水的处理研究

简述了矿山酸性含铜废水的来源、特点和危害及矿山酸性含铜废水的处理方法。在此基础上,选择离子交换法作为处理工艺,设计了实验室用离子交换处理装置,研究了过滤速度、pH值、原水Cu^2＋浓度等因素对离子交换法处理酸性含铜废水效果的影响,确定了实验室条件下的合理工艺条件。并对某铜矿实际含铜废水进行了处理研究,取得了理想的处理效果,处理后废水可以达标排放。     

煤矿酸性矿井水的危害及其主要防治技术

酸性矿井水是一种矿井废水,其严重污染了矿区的环境,成为一种严重的矿山地质灾害。该文分析了酸性矿井水的形成机理及其危害,阐述了酸性矿井水的主要防治技术。     

深部软岩特性对底臌的影响与数值模拟研究

通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和力学特性试验分析了某矿深部软岩的矿物成分、微观结构及力学特性,研究了岩石的水理作用,界定了巷道的底臌类型,并采用有限差分FLAC3D分析不同状态下围岩性质及结构对巷道底臌的影响。研究表明,岩体与水耦合作用及支护方式是导致底臌的主要因素,提出了控制膨胀性底臌关键是防止水和岩体的耦合作用,改善围岩结构,提高岩体强度。     

基于人工神经网络的矿井水排水量预测

矿井水排水量预测是一个难题。受降雨、河流、含水层等自然因素和煤矿开拓面积的扩大、水平的延伸等人为因素的影响,矿井水年排水量时间序列是非线性的。针对该问题,采用人工神经网络方法建立了矿井水排水量预测模型,通过预测结果比较可知,该模型具有较高的精度,将对以后矿井水排水量的预测起到一定的指导作用,并为矿井水利用规划的制定奠定了基础。     

HDS工艺处理某矿山酸性废水试验研究

通过对高密度泥浆法处理矿山酸性废水的工艺参数试验研究,结果表明HDS法可降低中和药剂使用量高达16.7%,絮凝剂的投加量也适量减少,沉淀室泥水分离的时间仅为8 min,外排中和渣固体物浓度达26.7%,出水水质达标排放。     

Treatment of acid mine water by use of heavy metal precipitation and ion exchange

Acid mine water from a South African gold mine was characterised and treated by the precipitation of heavy metals with lime and sulphides, followed by ion exchange. The novelty of the proposed process lies in the use of carrier magnetic materials for more effective separation of water and solids, as well as the oxidation pretreatment that is also used to sterilize the water. The process can generate very, pure water from acid mine water with a great flexibility and an acceptable cost. The oxidation and precipitation of heavy metals with lime and subsequent sulphide-carrier magnetic separation appeared to be particularly suitable for the removal of heavy metal ions from the effluent of the particular gold mine that was investigated. The cation exchange resin IR120 can be used to reduce the salinity of the effluent of mine water after removal of heavy metals by precipitation. Low cost sulphuric acid can be used as the cation resin regenerator. The anion exchange resin A375 could reduce the anions (sulphate, chloride, bromide and fluoride) to acceptably low levels in the mine water after precipitation of heavy metals. A combination of sodium hydroxide and saturated lime solution can be used as the anion resin regenerator. A mixture of acidic gypsum from the cation elution section and alkaline gypsum from the anion elution section could generate high quality gypsum as byproduct, which could be sold as a valuable raw material to the gypsum industry, to offset process cost. Although these experiments were conducted on the acid mine water of a specific mine, the process could be extended to other mine waters contaminated with heavy metals and high salinities.     

