含硫齿轮钢20CrMnTiH中硫化物对切削性能的影响

在不同切削速度(200～230 m/min)和切削深度(0.5～2 mm)下试验研究了普通20CrMnTiH齿轮钢(0.006%S)和含硫20CrMnTiH齿轮钢(0.031%S)的切削性能。结果表明,随切削速度增大,刀具的磨损增大,在200 m/min,0.031%S钢是0.006%S钢刀具的使用寿命的2.8倍;在230 m/min,0.031%S钢是0.006%S钢刀具使用寿命的2.6倍;随切削深度增加,切削力增加,但在相同切削深度下,0.031%S钢的切削力低于普通0.006%S钢;由于0.031%S钢存在≤6μm的MnS夹杂,使切屑易断,并硫化物夹杂能够包裹Al₂O₃尖晶石夹杂,减少刀具磨损,提高钢材的切削性能。     

P20塑料模具钢的组织对抛光性能的影响

测试和研究了P20塑料模具钢900℃淬火马氏体和900℃加热450℃等温淬火粒状贝氏体在400～700℃回火的托氏体组织的硬度和表面粗糙度。结果表明，P20钢回火后的硬度越高，粗糙度越低，抛光性能越好；马氏体回火组织较粒状贝氏体回火组织细小，具有良好的抛光性能；当P20模具钢的硬度HRC为32～38时，钢的抛光性能稳定。     

热处理工艺对100mm特厚07MnCrMoVR水电钢板组织性能的影响

对07MnCrMoR水电钢板的淬透性曲线进行了测定,利用淬火机和热处理炉对100 mm厚试验钢板进行了淬火和回火试验,并对试验钢进行了组织观察和力学性能测定。结果表明,随着试验钢距水冷端的距离增大,淬火组织由马氏体转变为粒状贝氏体,距离端部50 mm处转变为铁素体和粒状贝氏体的混合组织。试验钢板利用淬火机淬火后得到板条贝氏体+粒状贝氏体+先共析铁素体,回火后转变为铁素体+粒状贝氏体,同时大量的碳化物在铁素体基体和晶界处析出。试验钢最合理的热处理工艺为930℃ 30min水冷淬火,660℃ 60min空冷回火。     

热处理工艺对NM450耐磨钢组织与性能的影响

对控轧控冷工艺生产的16 mm厚度规格NM450耐磨钢板进行930℃+保温20 min淬火、200℃+保温25 min回火处理,并对热轧态、淬火态及回火态的钢板取样进行组织性能分析。结果表明,热轧后钢板组织为铁素体+珠光体以及少量贝氏体,淬火组织为马氏体+残余奥氏体以及少量贝氏体,回火组织为马氏体+残余奥氏体+针状贝氏体。试验钢淬火+回火处理后Rm1 378 MPa,A5021.5%,-20℃夏比冲击功61 J,表面布氏硬度443 HBW,具有良好的综合力学性能。     

高强度钢15MnMoVNRE焊接组织的研究——15MnMoVNRE钢研究之四

用光学金相及电子金相法研完了70公斤级高强度钢15MnMoVNRE的焊接组织。熔合区主要为粒状贝氏体组织,热影响区为板条马氏体、板条马氏体 粒状贝氏体,粒状贝氏体组织,基体为回火索氏体。在V型坡口焊接试样中,离熔合线约1.5—1.8毫米处,出现微区片状组织,使冲击韧性下降。     

gdl-1钢不同热处理状态下的显微组织与力学性能

对一种新型高强韧微变形钢(GDL-1)在七种热处理状态下的显微组织与力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,该钢在900℃保温1 h空冷回火后的显微组织以窄束状贝氏体+粒状贝氏体为主加少量马氏体,而油淬回火后的组织为回火马氏体;910℃加热奥氏体化1 h的晶粒度普遍在8～9级。在低温回火温度范围内,随着回火温度的升高,冲击韧性逐渐增大,屈服强度逐渐降低,硬度变化不大。     

