热锻黄铜阀门开裂原因及热脆机理分析

黄铜阀门在热锻后出现了开裂现象,通过化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜和能谱分析等方法对阀门开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:热脆现象是导致阀门沿晶开裂的主要原因。热锻过程中,铅元素在晶界处发生偏聚,形成富铅的低熔点共晶相,使晶界弱化;在拉应力作用下,裂纹从阀体表面起源,沿轴向扩展,最终导致脆性开裂。最后针对阀门开裂原因提出了预防措施。     

316L不锈钢焊管横向裂纹产生原因

某316L不锈钢管发生开裂现象，裂纹方向垂直于焊缝，采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法对裂纹产生原因进行分析。结果表明：铜元素在断口表面富集，并呈沿晶分布特征；不锈钢焊管在焊接时发生了铜污染，在随后的热处理过程中，低熔点的铜液化并沿晶界渗入，使晶界脆化，在冷却拉应力的作用下产生铜污染裂纹，导致钢管开裂。     

船舶用带铜衬套通舱管件焊接开裂原因

船舶用带铜衬套通舱管件焊接后造成表面开裂.采用化学成分分析、金相检验、断口分析和拉伸试验等方法,分析了管件开裂的原因.结果表明:带铜衬套通舱管件端面开裂类型为液态金属致脆开裂;在焊接过程中,S221锡黄铜中的低熔点金属从管件端面沿晶界进入材料内部,导致管件脆化形成裂纹,在拉应力作用下,裂纹扩展造成管件端面发生开裂.     

ZG45铸钢轴端套裂纹成因分析

ZG45铸钢轴端套在制造过程中发现裂纹,采用化学成分分析、宏观及金相检验、扫描电镜分析等方法,对轴端套裂纹产生原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于冶炼浇注工艺不当,硅、锰元素含量偏低等原因,导致铸件结晶组织粗大及最后凝固区域低熔点非金属夹杂物沿晶界分布,使晶界成为薄弱环节,在随后加工过程的热应力作用下铸件沿晶开裂并扩展至表面。     

NC40钻杆接头裂纹的原因分析

通过宏观检验、金相检验、能谱分析、现场跟踪了解,讨论分析了NC40钻杆接头产生裂纹的原因。结果表明:母接头外壁的裂纹为锻造折叠缺陷,接头圆棒料长径比过大,在大钳中部易形成凹陷折叠,是造成接头表面出现横向裂纹的主要原因;另外接头局部存在偏析,在加热时发生相对过热现象,晶界易达到熔点而弱化,使得折叠继续沿晶界延伸扩展。最后笔者结合实际生产提出了相应的改进措施和建议。     

Inconel 718 激光焊接接头组织与热影响区裂纹研究

采用CO2激光器对板厚为11mm的Inconel 718合金进行激光焊接,并利用金相分析和扫描电镜对Inconel 718激光焊接接头各区域组织以及热影响区显微裂纹产生的原因进行了分析。研究发现:利用激光对Inconel718进行焊接,可以获得成形良好的焊接接头;焊缝区域组织为铸造组织,从熔合线到焊缝中心由较长的树枝晶逐步变为等轴晶;热影响区因受循环热输入的影响,晶界较母材出现粗化现象,且在钉头缩颈处出现沿粗化的晶界扩展的液化裂纹,裂纹两侧存在低熔点共晶体,主要富集Nb及Mo元素,低熔点共晶体在热输入影响下发生液化是裂纹产生的主要原因。     

镍基高温合金电子束焊接热影响区微裂纹特征分析

利用金相分析和扫描电镜对镍基高温合金电子束焊接热影响区微裂纹行为进行了分析.研究发现,熔合线附近的热影响区产生大量液化裂纹和沿晶扩展的固相裂纹.液化裂纹起源于MC碳化物的组份液化而形成的晶界连续或半连续的低熔点共晶液化膜,固相裂纹形成的则是高能电子束流的快速瞬态热冲击效应的直接结果.通过改善焊缝成形和提高焊接线能量有助于减小两类热影响区微裂纹倾向.     