SRB菌的分离鉴定及其对矸石山酸性废水的处理

为了得到煤矸石山酸性废水处理的专属功能微生物,从湖南湘潭某煤矸石山周边土壤中分离筛选硫酸盐还原菌,分析菌株的16S rRNA基因序列,形态和生理生化特性,并利用得到的菌株处理矸石山酸性废水。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,所分离得到的硫酸盐还原菌株S-7与Desulfuromonas alkenivorans同源性达到99.0%。该菌株为杆状稍有弯曲,能运动,大小(0.5~0.8)μm×(3.0~4.0)μm,革兰氏染色显阴性,最适生长温度为30℃,最适p H值范围6~8,酵母粉为最好的碳源和氮源,硫酸钠为最适合硫源,菌株经培养96 h后细胞浓度高达1.76×109个/m L。培养初始p H为7时,6 d可去除体系中90%硫酸根离子,而不同硫酸根离子浓度对菌株生长和硫酸盐去除效率影响不明显。S-7菌株对矸石山酸性废水中Fe,Mn,Pb和Zn四种重金属离子均存在处理效果,整体上去除效率为PbFeZnMn,其中Pb离子经7 d处理后去除率达到100%。     

高盐高铁酸性矿井水处理研究

根据高盐、高铁酸性矿井水的水质特点,提出了中和-曝气-混凝沉淀-锰砂过滤-精密过滤-反渗透-消毒的联合处理工艺,试验确定了工艺中的有关参数.试验结果表明,该净化技术特别适合于高盐、高铁酸性矿井水的处理,处理后的出水水质稳定,浊度小于0.30 NTU,硫酸盐浓度为8 mg/L,溶解总固体为33 mg/L,总硬度为(CaCO3)15 mg/L,氟化物浓度为0.2 mg/L,氯化物浓度为6 mg/L,铁的浓度小于0.01 mg/L,锰浓度小于0.01 mg/L,每百毫升总大肠杆菌个数及细菌总数为零,完全满足国家饮用水标准.     

基于multi-agent的煤矿水害演化模型

根据矿区的水文地质条件,分析了煤矿水害事故的形成原因和演化机制,采用复杂系统理论和多主体建模方法,建立了煤矿水害演化模型;利用NetLogo仿真平台,对不同类型水害事故进行仿真模拟,动态表现煤矿水害演化过程以及影响因素之间的脆弱性关系。研究表明：煤矿水害是一种受控于多种因素、具有非线性动力特征的复杂自适应现象,只有了解矿区水文地质条件,并将复杂系统理论和多主体建模方法引入水害防治研究中,才能从本质上描述水害演化机制。     

Effect of mine water on rock deformation in coal mines

The paper presents results obtained for the effects of mine water on rocks of Russian coal-bearing sequences. The effects are correlated with a rock-type grouping according to the degree of secondary alteration which the rocks have undergone. Regression analyses performed on the results have enabled a stability factor to be evaluated which permits predictions to be made regarding the stability of rocks in-situ.     

The effects of bio-mechanisms on acidic mine drainage in coal mining

The paper outlines the effects of acid mine drainage on the ecology of the surface environment and describes the details of a laboratory test programme that investigated the actual role of micro-organisms in the formation of acid mine water. An example of the corrosive effects of acid mine water on mine pumping equipment is given. The paper enumerates various techniques that can be used to protect pumping equipment and mitigate the effects of pumping acid mine water on the life of pumping equipment.     

煤矿酸性矿井水中有害元素的迁移特性

利用电感耦合等离子质谱（ICP-MS）、离子色谱（IC）和X射线衍射（XRD）等方法研究了马兰煤矿酸性矿井水及其沉淀物的化学成分和物相组成，并通过吸附解吸实验和PHREEQC水化学模拟计算研究了典型酸性矿井水样品中Pb，Th，U，Be，Zn，Ni，Co，Cd，Cu，As，Cr，V，Ba等有害元素的迁移特性.研究表明：① 煤矿酸性矿井水中SO^2-₄，Fe，Mn，Al，Pb，Th，U，Be，Zn，Ni，Co，Cu等离子含量较高，对环境存在潜在危害；② 酸性矿井水中有害元素的迁移主要受pH，Fe-Al-Mn含量和水体颗粒物矿物组成的控制；③ Fe，Al和Mn的含量随pH上升而迅速下降，并控制着Pb，Th，U，Be，Zn，Ni，Co，Cu等潜在有害微量离子的迁移行为； ④ 各离子随pH上升被去除的先后顺序为: Th>Fe>Pb >Cr>Al>Cu>Be>U>Zn>As>Cd>Mn>Co>Ni>Ba；⑤ 酸性矿井水中V不能够随pH的升高而去除，反而会有更多的V溶解在水中.