Potentials of wind energy development for water desalination in Jordan

The potential of the development of water desalination using wind energy in Jordan was studied. Eleven wind solar sites were considered. The results show that these sites can be divided, in terms of the yearly total amount of desalinated water, into three categories. One is considered favourable, which includes Ras Muneef, Mafraq, and Aqaba. Their water production adds up to about 75% of all water produced from all 11 sites combined. Others are considered to be promising (about 24% in total), which include H-5, Irbid, and Ma'an. The rest of sites considered are found to be very poor, which include H-4, Amman, Queen Alia Airport, Shoubak, and Deiralla, with traces of water produced (less than 1%). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential of solar energy development for water pumping in Jordan

The potential of solar energy development for water pumping in Jordan was studied. For this purpose, 10 sites were selected based on the available solar radiation data. According to the annual amount of water output, the selected sites can be divided into three different categories: the first one, which includes Taffieleh, Queira, H-4, and H-5, is considered to be “adequate” for solar water pumping. Their annual amount of water output forms about 62% of all water pumped from all the 10 sites combined. Among the four sites included in this first category, Taffieleh has the highest potential. Not only can the most annual amount of water pumped be obtained from this location, but also the largest monthly amount of water—except for the month of March—during the year. Furthermore, about 51% of the annual amount of water pumped at Taffieleh is during the summer months (May–September), when the water consumption is the highest and water pumping is a necessity. The second category, which includes Ras Muneef, Mafraq, and Hasa, is considered to be “promising”. Its water output adds up to about 29% of all water pumped from all sites. The third category, including Deir Alla, Baqura, and Wadi Yabis, is considered to be “poor”. Only about 9% of the water pumped from all sites combined can be obtained from these three locations.     

变行程风力提水技术

研究了以变行程技术实现机械式风力提水机风轮与活塞泵在宽风速范围的高效匹配问题.文章对变行程风力提水技术的基本原理进行了分析;提出了风轮与活塞泵最佳匹配时行程随风速变化的关系式;研究了变行程提水机组的工作特性;采用瑞利分布对机组投运后的出力进行了预测.研究结果表明,变行程技术对改善风力提水机组的工作特性有明显效果.     

Financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India

An attempt to develop a simple framework for financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies (RETs) such as photovoltaic (PV) pump, windmill pump, biogas and producer gas-driven dual fuel engine pumps for irrigation water pumping has been made. The unit cost of water and unit cost of useful energy delivered by the RETs have been estimated. The monetary benefits that accrued to the end-user have been quantified in terms of the amount of diesel or electricity saved. Financial figures of merit for the investments made in the RETs have been estimated. The effect of fuel price escalation on these measures of financial performance has also been evaluated along with the estimation of the break-even prices of fuels likely to be substituted by RETs. Results of some exemplifying calculations are presented and briefly discussed.     

Potentials for development of hydro-powered water desalination in Jordan

Due to the increase in population and development in agriculture, Jordan will deplete all of its renewable sources of fresh water in the next few years. On the other hand, the level of the Dead Sea has been falling at a high rate for the past three decades, due to the diversion of water from the Jordan River for irrigation. The solution to these issues could be in finding other alternatives such as the development of hydro-powered water desalination plan. Desalted water would be produced in order to make up for the shortage of fresh water using membrane technology, and thus reserve fresh ground water for future generations. The brine from this process is discharged into the Dead Sea to allow restoring the sea level. This paper finds, on an annual basis, that about 2133 million cubic meters (MCM) of water can be drawn from the Red Sea. The power generated due to difference in elevation is used to desalinate Red Sea water. About 533 MCM of fresh water is produced in such a process. The brine, which is about 1600 MCM, is discharged into the Dead Sea.     

Renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India: A preliminary attempt towards potential estimation

Simple frameworks have been developed for estimating the utilization potential of: (a) solar photovoltaic (SPV) pumps; (b) windmill pumps; (c) producer gas based dual fuel engine pumps; and (d) biogas based dual fuel engine pumps for irrigation water pumping in India. The approach takes into account factors such as: solar radiation intensity, wind speed, availability of bovine dung and agri-residues, and their alternative uses, ground water requirements for irrigation and its availability, affordability, and propensity of the users to invest in renewable energy devices, etc. SPV pumps are estimated to have the maximum utilization potential in India, followed by windmill pumps.     