叉形扳手脆性断裂分析

某叉形扳手在使用中额频出现断裂。采用化学分析，宏、微观捡测和电子探针等方法对失效件进行了分析。结果表明，该扳手材料含锰量太低,造成低熔点的FeS沿铸态奥氏体晶界析出，导致铸件脆性断裂。     

波纹管开裂原因分析

采用扫描电镜、能谱分析等手段分析了某机电产品用不锈钢波纹管开裂的原因。结果表明:在焊接过程中波纹管的焊接接头区域发生敏化,随后酸洗造成该区域形成沿晶界腐蚀裂纹,波纹管在经过振动试验时承受径向交变载荷,在交变应力下裂纹由最初的晶界腐蚀裂纹根部开始扩展直至穿透管壁;断口表面能够发现明显的贝纹线,证明波纹管开裂是一种疲劳失效。     

GH4169电子束焊黑线组织研究

GH4169合金在电子束焊后,多次发现在热影响区腐蚀检查时,有沿基体晶界类似裂纹的"黑线",对其进行金相分析、扫描电镜观察和能谱分析结果表明,GH4169合金在电子束焊后腐蚀检查沿晶界的黑线不是裂纹,而是由铌、锆等元素形成的合金相.     

42MnM07地质钻杆断裂原因分析

通过化学成分分析、断口分析、金相检验和扫描电镜观察等方法,对42MnMo7铜地质钻杆的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：钻杆在交变力作用下,在螺纹根部的应力集中处产生裂纹．此裂纹在过载力和钻杆基体存在带状脆性马氏体的情况下进一步扩展,最终导致钻杆发生断裂。最后对此提出了相应的措施及建议。     

Failure analysis of IEU drill pipe wash out

Many 127.0×9.19 mm IEU G105 drill pipe failures of wash out occurred after 2367 h of pure drilling time and 8726 m of penetration footage. This paper gives a detailed investigation on these failures and a systematic analysis is carried out on service and loading conditions of the drill pipes. Measurement and inspection were performed on configuration dimensions, chemical composition, mechanical performance, metallography, macro-fractography, micro-fractography, and corrosion products. Configuration stresses at the crack positions of the drill pipe were calculated by FEA. Crack extending velocity of the drill pipe material under corrosion medium was also measured. It is thought from test and analysis results that the drill pipe wash out or fracture accidents were premature corrosion fatigue failure accident. The failure courses were as the following: corrosion pits occurred first on the internal surface at the stress concentrating area of the drill pipe, and then fatigue cracks initiated in pit bottoms, and washed out or fractured subsequently as cracks penetrated through the wall thickness of the drill pipe. The reasons of drill pipe wash out were related to configuration, material quality, and load condition of the drill pipe string.     

A method for the prediction of the service life of high-strength drill pipes based on the criteria of corrosion fatigue

We present the results of the investigation of the growth of corrosion fatigue cracks in TBVK 140×11L drill pipes, determine quantitative characteristics of fatigue cracks in the pipes under stresses of different types as functions of the elapsed part of the entire service life, perform their statistical analysis, and propose a method for the prediction of the residual service life of these pipes. Ivano-Frankivs'k State Technical University of Petroleum and Gas, Ivano-Frankivs'k; Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 103–106, January–February, 1997     

新型钻杆的携岩原理研究与数值仿真分析

随着川渝地区的钻井深度不断增大,管柱在下入过程中易受到井内岩屑的影响,进而出现卡钻现象,甚至发生钻具断裂等重大事故。为了提高川渝地区页岩气水平井内的岩屑运移能力,设计了2种新型钻杆——悬浮式铝合金钻杆和新型脉冲射流钻杆,并与普通钻杆进行对比分析。首先,对3种钻杆的结构与携岩原理进行理论分析。然后,在ANSYS软件中建立3种钻杆的携岩仿真模型,通过采用不同的网格划分方法来验证各仿真模型的网格无关性与收敛性,并利用搭建的室内岩屑运移装置验证了仿真模型的准确性。最后,在岩屑粒径、钻井液入口排量和井斜角等因素改变的情况下,对3种钻杆的携岩能力进行了仿真分析。结果表明,悬浮式铝合金钻杆和新型脉冲射流钻杆的携岩能力相比普通钻杆有所提高。研究结果对提高水平井内的岩屑运移速度、改善井眼清洁度和减少岩屑床生成具有重要意义。     