回火温度对Q690D低碳贝氏体钢组织性能的影响

低碳贝氏体钢因强度高、韧性好，被广泛应用，Q690D是其中的高强度焊接结构钢。针对Q690D原生产工艺复杂、成本高、交货周期长、成品力学性能差等问题，通过金相显微镜和力学性能测试，研究了回火温度对Q690D低碳贝氏体钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：试验钢在450～550℃温度回火后，综合力学性能最佳，抗拉强度为817～838 MPa,屈服强度为718～722 MPa,屈强比≤0.86,伸长率为18.5%～20%,-20℃冲击吸收能量达到216～249 J,完全满足国标对Q690D的性能要求，此时试验钢显微组织以板条贝氏体为主，存在少量粒状贝氏体及残余奥氏体。随着回火温度的升高，试验钢中板条贝氏体发生分解，析出物逐渐增多，铁素体再结晶并长大；宏观上表现为试验钢的抗拉强度下降，伸长率逐渐升高，钢板的屈服强度先升高后降低。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-strength Micro-deformation Steel GDL-1

对一种新型高强韧微变形钢(GDL-1)在七种热处理状态下的显微组织与力学性能进行了分析.结果表明,该钢在900℃保温1h空冷回火后的显微组织以窄束状贝氏体+粒状贝氏体为主加少量马氏体,而油淬回火后的组织为回火马氏体;910℃加热奥氏体化1h的晶粒度普遍在8～9级.在低温回火温度范围内,随着回火温度的升高,冲击韧性逐渐增大,屈服强度逐渐降低,硬度变化不大.     

150 mm超厚水电站用钢07MnCrMoVR的组织性能

对150 mm超厚07MnCrMoVR水电钢的组织性能进行了研究,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对试验钢的微观形貌进行了观察,采用拉伸试验机和低温冲击韧性试验机对试验钢力学性能进行了检验。结果表明:试验钢经第一次完全淬火和第二次两相区亚温临界淬火后近表面组织转变为板条马氏体和未熔铁素体相间出现,厚度1/4处和厚度1/2处组织转变为贝氏体+铁素体组织,高温回火后近表面转变为回火索氏体组织,厚度1/4处和厚度1/2处组织转变为回火贝氏体+铁素体+大量碳化物。     

中碳Cr-Mo-V钢连续冷却时的组织转变规律

采用Formastor-FⅡ全自动相变仪实现不同冷却速度,利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜,研究了45CrMoV钢在不同冷却速度下的组织转变规律以及回火温度对组织的影响。结果表明,随着冷却速度的变慢,45CrMoV钢的组织由马氏体变为马氏体、先共析铁素体、下贝氏体和粒状贝氏体的混合物。冷却速度进一步变慢,先共析铁素体数量增多,下贝氏体和粒状贝氏体总量减少,材料硬度不断下降;45CrMoV钢中的粒状贝氏体为岛状、颗粒状,也有不规则形状,下贝氏体铁素体板条比低碳钢和超低碳钢中的板条更宽,分布更分散,板条形态不规则;随着回火温度的升高,45CrMoV钢中的渗碳体由细针状变为细条状,最后长大为椭球状,材料强度下降,韧性上升。     

Structure and mechanical properties of tempered martensite and lower bainite in Fe−Ni−Mn−C steels

The structure and mechanical properties of tempered martensite and lower bainite were investigated in a series of high purity 0.25 pct C steels with varying amounts of nickel and manganese. The martensites in 0.25 C-5 Ni?Fe and 0.25 C-3 Mn?Fe alloys were mainly untwinned, while those in 0.25 C-5 Ni-7 Mn?Fe and 0.25 C-7 Mn?Fe alloys were heavily twinned. Manganese appears to promote carbide precipitation along the lath boundaries in tempered martensite. At equivalent yield and ultimate tensile strength levels, the tempered martensite of lower manganese steels showed better impact toughness than the tempered martensite of higher manganese steels. The impact toughness (compared at similar strength levels) of untwinned tempered martensite of 0.25 pct C steel with Widmanstatten precipitation of carbide was higher than that of lower bainite, which showed unidirectional carbides. The reasons for the difference in impact toughness between the alloys, and also between the structures are rationalized in terms of internal twinning, grain boundary precipitation and carbide morphology together with other microstructural features.     