论我国风能资源开发利用法律制度

阐述了我国风能资源以及开发利用现状;指出了造成我国风能资源开发利用率相对较低和20世纪90年代中期以前风能产业发展徘徊不前的三大主要问题;重点分析介绍了我国风能资源调查制度、总量目标和发展规划制度、产业指导与技术支持制度、上网电价及费用分摊制度、专项资金制度和风电开发环境保护制度等六大法律制度。文章运用了实证研究法与案例分析法,注重理论与实践相结合,为有志于风能产业发展的企业、部门和行业提供政策和法律制度的参考。     

Renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India: projected levels of dissemination, energy delivery and investment requirements using available diffusion models

Using the past diffusion trends of four renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India (SPV pumps, windmill pumps and biogas/producer gas driven dual fuel engine pumps), results of an attempt to project their future dissemination levels, have been presented in this study. The likely contribution of the renewable energy options considered in the study to the projected energy demand for irrigation water pumping in India has been estimated. Estimates of the associated investment requirements taking into account the learning effect have also been presented.     

Design of stand-alone brackish water desalination wind energy system for Jordan

More than 100 underground water wells drilled in Jordan are known to have brackish water with total desolved solids (TDS) over 1500 ppm but not greater than 4000 ppm. The world standard for potable water limits the TDS count to 500 ppm in addition to being free from live microorganisms or dangerous mineral and organic substances. A reverse osmosis desalination scheme powered by a stand-alone wind energy converter (WEC) is proposed to produce fresh water from wells located in potentially high-wind sites. A conceptual design of such system is developed and the design parameters are identified, in addition, a preliminary economic analysis is made. It is found that brackish water pumping and desalinating using WECs costs 0.67 to 1.16 JD/m³ (JD = Jordanian Dinar, 1US$ = 0.68 JD), which is less than using conventional diesel engines especially in remote areas. In addition, the wind-reverse osmosis system becomes more economically feasible for higher annual production rates or in good wind regimes.     

Current situation and development of wind power in China

The current development of wind power in China was presented in this paper. Many regions such as Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and southeast coastal region, etc. in China have abundant wind energy resource. At the same time, the utilization of wind power in China has been developing quickly and its prospect is promising in spite of many some obstacles. With the implementation of the Renewable Energy Law, some previous obstacles have been or are being eliminated. Much investment and many enterprises start to enter this field. In spite of this, there still exist some financial and technological obstacles. One of the technological obstacles is the stability of local power grid owing to the increasing proportion of the wind power capacity. Because the centralized development mode of wind power was adopted, the quick fluctuation of wind speed will influence the voltage and frequency stability of local power grid. In addition, large wind farm has little dispatching ability because of the uncontrollability, randomness and fluctuation of natural incoming wind. To erase these obstacles, a novel hybrid power system combining wind farm and small gas turbine power plants is discussed.     

Theory of wind-electric water pumping

A proper understanding of the electrical and mechanical behavior of the system and its components is essential for the successful operation of a wind-electric pumping system. In the present article we present a formal theory of such a system, developing a framework for the determination of the steady-state operating point, as well as the study of its transient behavior, particularly at start-up. It is shown that the sufficient accumulation of kinetic energy in the wind turbine before connecting it to its load is critical for a successful start-up, even when the system has been designed to function at optimal steady-state conditions. A detailed discussion of the start-up process in terms of stored kinetic energy in the braking power provided by both the pump and the electrical system losses is given. The results of this analysis are believed to be useful both for the steady-state design of wind-electric pumping systems, as well as the optimization of control schemes and energy capture.     

Economic viability of photovoltaic water pumping systems

A comparison of the economic viability of photovoltaic and diesel water pumping systems is presented for system sizes in the range 2.8 kW_p to 15 kW_p. Actual performance data from installed systems are employed for the base case. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to generalize results for other locations and conditions. The effect of system oversizing due to mismatch of water supply and demand patterns on the economic viability of PV water pumping system is illustrated based on real data and three-year operational experience of eight installations. Investment prospects in PV water pumping applications for different selling price scenarios of water have been investigated.     

Designing an index for assessing wind energy potential

To meet the increasing global demand for renewable energy, such as wind energy, an increasing number of wind parks are being constructed worldwide. Finding a suitable location requires a detailed and often costly analysis of local wind conditions. Plain average wind speed maps cannot provide a precise forecast of wind power because of the non-linear relationship between wind speed and production. We suggest a new approach to assess the local wind energy potential. First, meteorological reanalysis data are applied to obtain long-term low-scale wind speed data at specific turbine locations and hub heights. Second, the relation between wind data and energy production is determined via a five parameter logistic function using actual high-frequency energy production data. The resulting wind energy index allows for a turbine-specific estimation of the expected wind power at an unobserved location. A map of the wind power potential for Germany exemplifies our approach.     