不连续边界因素对周期管结构声传输特性的影响

为实现油气井测试的井下声遥测，提出纵波作为信息传输载体，应用有限单元法求解波动方程。研究钻杆等周期管结构信道的行波传输规律。由时域瞬态响应特性，探讨了通阻带交替、通带非平滑伴有谐振尖峰的梳状滤波器结构及产生机理。分析了端面、管箍截面积、杆长等边界对通阻带分布的影响，以及声换能器在钻杆信道的位置设计和泥浆介质的阻尼影响。力锤脉冲激励的实验结果表明：周期管结构信道存在多重回波、振铃衰落、通阻带交替和偏移等复杂特性，但利用扫频确定最佳载波频率或宽带通讯能够改善传输性能。     

φ165.1mm钻铤内螺纹接头失效分析

对内螺纹接头失效的钻铤进行了化学成分、力学性能和显微组织分析,并采用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪对断口形貌及夹杂物成分进行了分析,找出了钻铤内螺纹接头失效的原因。结果表明:该钻铤内螺纹接头失效为早期疲劳失效;导致其疲劳失效的主要原因有钻铤内螺纹根部加工不光滑,使该处在交变载荷作用下应力集中严重,首先萌生微裂纹成为疲劳源;钻铤内螺纹型号和内外径尺寸不合标准要求以及材料中含有数量较多的MnS夹杂物也都大大降低了其疲劳性能,加速了疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展。     

Strength mis-match effect on limit loads for circumferential surface cracked pipes

The present work provides mis-match limit loads for welded pipes with constant-depth, circumferential part-through surface cracks in the centre of the weld metal. As limiting cases, circumferential through-wall and fully circumferential cracks are also considered. Based on systematic finite element limit analyses, mis-match limit loads are quantified by the strength mis-match ratio and only one geometry-related slenderness parameter, not requiring additional geometry-related parameters. This implies that mis-match limit loads for surface cracked pipes can be found from those for idealized axi-symmetric problems, which offers significant benefit in assessment of surface cracks in welds of pipes.     

Failure prediction analysis for polyethylene flawed pipes

Through this paper limit load analysis and the EPRI/GE procedure were applied to predict instability conditions for medium density polyethylene flawed pipes. Predicted values for internally pressurized cylinders with axial cracks and cylinders with circumferential cracks under remote tension were compared to experimental results obtained from tests conducted on full scale structures. For the pipes under internal pressure, both schemes led to critical pressure values in agreement with actual burst pressures, despite plastic collapse having been observed in the failure of these structures. For the pipes with circumferential internal cracks subjected to remote tension, the predicted loads from the EPRI procedure do not agree with experimental values whereas limit load predictions are quite satisfactory. On the other hand, for the circumferentially externally cracked pipes both predictions reasonable agree with experimental data.     

Failure analysis of ∅127mm IEU G105 drill pipe wash out

One ∅127 mm IEU G105 drill pipe body washed out infrequently just after 126 h of pure drilling time. This paper gives a systematic analysis in consideration of material quality and loading condition on drill strings. Measurement and inspection were performed on configuration, chemical composition, mechanical performance, metallography and micro-fractography. It’s thought that the drill pipe washed out accident was premature fatigue failure accident. Failure reason is the 0.35 mm decarburization layer caused by improper heat treatment and mechanical damage because of improper operating on the out surface. Under the effect of fluctuating stress, cracks originated from decarburization layer and grew rapidly. When cracks propagated through the wall thickness, drill pipe washed out.     

The work of fracture in uniaxial and biaxial oriented unplasticised polyvinylchloride pipes

In oriented unplasticised polyvinylchloride (uPVC) pipes, cracks propagate tangentially rather than through the wall as in conventional pipe. Notched impact, a modified peel test and the specific work of fracture approach have been used to measure fracture toughness of a conventionally extruded, a uniaxially oriented and a biaxially oriented uPVC pipe in different directions. The different failure mode for the oriented pipes was found to result from an order of magnitude increase in the fracture toughness for cracks propagating perpendicular to the orientation direction. Differences in the fracture toughness between the oriented pipes were also related to their molecular orientation.