Effect of microstructure on the temper embrittlement of Cr-Mo-V steels

The effect of transformation product on the temper embrittlement susceptibility of a Cr-Mo-V steel doped with P and Sn has been investigated at different strength levels. Results show that at low strength levels (< 10R _C ) embrittlement susceptibilities of tempered bainite and ferrite-pearlite structures are comparable to each other, but lower relative to tempered martensite. The lower susceptibility of tempered bainite relative to tempered martensite obtains up to about 40R _C , above which the susceptibilities for the two structures are similar. Variation of embrittlement susceptibility with microstructure is completely consistent with the degree of grain boundary segregation of P and Sn. The segregation is smaller in bainite than in martensite at a given strength level and increases with increasing strength level for a given structure. When compared at the same degree of embrittlement (i.e., same shift in FATT), the amount of grain boundary segregate and the extent of intergranular fracture are lower in tempered bainite compared to martensite indicating that embrittlement of interfaces other than prior austenite boundaries might be an important factor in the embrittlement of bainite structures.     

Short‐term Creep Behavior of an X 37 Cr Mo V 5‐1 Hot‐work Tool Steel with almost Bainitic and fully Martensitic Microstructures

In this study two different heat treatments were conducted on an X 37 Cr Mo V 5‐1 hot‐work tool steel, resulting either in a tempered fully martensitic matrix or a matrix almost consisting of tempered bainite. Short‐term creep tests were performed at a high stress level of 800 MPa and at temperatures in the range from 450 °C to 500 °C. Creep specimens consisting of a tempered fully martensitic microstructure exhibited a three times longer creep‐to‐rupture time, than those consisting of a tempered almost bainitic microstructure. Microstructural investigations of creep specimens were performed by transmission electron microscopy. Results of these investigations revealed that due to a lower cooling rate, which is necessary to form bainite, the tempered bainitic microstructure consists of large former bainitic plates, whereas tempered martensite shows fine former martensitic laths. Tempered bainite also exhibits a higher number density of large M₃C, M₇C₃ and MC carbides than tempered martensite. Small M₂C carbides appear in both microstructures in the same quantity, however, nanometer‐sized MC carbides could only be found in tempered martensite. Thus poor short‐term creep behavior of the tempered almost bainitic microstructure can be explained by the lesser amount of strengthening relevant precipitates, a smaller size‐effect due to distance of bainitic interfaces as well as lower solid solution hardening.     

铈对工程机械用700 MPa级高强钢焊接性能的影响

针对工业生产700 MPa级高强度调质态钢板,通过Gleeble3500热模拟机进行模拟焊接试验,利用光学显微镜、硬度仪、场发射扫描电镜等设备对比研究了稀土Ce对高强钢焊接热影响区（HAZ）显微组织、晶粒度和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,焊接热输入为25 kJ·cm?1和50 kJ·cm?1时,无稀土钢焊接热影响区冲击功分别为84.8 J和24.5 J,Ce质量分数为0.0018%的钢焊接热影响区冲击功分别为110.0 J和112.0 J,因此钢中加入适量Ce能够有效改善钢板焊接韧性。对比分析两种实验钢焊接热影响区晶粒尺寸和显微组织可以看出,随着焊接热输入值增大,高强钢焊接热影响区显微组织均逐渐从马氏体、下贝氏体转变为上贝氏体和粒状贝氏体组织,且奥氏体晶粒尺寸明显增大。但相同焊接热输入下,含Ce钢焊接热影响区晶粒尺寸显著减小,组织更加细小,且脆性的上贝氏体组织减少,从而显著提高了700 MPa级高强钢的焊接性能。      

非调质状态下HG80钢的组织和性能研究

研究了热轧态,回火态及不同冷却速度下ＨＧ８０钢的显微组织及力学性能,并讨论了ＨＧ８０钢在非调质状态下的强韧化机制。结果表明,ＨＧ８０钢非调质状态下的组织由铁素体基体和孪晶马氏体／残余奥氏体岛状相所组成;熟轧态主要是粒状组织,韧性偏低;随轧后冷却速度的提高,粒状贝氏体量增加,组织细化,钢的强性改善。     

Tempering Process to Improve Hardness Uniformity of Plastic Mould Steel

 A new design of copper-bearing non-quenched plastic mold steel is presented and explained. Two kinds of microstructure can be obtained from this new type copper-bearing steel via cooling with different cooling rates, bainite and a mixed microstructure consisting of ferrite and bainite. It is found that, after proper tempering process, the hardness will be increased. Moreover, the hardness difference between different microstructures will be reduced. For further investigation, the samples tempered at different temperatures were examined by XRD and 3DAP (three dimensional atom probe) analysis. Results show that the improvement is contributed mainly by the precipitation of Cu phase and transformation of residual austenite.     