Sustainable application of renewable sources in water pumping systems: Optimized energy system configuration

Eighteen years ago, in Portugal, the expenses in a water supply system associated with energy consumption were quite low. However, with the successive crises of energy fuel and the increase of the energy tariff as well as the water demand, the energy consumption is becoming a larger and a more important part of the total budget of water supply pumping systems. Also, new governmental policies, essentially in developed countries, are trying to implement renewable energies. For these reasons, a case-study in Portugal of a water pumping system was analysed to operate connected to solar and wind energy sources.     

风能资源评估方法的分析及应用

阐述了风电场选址中的风能资源的评估程序,介绍和分析了风能资源评估技术方法和特点,基于工程实测数据,用国际通用的风资源评估软件WASP8．3分析和评估了相关风能要素。     

Assessment and applications of wind energy in Jordan

A technical and economic assessment has been made of the generation of electricity using windmills located at three most promising potential wind sites in Jordan: Ras Muneef (RA), Mafraq (MF), and Aqaba (AQ). The assessment was made for two different systems, one using a relatively large single windmill and the other using 25 small windmills arranged in a wind farm. The power output of each system at each site was determined, and the electricity-generating costs in each case were also determined and compared with the generating costs of generating electricity using steam or gas turbines, furnished by the Jordanian Electricity Authority (JEA).Finally, the possibility of water pumping from 30-m and 100-m deep wells using a windmill is investigated and the quantities of water pumping from these depths at each of the three sites are given.     

Time dependent model of a complex PV water pumping system

A complex time-dependent solar water pumping system is analysed in this paper. Several existing models (e.g. for the PV cell, the battery and the assembly electric motor—centrifugal pump) are used. New models are proposed for PV array and water storage tank operation. The system has two main operating modes, which depend on the level of the incident solar global irradiance. The mathematical model consists of systems of eight or five ordinary differential equations, as a function of the operating mode. Using a water storage tank improves the stability of PV pumping system operation. The mechanical power stored in the water tank is rather constant during the year. The fraction of collected solar energy that is stored in the water’s gravitational energy is higher during the winter months, during the cloudy days and around sunrise and sunset. It is smaller during the summer months, during the clear sky days and in the middle of the day. The fraction of the power supplied by the battery that is stored in the gravitational energy of water is almost constant during the year.     

老爷庙风电场风能资源评价

本文利用老爷庙风电场2001年4月～2002年4月逐时平均风向、风速资料,对老爷庙风电场的风能资源各参数进行了计算和分析,并与附近星子气象站累年或同期资料进行比较,对老爷庙风电场风能资源进行评价。     

On the wind energy resources of Sudan

The imminent exhaustion of fossil energy resources and the increasing demand for energy were the motives for those reasonable in Sudan to put into practice an energy policy based on rational use of energy; and on exploitation of new, and renewable energy sources. After 1980, as the supply of conventional energy has not been able to follow the tremendous increase of the production demand in rural areas of Sudan, a renewed interest for the application of wind energy has shown in many places. Therefore, the Sudanese government began to pay more attention to wind energy utilisation in rural areas. Because the wind energy resource in many rural areas is sufficient for attractive application of wind pumps, and as fuel is insufficient, the wind pumps will be spread on a rather large scale in the near future. Wind is a form of renewable energy, which is always in a non-steady state due to the wide temporal and spatial variations of wind velocity. A number of years worth of data concerning wind speed in Sudan have been compiled, evaluated and presented in this article. The need for the provision of new data stations in order to enable a complete and reliable assessment of the overall wind power potential of the country is identified and specific locations suggested. This paper presents the background and ideas of the development of the concept as well as the main results, and experience gained during ongoing project up to now. In Sudan, various designs of wind machines for water pumping have been developed and some designs are presently manufactured commercially. Results suggest that wind power would be more profitably used for local-and small-scale applications especially for remote rural areas. It is concluded that Sudan is blessed with abundant wind energy.     

风资源评价中风切变指数的研究

通过分析现行风资源评价中关于风切变指数的计算和表达方式,提出了几种新的风切变指数计算和表示方法,并从局部和整体对风切变指数进行描述。通过比较不同计算方法的标准差和偏离系数等统计指标,发现分速度段计算的不同高度层的风切变指数精度较高,而采用指数律计算的整体风切变指数具有可信度高和结果稳定的特点。文章进一步地明确了风切变指数的物理含义,详细地描述了风切变年平均结果、日变化和月变化。