Microstructural Evolution of AerMet100 Steel Coating on 300M Steel Fabricated by Laser Cladding Technique

In this paper, the process of coating AerMet100 steel on forged 300M steel with laser cladding was investigated, with a thorough analysis of the chemical composition, microstructure, and hardness of the substrate and the cladding layer as well as the transition zone. Results show that the composition and microhardness of the cladding layer are macroscopically homogenous with the uniformly distributed bainite and a small amount of retained austenite in martensite matrix. The transition zone, which spans approximately 100 μm, yields a gradual change of composition from the cladding layer to 300M steel matrix. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) can be divided into three zones: the sufficiently quenched zone (SQZ), the insufficiently quenched zone (IQZ), and the high tempered zone (HTZ). The SQZ consists of martensitic matrix and bainite, as for the IQZ and the HTZ the microstructures are martensite + tempered martensite and tempered martensite + ferrite, respectively. These complicated microstructures in the HAZ are caused by different peak heating temperatures and heterogeneous microstructures of the as-received 300M steel.     

Effect of center microstructure on fracture mechanism of ultra-thick high strength steel

In order to study the relationship between microstructure and fracture mechanism of ultra-thick steel plate, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used to characterize and analyze the microstructure and crack morphology of 1/4 and 1/2 thickness (center) of the test plate. The results show that the low temperature impact toughness at the center is significantly lower than that at the 1/4 thickness, which is due to the microstructure of the center is tempered lath bainite and tempered granular bainite, and the proportion of granular bainite is higher. The presence of M-A island in granular bainite promotes the initiation of micro pores or micro cracks. The 1/4 thickness is a mixed microstructure of tempered lath martensite and tempered lath bainite. The dislocation movement between laths releases local stress concentration, and relieves the stress at the crack tip region, resulting in crack passivation, hindering crack propagation and improving low temperature impact toughness.     

Mechanical properties of 0.40 pct C-Ni-Cr-Mo high strength steel having a mixed structure of martensite and bainite

A study has been systematically made of the effect of bainite on the mechanical properties of a commercial Japanese 0.40 pct C-Ni-Cr-Mo high strength steel (AISI 4340 type) having a mixed structure of martensite and bainite. Isothermal transformation of lower bainite at 593 K, which appeared in acicular form and partitioned prior austenite grains, in association with tempered marprovided provided a better combination of strength and fracture ductility, improving true notch tensile strength (TNTS) and fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) in Charpy impact tests. This occurred regardless of the volume fraction of lower bainite present and/or the tempering conditions employed to create a difference in strength between the two phases. Upper bainite which was isothermally transformed at 673 K appeared as masses that filled prior austenite grains and had a very detrimental effect on the strength and fracture ductility of the steel. Significant damage occurred to TNTS and FATT, irrespective of the volume fraction of upper bainite present and/or the tempering conditions employed when the upper bainite was associated with tempered martensite. However, when the above two types of bainite appeared in the same size, shape, and distribution within tempered martensite approximately equalized to the strength of the bainite, a similar trend or a marked similarity was observed between the tensile properties of the mixed structures and the volume fraction of bainite. From the above results, it is assumed that the mechanical properties of high strength steels having a mixed structure of martensite and bainite are affected more strongly by the size, shape, and distribution of bainite within martensite than by the difference in strength between martensite and bainite or by the type of mixed bainite present. The remarkable effects of the size, shape, and distribution of bainite within martensite on the mechanical properties of the steel are briefly discussed in terms of the modified law of mixtures, metallographic examinations, and the analyses of stress-strain diagrams.